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| 1 | US63/155,356P|US17/586,876|WOUS2022/016256|US19/011,920 | US19/011,920|WOUS2022/016256|EP22707559|CN202280018303|US17/586,876 | US20250145803|US12258463|EP4301126|EP4301126|CN116963592|WO2022/186970|US20220282068 | 101679518 | US20250145803 A1 2025-05-08 [US20250145803]|WO2022/186970 A1 2022-09-09 [WO2022186970]|EP4301126 B1 2025-01-29 [EP4301126]|EP4301126 A1 2024-01-10 [EP4301126]|CN116963592 A 2023-10-27 [CN116963592]|US12258463 B2 2025-03-25 [US12258463]|US20220282068 A1 2022-09-08 [US20220282068] | 2021-03-02|2022-01-28|2022-02-14|2025-01-07 | 2025-01-07|2022-02-14|2022-02-14|2022-02-14|2022-01-28 | 2025-05-08|2025-03-25|2025-01-29|2024-01-10|2023-10-27|2022-09-09|2022-09-08 | (EP4301126)|2025-01-29|(US12258463)|2025-03-25||| | (EP4301126)|2042-02-14|(US12258463)|2043-09-01|(US20250145803)|2042-01-28|(WO2022/186970)|2024-09-02|(CN116963592)|2042-02-14 | (EP4301126)|Method of geoengineering to reduce solar radiation | (EP4301126)|A method to facilitate the reduction of solar radiation impacting Earth proposes the use of a plurality of porous particles that are introduced into Earth's stratosphere at an average distance of at least 10 kilometers above sea level. Each porous particle has a continuous polymeric phase composed of an organic polymer, and discrete pores dispersed within the continuous polymeric phase. Each porous particle has a mode particle size of 2-20 µm; a coefficient of variance (CV) of no more than 20% compared to the mode particle size; and a porosity of 20%-75%. The discrete pores have an average pore size "d" (nm) that is defined by 0.3 < d/λ < 0.8 wherein λ is 400-3,000 nm. Each of the discrete pores of the porous particles is filled with air and optionally a pore stabilizing hydrocolloid that is disposed at the interface of the discrete pore and the continuous polymeric phase. | KODAK | (EP4301126)|Eastman Kodak Company ([US])|(EP4301126)|Eastman Kodak Company ([US])|(US12258463)|EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY ([US])|(US20220282068)|Eastman Kodak Company ([US])|(US20250145803)|Eastman Kodak Company ([US])|(WO2022/186970)|EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY ([US])|(CN116963592)|EASTMAN KODAK CO. ([US]) | LOBO LLOYD ANTHONY|NAIR MRIDULA | (EP4301126)|LOBO, Lloyd Anthony|NAIR, Mridula|(EP4301126)|LOBO, Lloyd Anthony|NAIR, Mridula | (EP4301126)|Vossius & Partner Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte mbB ([DE])|Reg. Nb: 101361216|(US12258463)|Tucker J. Lanny|(CN116963592)|DUAN JULAN;CHINA PATENT AGENT (H.K.) LTD.|Reg. Nb: 72001|ZHANG HUA;CHINA PATENT AGENT (H.K.) LTD.|Reg. Nb: 72001 | (EP4301126)|In particularly useful embodiments, the continuous polymeric phase can comprise one or more organic polymers having the properties noted above and be composed of one or more cellulosic polymers including but not limited to, those cellulosic polymers derived from one or more (for example, a combination) of cellulose acetate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, and cellulose acetate propionate.|The present invention potentially provides a number of advantages over known solar geoengineering techniques.|In some embodiments, no colorants or other additives that would affect the desired absorption or reflection of radiation at least 400 nm are purposely included within the discrete pores.|Temporary or intermittent efforts in this regard are clearly insufficient for the purpose of long-term climate cooling, and the sustained presence of such ejected materials also are known to cause numerous harmful effects.|While there can be a few open pores (craters) on the surface of the porous particles, such open pores are not desirable and are present only by accident and minimized as much as possible by careful regulation of manufacturing conditions and materials as described below.| | (EP4301126)|1. A method of geoengineering to facilitate the reduction of solar radiation impacting Earth's surface, comprising:introducing a plurality of porous polymeric particles into Earth's stratosphere at an average distance of at least 10 kilometers above sea level, characterised in that each of the plurality of porous particles comprises a continuous polymeric phase composed of one or more organic polymers, and discrete pores dispersed within the continuous polymeric phase, and each of the plurality of porous particles has the following properties: a mode particle size of at least 2 µm and up to and including 20 µm; a coefficient of variance of the particle size of no more than 20% compared to the mode particle size; and a porosity of at least 20% and up to and including 75%; and the discrete pores have an average pore size d (in nanometers) that is defined using the equation: 0.3 ≤ d/λ ≤ 0.8 wherein λ is at least 400 nm and up to and including 3,000 nm; and wherein each of the discrete pores is filled with air and optionally contains a pore stabilizing hydrocolloid that is disposed at the interface of the discrete pore and the continuous polymeric phase.| | (EP4301126)|In addition, the present invention provides a system for solar geoengineering to facilitate the reduction of solar radiation impacting Earth's surface, the system comprising:|The present invention is designed to provide a unique approach to solar geoengineering in addressing the climate change problem described above while minimizing the problems accompanying known techniques.Thus, the present invention provides a method of geoengineering to facilitate the reduction of solar radiation impacting Earth's surface, the method comprising:|The present invention relates to a method for facilitating the reduction of solar radiation, and especially the reduction of visible and infrared radiation, impacting the Earth's surface. In order words, the present invention relates to a technique of "solar geoengineering" that is believed to potentially impact positive changes in the Earth's warming climate. This invention also relates to a system that can be used to carry out this method.| | (EP4301126)|SOLAR RADIATION(100,9)|GEOENGINEERING(100,4)|SOLAR GEOENGINEERING(99,9)|POROUS PARTICLE(84,112)|DISCRETE PORE(75,39)|PORE STABILIZING HYDROCOLLOID(70,17)|EARTH WARMING(64,1)|CELLULOSIC POLYMER(58,7)|POLYMERIC PHASE(54,39)|POROUS POLYMERIC PARTICLE(52,4)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(44,8)|TEMPORARY EFFORT(43,1)|CAREFUL REGULATION(42,1)|CELLULOSE BUTYRATE(41,1)|DISCRETE PORE INTERFACE(40,6)|INTERMITTENT EFFORT(40,1)|COLORANT(37,3)|CLIMATE COOLING(33,1)|CELLULOSE ACETATE PROPIONATE(32,1)|CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE(31,4)|MEDIAN PORE(29,5)|POROUS PARTICLE DISPERSION(29,3)|OPEN PORE(29,2)|NANOMETER(23,5)|ADDITIVE(22,1)|ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED POLYMERIZABLE MONOMER(21,4)|CRATER(21,1)|ACCIDENT(20,1)|POROSITY(19,11)|MODE PARTICLE SIZE(16,15)|GROUND SURFACE(16,13)|CELLULOSE ACETATE(15,1)|ORGANIC POLYMER(14,17)|MANUFACTURING CONDITION(14,2)|MATERIAL EJECTION(14,1)|POSITIVE CHANGE(14,1)|HYDROPHOBIC GROUP(12,3)|LONG TERM CLIMATE COOLING(12,1)|COLTER PARTICLE ANALYZER(11,2)|NUMEROUS HARMFUL EFFECT(11,1)|INFRARED RADIATION(10,7)|COLLOIDAL STABILIZER(10,3)|CLIMATE REGION(10,2)|ANTON PARR MCR(10,1)|DESIRED ABSORPTION(10,1)|PARTICLE SIZE(9,10)|ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM(9,3)|GLOBAL CITIZEN ECONOMIC PROSPERITY(9,1)|MICROPARTICULATE OLIVINE INJECTION(9,1)|POROUS PARTICLE STRATEGIC COLORATION(9,1)|SEA LEVEL(8,6)|AVERAGE DISTANCE(8,5)|USEFUL PORE STABILIZING HYDROCOLLOID(8,2)|ORDER WORD(8,1)|PHENOMENA WORLDWIDE STUDY(8,1)|CLIMATE CHANGE(7,5)|FINE INORGANIC PARTICLE SURFACE(7,2)|MIXING EXTENSION(7,2)|POROUS PARTICLE POLYMERIC PHASE(7,2)|IMPACT REGION CLIMATE(7,1)|STRATOSPHERIC REFLECTOR(7,1)|UNINTERRUPTED CONTINUED EJECTION(7,1)|UNIQUELY ENGINEERED POROUS PARTICLE(7,1)|AEROSIZER PARTICLE MEASURING(6,1)|BECKMAN COLTER DIAGNOSTICS(6,1)|MERCURY INTRUSION(6,1)|NONCONNECTED PORE(6,1)|OSMOTIC MISMATCH(6,1)|PLANET ENERGY IMBALANCE(6,1)|POLYMERIZED POROUS PARTICLE SUSPENSION(6,1)|RESEARCHER KNOWLEDGE(6,1)|SOCIOECONOMIC BEHAVIOR(6,1)|STEADY SHEAR SWEEP(6,1)|SULFATE AEROSOL PARTICLE(6,1)|WHITENING CLOUD(6,1)|WORLDWIDE CLIMATE(6,1)|ETHYL ACETATE(5,3)|POROUS PARTICLE SURFACE(5,3)|CELLULOSE POLYMER(5,2)|OUTGOING ENERGY(5,2)|SULFATE PARTICLE(5,2)|UV RADIATION(5,2)|VOLCANIC ERUPTION(5,2)|3D IMAGING(5,1)|CAPILLARY ORIFICE(5,1)|GAIN(5,1)|INCIDENT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION STRIKING(5,1)|MALVERN INSTRUMENT(5,1)|NET GHG EMISSION REDUCTION(5,1)|NONPOROUS PARTICLE(5,1)|PIGMENT COLORATION(5,1)|POLYMERIZATION INITIATOR(5,1)|POROUS PARTICLE INTRODUCTION(5,1)|RADIATION REFLECTIVE PARTICLE(5,1)|RAREFIED ATMOSPHERE(5,1)|RESPIRATORY HEALTH HAZARD(5,1)|SEAWATER SPRAY(5,1)|EMULSION(4,6)|AGGLOMERATION(4,2)|AGRICULTURE(4,2)|ALTITUDE(4,2)|CIRCULARITY(4,2)|INFRARED REGION(4,2)|INGENUITY(4,2)|RADIATIVE FORCING(4,2)|SCALABILITY(4,2)|ALIPHATIC DIOL(4,1)|EARTH MOON(4,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVELENGTH(4,1)|FLASH EVAPORATOR(4,1)|GELATIN DERIVATIVE(4,1)|GRAPHICAL PLOT(4,1)|GROUND REFLECTIVITY(4,1)|HARD AGGLOMERATE(4,1)|INCOMING RADIATION(4,1)|MEASURABLE COOLING(4,1)|OUTGOING RADIATION(4,1)|POROUS ORGANIC POLYMERIC PARTICLE(4,1)|POROUS POLYMER PARTICLE(4,1)|PROTEIN DERIVATIVE(4,1)|SOLAR RADIATION ATTENUATION(4,1)|STABILIZING COLLOIDAL SILICA(4,1)|STRESS RHEOMETER(4,1)|TONER PARTICLE(4,1)|GRAFT COPOLYMER(3,2)|HLB(3,2)|ADJUSTABLE PARAMETER(3,1)|AEROSIZER VOLUME DISTRIBUTION(3,1)|ALIPHATIC MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID ESTER(3,1)|ANTHROPOMORPHIC CLIMATE CHANGE(3,1)|BACKSCATTERING(3,1)|BATCH MANUFACTURE(3,1)|CELLULOSIC POLYMER TOTAL(3,1)|CLIMATE FORCING FACTOR(3,1)|COMPOSITIONAL FEATURE(3,1)|DIRECTING SOLAR RADIATION(3,1)|DISTRIBUTION MATCH(3,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE ABILITY(3,1)|ENERGY RADIATION(3,1)|EVAPORATIVE LIMITED COALESCENCE(3,1)|EXPENSIVE ACTUAL TRIAL(3,1)|HARMFUL EXTENT(3,1)|HEATING SOIL(3,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(3,1)|INFRARED ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(3,1)|INFRARED SPECTRUM REGION(3,1)|INTERNAL DISCRETE PORE(3,1)|MANUFACTURING BATCH(3,1)|NANOPARTICLE(3,1)|NARROW ORIFICE(3,1)|OPTIMUM VISCOSITY(3,1)|PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION(3,1)|POLITICAL SCIENTIST(3,1)|POLYMER VISCOSITY(3,1)|POLYMERIC PHASE POLYMER(3,1)|POROGEN(3,1)|POROUS PARTICLE PHASE(3,1)|POSITIVE CFF(3,1)|REALITY FACE(3,1)|REFLECTING SOLAR RADIATION(3,1)|STANDARD DICTIONARY(3,1)|SULFUR INJECTION(3,1)|SUN RADIATION SPECTRUM(3,1)|TITANIUM DIOXIDE SCATTER(3,1)|TRANSFORMING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(3,1)|ULTIMATELY RERADIATED BACK(3,1)|USEFUL CELLULOSIC POLYMER(3,1)|VINYL KETONE(3,1)|VISIBLE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(3,1)|WHITE INORGANIC PIGMENT(3,1)|AERODYNAMIC LIFT(2,1)|AEROSIZER DATA(2,1)|AGITATION(2,1)|ALBEDO(2,1)|ALIPHATIC DICARBOXYLIC ACID(2,1)|AMPHIPHILIC POLYMER DETAIL(2,1)|APPROXIMATION(2,1)|AROMATIC DICARBOXYLIC ACID(2,1)|ARTILLERY(2,1)|ATMOSPHERE CAUSE WARMING(2,1)|ATTENDANT OVERALL(2,1)|BIOPLASTICS(2,1)|CAPROLACTONE(2,1)|CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE(2,1)|CENTIPOISE(2,1)|CENTRIFUGATION(2,1)|CENTURY(2,1)|COMPOSITIONAL DETAIL(2,1)|COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY(2,1)|CONFIDENCE(2,1)|COQUETTE(2,1)|CRITICAL ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION(2,1)|DECADE(2,1)|DESIGNED POROSITY(2,1)|DISPERSION(2,1)|DISRUPTION(2,1)|DOW CHEMICAL CORPORATION(2,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE CRITICAL FEATURE(2,1)|ECONOMIC NEED(2,1)|ECONOMIST(2,1)|ELECTROLYTE(2,1)|ENERGY ABSORPTION(2,1)|ENSEMBLE(2,1)|ENTIRE POROUS PARTICLE(2,1)|ENTRAPPED AIR(2,1)|ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY(2,1)|FEASIBILITY(2,1)|FLOW GEOMETRY(2,1)|GLOBAL ENERGY BALANCE(2,1)|GROUND LAND MASS(2,1)|HOMOPOLYMER(2,1)|HYDROPHILIC SYNTHETIC POLYMER(2,1)|INCOMING SOLAR ENERGY(2,1)|INFRARED ENERGY(2,1)|INSULATIVE(2,1)|LAMBERT(2,1)|MONSOON SEASON(2,1)||(EP4301126)|SOLAR RADIATION(100,9)|GEOENGINEERING(100,4)|SOLAR GEOENGINEERING(99,9)|POROUS PARTICLE(84,112)|DISCRETE PORE(75,39)|PORE STABILIZING HYDROCOLLOID(70,17)|EARTH WARMING(64,1)|CELLULOSIC POLYMER(58,7)|POLYMERIC PHASE(54,39)|POROUS POLYMERIC PARTICLE(52,4)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(44,8)|TEMPORARY EFFORT(43,1)|CAREFUL REGULATION(42,1)|CELLULOSE BUTYRATE(41,1)|DISCRETE PORE INTERFACE(40,6)|INTERMITTENT EFFORT(40,1)|COLORANT(37,3)|CLIMATE COOLING(33,1)|CELLULOSE ACETATE PROPIONATE(32,1)|CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE(31,4)|MEDIAN PORE(29,5)|POROUS PARTICLE DISPERSION(29,3)|OPEN PORE(29,2)|NANOMETER(23,5)|ADDITIVE(22,1)|ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED POLYMERIZABLE MONOMER(21,4)|CRATER(21,1)|ACCIDENT(20,1)|POROSITY(19,11)|MODE PARTICLE SIZE(16,15)|GROUND SURFACE(16,13)|CELLULOSE ACETATE(15,1)|ORGANIC POLYMER(14,17)|MANUFACTURING CONDITION(14,2)|MATERIAL EJECTION(14,1)|POSITIVE CHANGE(14,1)|HYDROPHOBIC GROUP(12,3)|LONG TERM CLIMATE COOLING(12,1)|COLTER PARTICLE ANALYZER(11,2)|NUMEROUS HARMFUL EFFECT(11,1)|INFRARED RADIATION(10,7)|COLLOIDAL STABILIZER(10,3)|CLIMATE REGION(10,2)|ANTON PARR MCR(10,1)|DESIRED ABSORPTION(10,1)|PARTICLE SIZE(9,10)|ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM(9,3)|GLOBAL CITIZEN ECONOMIC PROSPERITY(9,1)|MICROPARTICULATE OLIVINE INJECTION(9,1)|POROUS PARTICLE STRATEGIC COLORATION(9,1)|SEA LEVEL(8,6)|AVERAGE DISTANCE(8,5)|USEFUL PORE STABILIZING HYDROCOLLOID(8,2)|ORDER WORD(8,1)|PHENOMENA WORLDWIDE STUDY(8,1)|CLIMATE CHANGE(7,5)|FINE INORGANIC PARTICLE SURFACE(7,2)|MIXING EXTENSION(7,2)|POROUS PARTICLE POLYMERIC PHASE(7,2)|IMPACT REGION CLIMATE(7,1)|STRATOSPHERIC REFLECTOR(7,1)|UNINTERRUPTED CONTINUED EJECTION(7,1)|UNIQUELY ENGINEERED POROUS PARTICLE(7,1)|AEROSIZER PARTICLE MEASURING(6,1)|BECKMAN COLTER DIAGNOSTICS(6,1)|MERCURY INTRUSION(6,1)|NONCONNECTED PORE(6,1)|OSMOTIC MISMATCH(6,1)|PLANET ENERGY IMBALANCE(6,1)|POLYMERIZED POROUS PARTICLE SUSPENSION(6,1)|RESEARCHER KNOWLEDGE(6,1)|SOCIOECONOMIC BEHAVIOR(6,1)|STEADY SHEAR SWEEP(6,1)|SULFATE AEROSOL PARTICLE(6,1)|WHITENING CLOUD(6,1)|WORLDWIDE CLIMATE(6,1)|ETHYL ACETATE(5,3)|POROUS PARTICLE SURFACE(5,3)|CELLULOSE POLYMER(5,2)|OUTGOING ENERGY(5,2)|SULFATE PARTICLE(5,2)|UV RADIATION(5,2)|VOLCANIC ERUPTION(5,2)|3D IMAGING(5,1)|CAPILLARY ORIFICE(5,1)|GAIN(5,1)|INCIDENT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION STRIKING(5,1)|MALVERN INSTRUMENT(5,1)|NET GHG EMISSION REDUCTION(5,1)|NONPOROUS PARTICLE(5,1)|PIGMENT COLORATION(5,1)|POLYMERIZATION INITIATOR(5,1)|POROUS PARTICLE INTRODUCTION(5,1)|RADIATION REFLECTIVE PARTICLE(5,1)|RAREFIED ATMOSPHERE(5,1)|RESPIRATORY HEALTH HAZARD(5,1)|SEAWATER SPRAY(5,1)|EMULSION(4,6)|AGGLOMERATION(4,2)|AGRICULTURE(4,2)|ALTITUDE(4,2)|CIRCULARITY(4,2)|INFRARED REGION(4,2)|INGENUITY(4,2)|RADIATIVE FORCING(4,2)|SCALABILITY(4,2)|ALIPHATIC DIOL(4,1)|EARTH MOON(4,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVELENGTH(4,1)|FLASH EVAPORATOR(4,1)|GELATIN DERIVATIVE(4,1)|GRAPHICAL PLOT(4,1)|GROUND REFLECTIVITY(4,1)|HARD AGGLOMERATE(4,1)|INCOMING RADIATION(4,1)|MEASURABLE COOLING(4,1)|OUTGOING RADIATION(4,1)|POROUS ORGANIC POLYMERIC PARTICLE(4,1)|POROUS POLYMER PARTICLE(4,1)|PROTEIN DERIVATIVE(4,1)|SOLAR RADIATION ATTENUATION(4,1)|STABILIZING COLLOIDAL SILICA(4,1)|STRESS RHEOMETER(4,1)|TONER PARTICLE(4,1)|GRAFT COPOLYMER(3,2)|HLB(3,2)|ADJUSTABLE PARAMETER(3,1)|AEROSIZER VOLUME DISTRIBUTION(3,1)|ALIPHATIC MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID ESTER(3,1)|ANTHROPOMORPHIC CLIMATE CHANGE(3,1)|BACKSCATTERING(3,1)|BATCH MANUFACTURE(3,1)|CELLULOSIC POLYMER TOTAL(3,1)|CLIMATE FORCING FACTOR(3,1)|COMPOSITIONAL FEATURE(3,1)|DIRECTING SOLAR RADIATION(3,1)|DISTRIBUTION MATCH(3,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE ABILITY(3,1)|ENERGY RADIATION(3,1)|EVAPORATIVE LIMITED COALESCENCE(3,1)|EXPENSIVE ACTUAL TRIAL(3,1)|HARMFUL EXTENT(3,1)|HEATING SOIL(3,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(3,1)|INFRARED ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(3,1)|INFRARED SPECTRUM REGION(3,1)|INTERNAL DISCRETE PORE(3,1)|MANUFACTURING BATCH(3,1)|NANOPARTICLE(3,1)|NARROW ORIFICE(3,1)|OPTIMUM VISCOSITY(3,1)|PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION(3,1)|POLITICAL SCIENTIST(3,1)|POLYMER VISCOSITY(3,1)|POLYMERIC PHASE POLYMER(3,1)|POROGEN(3,1)|POROUS PARTICLE PHASE(3,1)|POSITIVE CFF(3,1)|REALITY FACE(3,1)|REFLECTING SOLAR RADIATION(3,1)|STANDARD DICTIONARY(3,1)|SULFUR INJECTION(3,1)|SUN RADIATION SPECTRUM(3,1)|TITANIUM DIOXIDE SCATTER(3,1)|TRANSFORMING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(3,1)|ULTIMATELY RERADIATED BACK(3,1)|USEFUL CELLULOSIC POLYMER(3,1)|VINYL KETONE(3,1)|VISIBLE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(3,1)|WHITE INORGANIC PIGMENT(3,1)|AERODYNAMIC LIFT(2,1)|AEROSIZER DATA(2,1)|AGITATION(2,1)|ALBEDO(2,1)|ALIPHATIC DICARBOXYLIC ACID(2,1)|AMPHIPHILIC POLYMER DETAIL(2,1)|APPROXIMATION(2,1)|AROMATIC DICARBOXYLIC ACID(2,1)|ARTILLERY(2,1)|ATMOSPHERE CAUSE WARMING(2,1)|ATTENDANT OVERALL(2,1)|BIOPLASTICS(2,1)|CAPROLACTONE(2,1)|CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE(2,1)|CENTIPOISE(2,1)|CENTRIFUGATION(2,1)|CENTURY(2,1)|COMPOSITIONAL DETAIL(2,1)|COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY(2,1)|CONFIDENCE(2,1)|COQUETTE(2,1)|CRITICAL ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION(2,1)|DECADE(2,1)|DESIGNED POROSITY(2,1)|DISPERSION(2,1)|DISRUPTION(2,1)|DOW CHEMICAL CORPORATION(2,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE CRITICAL FEATURE(2,1)|ECONOMIC NEED(2,1)|ECONOMIST(2,1)|ELECTROLYTE(2,1)|ENERGY ABSORPTION(2,1)|ENSEMBLE(2,1)|ENTIRE POROUS PARTICLE(2,1)|ENTRAPPED AIR(2,1)|ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY(2,1)|FEASIBILITY(2,1)|FLOW GEOMETRY(2,1)|GLOBAL ENERGY BALANCE(2,1)|GROUND LAND MASS(2,1)|HOMOPOLYMER(2,1)|HYDROPHILIC SYNTHETIC POLYMER(2,1)|INCOMING SOLAR ENERGY(2,1)|INFRARED ENERGY(2,1)|INSULATIVE(2,1)|LAMBERT(2,1)|MONSOON SEASON(2,1)||(US12258463)|DISCRETE PORE(100,48)|GROUND SURFACE(100,14)|SOLAR RADIATION(100,11)|SOLAR RADIATION REDUCTION(100,7)|POROUS PARTICLE(99,129)|PORE STABILIZING HYDROCOLLOID(82,19)|SOLAR GEOENGINEERING(79,9)|POROUS POLYMERIC PARTICLE(67,5)|POLYMERIC PHASE(66,47)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(62,10)|EARTH WARMING(57,1)|DISCRETE PORE INTERFACE(52,8)|POROUS PARTICLE DISCRETE PORE(52,2)|CELLULOSIC POLYMER(49,9)|RAREFIED ATMOSPHERE(39,1)|MEDIAN PORE(38,6)|CAREFUL REGULATION(38,1)|CELLULOSE BUTYRATE(37,1)|POROUS PARTICLE DISPERSION(34,3)|SOLAR RADIATION IMPACT(32,1)|NANOMETER(30,6)|CELLULOSE ACETATE PROPIONATE(29,1)|POROSITY(28,13)|COLORANT(28,5)|CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE(28,4)|SPHERICAL PARTICLE(28,2)|OPEN PORE(26,2)|CELLULOSE ACETATE(22,2)|MODE PARTICLE SIZE(20,24)|ADDITIVE(20,1)|ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED POLYMERIZABLE MONOMER(19,4)|CRATER(19,1)|ORGANIC POLYMER(18,19)|ACCIDENT(18,1)|ACETATE BUTYRATE(15,4)|ACETATE PROPIONATE(15,1)|MANUFACTURING CONDITION(13,2)|POSITIVE CHANGE(13,1)|STRATOSPHERE(12,12)|SEA LEVEL(11,8)|AVERAGE DISTANCE(11,7)|HYDROPHOBIC GROUP(11,4)|PARTICLE SIZE(10,13)|MEDIAN PORE SIZE(10,2)|NON SPHERICAL PARTICLE(10,2)|INFRARED RADIATION(9,7)|COLLOIDAL STABILIZER(9,3)|CLIMATE REGION(9,2)|ANTON PARR MCR(9,1)|DESIRED ABSORPTION(9,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM(8,4)|PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION HISTOGRAM(8,2)|GLOBAL CITIZEN ECONOMIC PROSPERITY(8,1)|MICROPARTICULATE OLIVINE INJECTION(8,1)|POROUS PARTICLE STRATEGIC COLORATION(8,1)|USEFUL PORE STABILIZING HYDROCOLLOID(7,2)|COLTER PARTICLE ANALYZER(7,1)|IMPACT REGION CLIMATE(7,1)|ORDER WORD(7,1)|PHENOMENA WORLDWIDE STUDY(7,1)|STRATOSPHERIC REFLECTOR(7,1)|UNINTERRUPTED CONTINUED EJECTION(7,1)|UNIQUELY ENGINEERED POROUS PARTICLE(7,1)|CLIMATE CHANGE(6,5)|MIXING EXTENSION(6,2)|POROUS PARTICLE POLYMERIC PHASE(6,2)|AEROSIZER PARTICLE MEASURING(6,1)|MERCURY INTRUSION(6,1)|NONCONNECTED PORE(6,1)|OSMOTIC MISMATCH(6,1)|PLANET ENERGY IMBALANCE(6,1)|POLYMERIZED POROUS PARTICLE SUSPENSION(6,1)|RESEARCHER KNOWLEDGE(6,1)|SOCIOECONOMIC BEHAVIOR(6,1)|STEADY SHEAR SWEEP(6,1)|SULFATE AEROSOL PARTICLE(6,1)|WHITENING CLOUD(6,1)|WORLDWIDE CLIMATE(6,1)|POROUS PARTICLE SURFACE(5,4)|FINE INORGANIC PARTICLE SURFACE(5,3)|LARGE CHORD LENGTH(5,2)|OUTGOING ENERGY(5,2)|SULFATE PARTICLE(5,2)|UV RADIATION(5,2)|VOLCANIC ERUPTION(5,2)|3D IMAGING(5,1)|CAPILLARY ORIFICE(5,1)|CARBOXY METHYL CELLULOSE(5,1)|GAIN(5,1)|INCIDENT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION STRIKING(5,1)|MALVERN INSTRUMENT(5,1)|NONPOROUS PARTICLE(5,1)|PIGMENT COLORATION(5,1)|POLYMERIZATION INITIATOR(5,1)|POROUS PARTICLE INTRODUCTION(5,1)|RADIATION REFLECTIVE PARTICLE(5,1)|RESPIRATORY HEALTH HAZARD(5,1)|SEAWATER SPRAY(5,1)|TEMPORARY EFFORT(5,1)|EMULSION(4,6)|SCALABILITY(4,2)|ALIPHATIC DIOL(4,1)|COLLOIDAL SILICA STABILIZER(4,1)|EARTH MOON(4,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVELENGTH(4,1)|FLASH EVAPORATOR(4,1)|GELATIN DERIVATIVE(4,1)|GRAPHICAL PLOT(4,1)|GROUND REFLECTIVITY(4,1)|HARD AGGLOMERATE(4,1)|INCOMING RADIATION(4,1)|INTERMITTENT EFFORT(4,1)|LATEX PARTICLE(4,1)|MEASURABLE COOLING(4,1)|OUTGOING RADIATION(4,1)|POROUS ORGANIC POLYMERIC PARTICLE(4,1)|POROUS POLYMER PARTICLE(4,1)|POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE MILLIGRAM(4,1)|PROTEIN DERIVATIVE(4,1)|SOLAR RADIATION ATTENUATION(4,1)|STRESS RHEOMETER(4,1)|TONER PARTICLE(4,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING(3,4)|AGGLOMERATION(3,2)|AGRICULTURE(3,2)|ALTITUDE(3,2)|CIRCULARITY(3,2)|GRAFT COPOLYMER(3,2)|INFRARED REGION(3,2)|INGENUITY(3,2)|MAXIMUM VALUE(3,2)|ADJUSTABLE PARAMETER(3,1)|AEROSIZER VOLUME DISTRIBUTION(3,1)|ANTHROPOMORPHIC CLIMATE CHANGE(3,1)|BACKSCATTERING(3,1)|BATCH MANUFACTURE(3,1)|CELLULOSE POLYMER(3,1)|CELLULOSIC POLYMER TOTAL(3,1)|COMPOSITIONAL FEATURE(3,1)|DISTRIBUTION MATCH(3,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE ABILITY(3,1)|ENERGY RADIATION(3,1)|EXPENSIVE ACTUAL TRIAL(3,1)|HARMFUL EXTENT(3,1)|HEATING SOIL(3,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(3,1)|INFRARED ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(3,1)|INFRARED SPECTRUM REGION(3,1)|INTERNAL DISCRETE PORE(3,1)|MANUFACTURING BATCH(3,1)|NANOPARTICLE(3,1)|NARROW ORIFICE(3,1)|OPTIMUM VISCOSITY(3,1)|PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION(3,1)|PHOSPHATE BUFFER(3,1)|POLITICAL SCIENTIST(3,1)|POLYMER VISCOSITY(3,1)|POLYMERIC PHASE POLYMER(3,1)|POROGEN(3,1)|POROUS PARTICLE PHASE(3,1)|REALITY FACE(3,1)|REFLECTING SOLAR RADIATION(3,1)|STANDARD DICTIONARY(3,1)|SULFUR INJECTION(3,1)|SUN RADIATION SPECTRUM(3,1)|TITANIUM DIOXIDE SCATTER(3,1)|TRANSFORMING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(3,1)|ULTIMATELY RERADIATED BACK(3,1)|USEFUL CELLULOSIC POLYMER(3,1)|VINYL ESTERS(3,1)|VISIBLE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(3,1)|WHITE INORGANIC PIGMENT(3,1)|AERODYNAMIC LIFT(2,1)|AEROSIZER DATA(2,1)|AGITATION(2,1)|ALBEDO(2,1)|ALIPHATIC DICARBOXYLIC ACID(2,1)|AMPHIPHILIC POLYMER DETAIL(2,1)|APPROXIMATION(2,1)|ARTILLERY(2,1)|ATMOSPHERE CAUSE WARMING(2,1)|ATTENDANT OVERALL(2,1)|BIOPLASTICS(2,1)|BUTYRATE(2,1)|CENTIPOISE(2,1)|CENTRIFUGATION(2,1)|CENTURY(2,1)|COMPOSITIONAL DETAIL(2,1)|COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY(2,1)|CONFIDENCE(2,1)|COQUETTE(2,1)|CRITICAL ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION(2,1)|DECADE(2,1)|DESIGNED POROSITY(2,1)|DISPERSION(2,1)|DISRUPTION(2,1)|DOW CHEMICAL CORPORATION(2,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE CRITICAL FEATURE(2,1)|ECONOMIC NEED(2,1)|ECONOMIST(2,1)|ELECTROLYTE(2,1)|ENERGY ABSORPTION(2,1)|ENSEMBLE(2,1)|ENTIRE POROUS PARTICLE(2,1)|ENTRAPPED AIR(2,1)|ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY(2,1)|FEASIBILITY(2,1)|FLOW GEOMETRY(2,1)|GLOBAL ENERGY BALANCE(2,1)|GROUND LAND MASS(2,1)|HOMOPOLYMER(2,1)|HYDROPHILIC SYNTHETIC POLYMER(2,1)|INCOMING SOLAR ENERGY(2,1)|INFRARED ENERGY(2,1)|INSULATIVE(2,1)|LAMBERT(2,1)|MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID ESTERS(2,1)|MONSOON SEASON(2,1)|MORPHOLOGY(2,1)|NOTED INFRARED SPECTRAL REGION(2,1)|ORGANIC POLYMER DISSOLUTION(2,1)|OZONE LAYER(2,1)|PHOTOSYNTHESIS(2,1)||(US20220282068)|POROUS PARTICLE(100,134)|GROUND SURFACE(100,15)|SOLAR RADIATION(100,12)|SOLAR GEOENGINEERING(100,10)|SOLAR RADIATION REDUCTION(100,9)|GEOENGINEERING(100,4)|DISCRETE PORE(94,51)|PORE STABILIZING HYDROCOLLOID(86,20)|POLYMERIC PHASE(64,50)|EARTH WARMING(61,1)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(57,11)|POROUS POLYMERIC PARTICLE(55,6)|CELLULOSIC POLYMER(52,9)|DISCRETE PORE INTERFACE(52,9)|RAREFIED ATMOSPHERE(41,1)|CAREFUL REGULATION(40,1)|POROUS PARTICLE DISCRETE PORE(40,1)|CELLULOSE BUTYRATE(39,1)|SOLAR RADIATION IMPACT(35,1)|MEDIAN PORE(32,7)|COLORANT(31,5)|OPEN PORE(28,2)|NANOMETER(25,7)|POROSITY(24,14)|ADDITIVE(21,1)|ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED POLYMERIZABLE MONOMER(20,4)|CRATER(20,1)|MANUFACTURING CONDITION(18,1)|MODE PARTICLE SIZE(17,25)|ORGANIC POLYMER(17,20)|CELLULOSE ACETATE(15,1)|CELLULOSE ACETATE PROPIONATE(15,1)|CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE(14,5)|ACCIDENT CROSS(14,1)|POSITIVE CHANGE(14,1)|HYDROPHOBIC GROUP(11,4)|SEA LEVEL(10,9)|AVERAGE DISTANCE(10,8)|COLLOIDAL STABILIZER(10,3)|COLTER PARTICLE ANALYZER(10,2)|MEDIAN PORE SIZE(10,2)|ANTON PARR MCR(10,1)|CROSS CELLULOSE ACETATE PROPIONATE(10,1)|DESIRED ABSORPTION(10,1)|PARTICLE SIZE(9,14)|ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM(9,4)|GLOBAL CITIZEN ECONOMIC PROSPERITY(9,1)|MICROPARTICULATE OLIVINE INJECTION(9,1)|POROUS PARTICLE STRATEGIC COLORATION(9,1)|TOO EXPENSIVE CROSS(9,1)|VISIBLE CROSS INFRARED RADIATION(8,3)|USEFUL PORE STABILIZING HYDROCOLLOID(8,2)|ORDER WORD(8,1)|PHENOMENA WORLDWIDE STUDY(8,1)|CROSS INFRARED RADIATION(7,3)|STRATOSPHERIC REFLECTOR(7,1)|UNINTERRUPTED CONTINUED EJECTION(7,1)|UNIQUELY ENGINEERED POROUS PARTICLE(7,1)|CLIMATE CHANGE(6,5)|FINE INORGANIC PARTICLE SURFACE(6,3)|MIXING EXTENSION(6,2)|POROUS PARTICLE POLYMERIC PHASE(6,2)|AEROSIZER PARTICLE MEASURING(6,1)|BECKMAN COLTER DIAGNOSTICS(6,1)|CLIMATE REGION(6,1)|MERCURY INTRUSION(6,1)|NONCONNECTED PORE(6,1)|OSMOTIC MISMATCH(6,1)|POLYMERIZED POROUS PARTICLE SUSPENSION(6,1)|STEADY SHEAR SWEEP(6,1)|SULFATE AEROSOL PARTICLE(6,1)|WHITENING CLOUD(6,1)|POROUS PARTICLE SURFACE(5,4)|OUTGOING ENERGY(5,2)|SULFATE PARTICLE(5,2)|UV RADIATION(5,2)|VOLCANIC ERUPTION(5,2)|3D IMAGING(5,1)|CAPILLARY ORIFICE(5,1)|GAIN(5,1)|INCIDENT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION STRIKING(5,1)|MALVERN INSTRUMENT(5,1)|NONPOROUS PARTICLE(5,1)|PIGMENT COLORATION(5,1)|POLYMERIZATION INITIATOR(5,1)|RADIATION REFLECTIVE PARTICLE(5,1)|RESPIRATORY HEALTH HAZARD(5,1)|SEAWATER SPRAY(5,1)|TEMPORARY EFFORT(5,1)|EMULSION(4,6)|CENTIPOISE(4,3)|AGGLOMERATION(4,2)|ALTITUDE(4,2)|CIRCULARITY(4,2)|INFRARED REGION(4,2)|SCALABILITY(4,2)|ALIPHATIC DIOL(4,1)|ATTENDANT OVERALL WARMING(4,1)|COLLOIDAL SILICA STABILIZER(4,1)|EARTH MOON(4,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVELENGTH(4,1)|FLASH EVAPORATOR(4,1)|GELATIN DERIVATIVE(4,1)|GRAPHICAL PLOT(4,1)|GROUND REFLECTIVITY(4,1)|HARD AGGLOMERATE(4,1)|INTERMITTENT EFFORT(4,1)|LATEX PARTICLE(4,1)|POROUS ORGANIC POLYMERIC PARTICLE(4,1)|POROUS POLYMER PARTICLE(4,1)|POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE MILLIGRAM(4,1)|PROTEIN DERIVATIVE(4,1)|REGIONAL CROSS WORLDWIDE CLIMATE(4,1)|RESEARCHER INGENUITY CROSS KNOWLEDGE(4,1)|SOLAR RADIATION ATTENUATION(4,1)|STRESS RHEOMETER(4,1)|TONER PARTICLE(4,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING(3,4)|GRAFT COPOLYMER(3,2)|ADJUSTABLE PARAMETER(3,1)|AEROSIZER VOLUME DISTRIBUTION(3,1)|ANTHROPOMORPHIC CLIMATE CHANGE(3,1)|BACKSCATTERING(3,1)|BATCH MANUFACTURE(3,1)|CELLULOSE POLYMER(3,1)|CELLULOSIC POLYMER TOTAL(3,1)|COMPOSITIONAL FEATURE(3,1)|DISTRIBUTION MATCH(3,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE ABILITY(3,1)|ENERGY RADIATION(3,1)|HARMFUL EXTENT(3,1)|HEATING SOIL(3,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(3,1)|INFRARED SPECTRUM REGION(3,1)|INTERNAL DISCRETE PORE(3,1)|MANUFACTURING BATCH(3,1)|NANOPARTICLE(3,1)|NARROW ORIFICE(3,1)|OPTIMUM VISCOSITY(3,1)|PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION(3,1)|PHOSPHATE BUFFER(3,1)|POLITICAL SCIENTIST(3,1)|POLYMER VISCOSITY(3,1)|POLYMERIC PHASE POLYMER(3,1)|POROGEN(3,1)|POROUS PARTICLE PHASE(3,1)|REALITY FACE(3,1)|REFLECTING SOLAR RADIATION(3,1)|STANDARD DICTIONARY(3,1)|SULFUR INJECTION(3,1)|SUN RADIATION SPECTRUM(3,1)|TITANIUM DIOXIDE SCATTER(3,1)|TRANSFORMING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(3,1)|ULTIMATELY RERADIATED BACK(3,1)|USEFUL CELLULOSIC POLYMER(3,1)|VINYL ESTERS(3,1)|WHITE INORGANIC PIGMENT(3,1)|AERODYNAMIC LIFT(2,1)|AEROSIZER DATA(2,1)|AGITATION(2,1)|ALBEDO(2,1)|ALIPHATIC DICARBOXYLIC ACID(2,1)|AMPHIPHILIC POLYMER CROSS(2,1)|APPROXIMATION(2,1)|ARTILLERY(2,1)|BIOPLASTICS(2,1)|CENTRIFUGATION(2,1)|CENTURY(2,1)|COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY(2,1)|CONFIDENCE(2,1)|COQUETTE(2,1)|CRITICAL ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION(2,1)|CROSS SOCIOECONOMIC BEHAVIOR(2,1)|DECADE(2,1)|DESIGNED POROSITY(2,1)|DISPERSION(2,1)|DISRUPTION(2,1)|DOW CHEMICAL CORPORATION(2,1)|ECONOMIC NEED(2,1)|ECONOMIST(2,1)|ELECTROLYTE(2,1)|ENERGY ABSORPTION(2,1)|ENSEMBLE(2,1)|ENTIRE POROUS PARTICLE(2,1)|ENTRAPPED AIR(2,1)|ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY(2,1)|FEASIBILITY(2,1)|FLOW GEOMETRY(2,1)|GLOBAL ENERGY BALANCE(2,1)|HYDROPHILIC SYNTHETIC POLYMER(2,1)|INCOMING CROSS OUTGOING RADIATION(2,1)|INCOMING SOLAR ENERGY(2,1)|INFRARED ENERGY(2,1)|INSULATIVE(2,1)|LAMBERT(2,1)|LAND CROSS OCEAN(2,1)|MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID ESTERS(2,1)|MONSOON SEASON(2,1)|MORPHOLOGY(2,1)|NOTED INFRARED SPECTRAL REGION(2,1)|ORGANIC POLYMER DISSOLUTION(2,1)|OZONE LAYER(2,1)|PHOTOSYNTHESIS(2,1)|PLANET CROSS ENERGY IMBALANCE(2,1)|PLANETARY MIXER(2,1)|POLAR ICE CAP(2,1)|POLY CAPROLACTONE(2,1)|POLY ETHYLENEOXIDE(2,1)||(US20250145803)|DISCRETE PORE(100,47)|GROUND SURFACE(100,14)|SOLAR RADIATION(100,11)|SOLAR GEOENGINEERING(100,10)|SOLAR RADIATION REDUCTION(100,8)|GEOENGINEERING(100,4)|PORE STABILIZING HYDROCOLLOID(90,19)|POROUS PARTICLE(89,125)|POROUS POLYMERIC PARTICLE(67,5)|POLYMERIC PHASE(63,45)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(62,10)|DISCRETE PORE INTERFACE(58,8)|POROUS PARTICLE DISPERSION(58,4)|EARTH WARMING(57,1)|CELLULOSIC POLYMER(49,9)|RAREFIED ATMOSPHERE(39,1)|MEDIAN PORE(38,6)|CAREFUL REGULATION(38,1)|CELLULOSE BUTYRATE(37,1)|NANOMETER(30,6)|CELLULOSE ACETATE PROPIONATE(29,1)|POROSITY(28,13)|COLORANT(28,5)|CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE(28,4)|OPEN PORE(26,2)|POROUS PARTICLE INTRODUCTION(25,2)|CELLULOSE ACETATE(22,2)|ADDITIVE(20,1)|MODE PARTICLE SIZE(19,23)|ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED POLYMERIZABLE MONOMER(19,4)|CRATER(19,1)|ACCIDENT(18,1)|ORGANIC POLYMER(16,18)|POLYMERIC CONTINUOUS POLYMERIC PHASE(16,1)|ACETATE BUTYRATE(15,4)|ACETATE PROPIONATE(15,1)|MANUFACTURING CONDITION(13,2)|POSITIVE CHANGE(13,1)|STRATOSPHERE(12,12)|SEA LEVEL(11,8)|HYDROPHOBIC GROUP(11,4)|PARTICLE SIZE(10,13)|AVERAGE DISTANCE(10,6)|MEDIAN PORE SIZE(10,2)|INFRARED RADIATION(9,7)|COLLOIDAL STABILIZER(9,3)|CLIMATE REGION(9,2)|ANTON PARR MCR(9,1)|DESIRED ABSORPTION(9,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM(8,4)|GLOBAL CITIZEN ECONOMIC PROSPERITY(8,1)|MICROPARTICULATE OLIVINE INJECTION(8,1)|POROUS PARTICLE STRATEGIC COLORATION(8,1)|USEFUL PORE STABILIZING HYDROCOLLOID(7,2)|COLTER PARTICLE ANALYZER(7,1)|IMPACT REGION CLIMATE(7,1)|ORDER WORD(7,1)|PHENOMENA WORLDWIDE STUDY(7,1)|STRATOSPHERIC REFLECTOR(7,1)|UNINTERRUPTED CONTINUED EJECTION(7,1)|UNIQUELY ENGINEERED POROUS PARTICLE(7,1)|CLIMATE CHANGE(6,5)|MIXING EXTENSION(6,2)|POROUS PARTICLE POLYMERIC PHASE(6,2)|AEROSIZER PARTICLE MEASURING(6,1)|MERCURY INTRUSION(6,1)|NONCONNECTED PORE(6,1)|OSMOTIC MISMATCH(6,1)|PLANET ENERGY IMBALANCE(6,1)|POLYMERIZED POROUS PARTICLE SUSPENSION(6,1)|RESEARCHER KNOWLEDGE(6,1)|SOCIOECONOMIC BEHAVIOR(6,1)|STEADY SHEAR SWEEP(6,1)|SULFATE AEROSOL PARTICLE(6,1)|WHITENING CLOUD(6,1)|WORLDWIDE CLIMATE(6,1)|POROUS PARTICLE SURFACE(5,4)|FINE INORGANIC PARTICLE SURFACE(5,3)|OUTGOING ENERGY(5,2)|SULFATE PARTICLE(5,2)|UV RADIATION(5,2)|VOLCANIC ERUPTION(5,2)|3D IMAGING(5,1)|CAPILLARY ORIFICE(5,1)|CARBOXY METHYL CELLULOSE(5,1)|GAIN(5,1)|INCIDENT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION STRIKING(5,1)|MALVERN INSTRUMENT(5,1)|NONPOROUS PARTICLE(5,1)|PIGMENT COLORATION(5,1)|POLYMERIZATION INITIATOR(5,1)|RADIATION REFLECTIVE PARTICLE(5,1)|RESPIRATORY HEALTH HAZARD(5,1)|SEAWATER SPRAY(5,1)|TEMPORARY EFFORT(5,1)|EMULSION(4,6)|SCALABILITY(4,2)|ALIPHATIC DIOL(4,1)|COLLOIDAL SILICA STABILIZER(4,1)|EARTH MOON(4,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVELENGTH(4,1)|FLASH EVAPORATOR(4,1)|GELATIN DERIVATIVE(4,1)|GRAPHICAL PLOT(4,1)|GROUND REFLECTIVITY(4,1)|HARD AGGLOMERATE(4,1)|INCOMING RADIATION(4,1)|INTERMITTENT EFFORT(4,1)|LATEX PARTICLE(4,1)|MEASURABLE COOLING(4,1)|OUTGOING RADIATION(4,1)|POROUS ORGANIC POLYMERIC PARTICLE(4,1)|POROUS POLYMER PARTICLE(4,1)|POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE MILLIGRAM(4,1)|PROTEIN DERIVATIVE(4,1)|SOLAR RADIATION ATTENUATION(4,1)|STRESS RHEOMETER(4,1)|TONER PARTICLE(4,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING(3,4)|AGGLOMERATION(3,2)|AGRICULTURE(3,2)|ALTITUDE(3,2)|CIRCULARITY(3,2)|GRAFT COPOLYMER(3,2)|INFRARED REGION(3,2)|INGENUITY(3,2)|MAXIMUM VALUE(3,2)|ADJUSTABLE PARAMETER(3,1)|AEROSIZER VOLUME DISTRIBUTION(3,1)|ANTHROPOMORPHIC CLIMATE CHANGE(3,1)|BACKSCATTERING(3,1)|BATCH MANUFACTURE(3,1)|CELLULOSE POLYMER(3,1)|CELLULOSIC POLYMER TOTAL(3,1)|COMPOSITIONAL FEATURE(3,1)|DISTRIBUTION MATCH(3,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE ABILITY(3,1)|ENERGY RADIATION(3,1)|EXPENSIVE ACTUAL TRIAL(3,1)|HARMFUL EXTENT(3,1)|HEATING SOIL(3,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(3,1)|INFRARED ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(3,1)|INFRARED SPECTRUM REGION(3,1)|INTERNAL DISCRETE PORE(3,1)|MANUFACTURING BATCH(3,1)|NANOPARTICLE(3,1)|NARROW ORIFICE(3,1)|OPTIMUM VISCOSITY(3,1)|PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION(3,1)|PHOSPHATE BUFFER(3,1)|POLITICAL SCIENTIST(3,1)|POLY SECONDARY ALCOHOL DERIVATIVE(3,1)|POLYMER VISCOSITY(3,1)|POLYMERIC PHASE POLYMER(3,1)|POROGEN(3,1)|POROUS PARTICLE PHASE(3,1)|REALITY FACE(3,1)|REFLECTING SOLAR RADIATION(3,1)|STANDARD DICTIONARY(3,1)|SULFUR INJECTION(3,1)|SUN RADIATION SPECTRUM(3,1)|TITANIUM DIOXIDE SCATTER(3,1)|TRANSFORMING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(3,1)|ULTIMATELY RERADIATED BACK(3,1)|USEFUL CELLULOSIC POLYMER(3,1)|VINYL ESTERS(3,1)|VISIBLE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(3,1)|WHITE INORGANIC PIGMENT(3,1)|AERODYNAMIC LIFT(2,1)|AEROSIZER DATA(2,1)|AGITATION(2,1)|ALBEDO(2,1)|ALIPHATIC DICARBOXYLIC ACID(2,1)|AMPHIPHILIC POLYMER DETAIL(2,1)|ANDTHE TERM(2,1)|APPROXIMATION(2,1)|ARTILLERY(2,1)|ATMOSPHERE CAUSE WARMING(2,1)|ATTENDANT OVERALL(2,1)|BIOPLASTICS(2,1)|BUTYRATE(2,1)|CAPROLACTONE(2,1)|CENTIPOISE(2,1)|CENTRIFUGATION(2,1)|CENTURY(2,1)|COMPOSITIONAL DETAIL(2,1)|COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY(2,1)|CONFIDENCE(2,1)|COQUETTE(2,1)|CRITICAL ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION(2,1)|DECADE(2,1)|DESIGNED POROSITY(2,1)|DISPERSION(2,1)|DISRUPTION(2,1)|DOW CHEMICAL CORPORATION(2,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE CRITICAL FEATURE(2,1)|ECONOMIC NEED(2,1)|ECONOMIST(2,1)|ELECTROLYTE(2,1)|ENERGY ABSORPTION(2,1)|ENSEMBLE(2,1)|ENTIRE POROUS PARTICLE(2,1)|ENTRAPPED AIR(2,1)|ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY(2,1)|ETHYLENEOXIDE(2,1)|FEASIBILITY(2,1)|FLOW GEOMETRY(2,1)|GLOBAL ENERGY BALANCE(2,1)|GROUND LAND MASS(2,1)|HOMOPOLYMER(2,1)|HYDROPHILIC SYNTHETIC POLYMER(2,1)|INCOMING SOLAR ENERGY(2,1)|INFRARED ENERGY(2,1)|INSULATIVE(2,1)|LAMBERT(2,1)|MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID ESTERS(2,1)|MONSOON SEASON(2,1)|MORPHOLOGY(2,1)|NOTED INFRARED SPECTRAL REGION(2,1)||(WO2022/186970)|DISCRETE PORE(100,51)|GROUND SURFACE(100,15)|SOLAR RADIATION(100,13)|SOLAR RADIATION REDUCTION(100,9)|GEOENGINEERING(100,6)|POROUS PARTICLE(93,135)|PORE STABILIZING HYDROCOLLOID(92,20)|SOLAR GEOENGINEERING(81,10)|POLYMERIC PHASE(69,50)|POROUS POLYMERIC PARTICLE(69,6)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(64,11)|DISCRETE PORE INTERFACE(60,9)|EARTH WARMING(54,1)|CELLULOSIC POLYMER(46,9)|MEDIAN PORE(39,7)|CAREFUL REGULATION(36,1)|POROUS PARTICLE DISCRETE PORE(36,1)|TEMPORARY EFFORT(36,1)|CELLULOSE BUTYRATE(35,1)|INTERMITTENT EFFORT(34,1)|NANOMETER(31,7)|SOLAR RADIATION IMPACT(31,1)|POROSITY(28,14)|CLIMATE COOLING(28,1)|OPEN PORE(24,2)|MODE PARTICLE SIZE(19,25)|COLORANT(19,5)|ORGANIC POLYMER(18,20)|ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED POLYMERIZABLE MONOMER(18,4)|CRATER(18,1)|ACCIDENT(17,1)|CELLULOSE ACETATE(13,1)|CELLULOSE ACETATE PROPIONATE(13,1)|SEA LEVEL(12,9)|AVERAGE DISTANCE(12,8)|CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE(12,5)|MANUFACTURING CONDITION(12,2)|MATERIAL EJECTION(12,1)|POSITIVE CHANGE(12,1)|STRATOSPHERE(11,12)|PARTICLE SIZE(10,15)|HYDROPHOBIC GROUP(10,4)|LONG TERM CLIMATE COOLING(10,1)|NUMEROUS HARMFUL EFFECT(10,1)|INFRARED RADIATION(9,7)|COLLOIDAL STABILIZER(9,3)|COLTER PARTICLE ANALYZER(9,2)|MEDIAN PORE SIZE(9,2)|ANTON PARR MCR(9,1)|CLIMATE REGION(8,2)|GLOBAL CITIZEN ECONOMIC PROSPERITY(8,1)|MICROPARTICULATE OLIVINE INJECTION(8,1)|POROUS PARTICLE STRATEGIC COLORATION(8,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM(7,4)|USEFUL PORE STABILIZING HYDROCOLLOID(7,2)|ORDER WORD(7,1)|PHENOMENA WORLDWIDE STUDY(7,1)|IMPACT REGION CLIMATE(6,1)|STRATOSPHERIC REFLECTOR(6,1)|UNINTERRUPTED CONTINUED EJECTION(6,1)|UNIQUELY ENGINEERED POROUS PARTICLE(6,1)|CLIMATE CHANGE(5,5)|POROUS PARTICLE SURFACE(5,4)|FINE INORGANIC PARTICLE SURFACE(5,3)|MIXING EXTENSION(5,2)|POROUS PARTICLE POLYMERIC PHASE(5,2)|3D IMAGING(5,1)|AEROSIZER PARTICLE MEASURING(5,1)|BECKMAN COLTER DIAGNOSTICS(5,1)|CAPILLARY ORIFICE(5,1)|GAIN(5,1)|INCIDENT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION STRIKING(5,1)|MALVERN INSTRUMENT(5,1)|MERCURY INTRUSION(5,1)|NONCONNECTED PORE(5,1)|NONPOROUS PARTICLE(5,1)|OSMOTIC MISMATCH(5,1)|PIGMENT COLORATION(5,1)|PLANET ENERGY IMBALANCE(5,1)|POLYMERIZATION INITIATOR(5,1)|POLYMERIZED POROUS PARTICLE SUSPENSION(5,1)|RADIATION REFLECTIVE PARTICLE(5,1)|RAREFIED ATMOSPHERE(5,1)|RESEARCHER KNOWLEDGE(5,1)|RESPIRATORY HEALTH HAZARD(5,1)|SEAWATER SPRAY(5,1)|SOCIOECONOMIC BEHAVIOR(5,1)|STEADY SHEAR SWEEP(5,1)|SULFATE AEROSOL PARTICLE(5,1)|WHITENING CLOUD(5,1)|WORLDWIDE CLIMATE(5,1)|EMULSION(4,7)|CENTIPOISE(4,3)|OUTGOING ENERGY(4,2)|SCALABILITY(4,2)|SULFATE PARTICLE(4,2)|UV RADIATION(4,2)|VOLCANIC ERUPTION(4,2)|ALIPHATIC DIOL(4,1)|COLLOIDAL SILICA STABILIZER(4,1)|EARTH MOON(4,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVELENGTH(4,1)|FLASH EVAPORATOR(4,1)|GELATIN DERIVATIVE(4,1)|GRAPHICAL PLOT(4,1)|GROUND REFLECTIVITY(4,1)|HARD AGGLOMERATE(4,1)|INCOMING RADIATION(4,1)|LATEX PARTICLE(4,1)|MEASURABLE COOLING(4,1)|OUTGOING RADIATION(4,1)|POROUS ORGANIC POLYMERIC PARTICLE(4,1)|POROUS POLYMER PARTICLE(4,1)|POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE MILLIGRAM(4,1)|PROTEIN DERIVATIVE(4,1)|SOLAR RADIATION ATTENUATION(4,1)|STRESS RHEOMETER(4,1)|TONER PARTICLE(4,1)|D L(3,7)|RADIATIVE FORCING(3,4)|AGGLOMERATION(3,2)|AGRICULTURE(3,2)|ALTITUDE(3,2)|CIRCULARITY(3,2)|INFRARED REGION(3,2)|INGENUITY(3,2)|ADJUSTABLE PARAMETER(3,1)|AEROSIZER VOLUME DISTRIBUTION(3,1)|ANTHROPOMORPHIC CLIMATE CHANGE(3,1)|BACKSCATTERING(3,1)|BATCH MANUFACTURE(3,1)|CELLULOSE POLYMER(3,1)|CELLULOSIC POLYMER TOTAL(3,1)|COMPOSITIONAL FEATURE(3,1)|DISTRIBUTION MATCH(3,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE ABILITY(3,1)|ENERGY RADIATION(3,1)|EXPENSIVE ACTUAL TRIAL(3,1)|HARMFUL EXTENT(3,1)|HEATING SOIL(3,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(3,1)|INFRARED ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(3,1)|INFRARED SPECTRUM REGION(3,1)|INTERNAL DISCRETE PORE(3,1)|MANUFACTURING BATCH(3,1)|NANOPARTICLE(3,1)|NARROW ORIFICE(3,1)|OPTIMUM VISCOSITY(3,1)|PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION(3,1)|PHOSPHATE BUFFER(3,1)|POLITICAL SCIENTIST(3,1)|POLYMER VISCOSITY(3,1)|POLYMERIC PHASE POLYMER(3,1)|POROGEN(3,1)|POROUS PARTICLE PHASE(3,1)|REALITY FACE(3,1)|REFLECTING SOLAR RADIATION(3,1)|STANDARD DICTIONARY(3,1)|SULFUR INJECTION(3,1)|SUN RADIATION SPECTRUM(3,1)|TITANIUM DIOXIDE SCATTER(3,1)|TRANSFORMING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(3,1)|ULTIMATELY RERADIATED BACK(3,1)|USEFUL CELLULOSIC POLYMER(3,1)|VINYL ESTERS(3,1)|VISIBLE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(3,1)|WHITE INORGANIC PIGMENT(3,1)|GRAFT COPOLYMER(2,2)|MAXIMUM VALUE(2,2)|ADDITIVE(2,1)|AERODYNAMIC LIFT(2,1)|AEROSIZER DATA(2,1)|AGITATION(2,1)|ALBEDO(2,1)|ALIPHATIC DICARBOXYLIC ACID(2,1)|AMPHIPHILIC POLYMER DETAIL(2,1)|APPROXIMATION(2,1)|ARTILLERY(2,1)|ATMOSPHERE CAUSE WARMING(2,1)|ATTENDANT OVERALL(2,1)|BIOPLASTICS(2,1)|CENTRIFUGATION(2,1)|CENTURY(2,1)|COMPOSITIONAL DETAIL(2,1)|COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY(2,1)|CONFIDENCE(2,1)|COQUETTE(2,1)|CRITICAL ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION(2,1)|DECADE(2,1)|DESIGNED POROSITY(2,1)|DISPERSION(2,1)|DISRUPTION(2,1)|DOW CHEMICAL CORPORATION(2,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE CRITICAL FEATURE(2,1)|ECONOMIC NEED(2,1)|ECONOMIST(2,1)|ELECTROLYTE(2,1)|ENERGY ABSORPTION(2,1)|ENSEMBLE(2,1)|ENTIRE POROUS PARTICLE(2,1)|ENTRAPPED AIR(2,1)|ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY(2,1)|FEASIBILITY(2,1)|FLOW GEOMETRY(2,1)|GLOBAL ENERGY BALANCE(2,1)|GROUND LAND MASS(2,1)|HOMOPOLYMER(2,1)|HYDROPHILIC SYNTHETIC POLYMER(2,1)|INCOMING SOLAR ENERGY(2,1)|INFRARED ENERGY(2,1)|INSULATIVE(2,1)|LAMBERT(2,1)|MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID ESTERS(2,1)|MONSOON SEASON(2,1)|MORPHOLOGY(2,1)|NOTED INFRARED SPECTRAL REGION(2,1)|ORGANIC POLYMER DISSOLUTION(2,1)|OZONE LAYER(2,1)|PHOTOSYNTHESIS(2,1)|PLANETARY MIXER(2,1)||(CN116963592)|SOLAR RADIATION REDUCTION(100,8)|POROUS PARTICLE(99,132)|PORE STABILIZING HYDROCOLLOID(89,19)|WITHTHE DISCRETE PORE(88,2)|DISCRETE PORE(81,49)|SOLAR EARTH ENGINEERING(73,8)|WHITEN CLOUD(55,1)|DISCRETE PORE INTERFACE(52,9)|EARTH SPHEROIDIZATION(51,1)|SEAWATER SPRAY(50,1)|RADIATION REFLECTIVE PARTICLE(47,1)|TEMPORARY EFFORT(47,1)|POROUS PARTICLE DISCRETE PORE(46,1)|POROUS POLYMER PARTICLE(45,7)|INTERMITTENT EFFORT(44,1)|POLYMER PHASE(40,34)|CLIMATE COOLING(37,1)|CELLULOSIC POLYMER(35,5)|INTERGOVERNMENT CLIMATE CHANGE COMMITTEE(33,1)|MEDIAN PORE(32,6)|POROUS PARTICLE DISPERSION(32,4)|EARTH ENGINEERING(31,2)|CLIMATE CHANGE(30,7)|REFLECTIVITY(29,1)|WARMING(29,1)|REDUCING SOLAR RADIATION(28,1)|COLORANT(25,5)|INTERVENTION(25,1)|NANOMETER(24,7)|POROSITY(23,12)|ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED POLYMERIZABLE MONOMER(23,4)|LAMBERT(23,1)|STRATOSPHERE(22,12)|CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE(19,4)|MODE PARTICLE SIZE(18,26)|VISIBLE RADIATION REDUCTION(18,1)|PROVIDED WITHTHE DISCRETE PORE(16,2)|POSITIVE CHANGE(16,1)|ORGANIC POLYMER(15,19)|SPRAYED MATERIAL(15,1)|CLIMATE CHANGE COMMITTEE(14,1)|LONG TERM CLIMATE COOLING(14,1)|HYDROPHOBIC GROUP(13,4)|SOLAR RADIATION(13,4)|MEDIAN PORE SIZE(12,2)|PROVIDED WITHWHEREIN(12,2)|INFRARED RADIATION(11,7)|COLLOIDAL STABILIZER(11,3)|ANTON PARR MCR(11,1)|RADIATION SHIELDING MATERIAL(11,1)|SEA LEVEL(10,9)|AVERAGE DISTANCE(10,8)|GREENHOUSE GAS(10,5)|ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM(10,4)|PARTICLE SIZE(9,15)|USEFUL PORE STABILIZING HYDROCOLLOID(9,2)|POROUS PARTICLE AERODYNAMIC LIFTING(9,1)|POROUS PARTICLE STRATEGIC COLORING(9,1)|PARTICULATE OLIVINE INJECTION(8,1)|STRATOSPHERIC REFLECTOR(8,1)|UNIQUELY ENGINEERED POROUS PARTICLE(8,1)|CELLULOSE POLYMER(7,3)|BECKMAN COLTER DIAGNOSTICS(7,1)|CLIMATE REGION(7,1)|ECONOMIC PROSPECT ION(7,1)|FEASIBILITY QUESTION(7,1)|MULTISCREW EXTRUDER(7,1)|NONCONNECTED VOID(7,1)|OSMOTICUM MISMATCH(7,1)|PLANET ENERGY IMBALANCE(7,1)|POLYMERIZED POROUS PARTICLE SUSPENSION(7,1)|RESEARCHER KNOWLEDGE(7,1)|SOCIOECONOMIC BEHAVIOR(7,1)|SULFATE AEROSOL PARTICLE(7,1)|ALTITUDE(6,4)|FINE INORGANIC PARTICLE SURFACE(6,3)|INCIDENT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(6,2)|PARTICLE IMAGE ANALYZER(6,2)|STRETCH MIXING(6,2)|VOLCANIC ERUPTION(6,2)|3D IMAGING(6,1)|AGRICULTURAL DEMAND(6,1)|ATTRACTING ATTENTION(6,1)|CAPILLARY ORIFICE(6,1)|CARBOXY METHYL CELLULOSE(6,1)|DISCRETE PORE FORMER(6,1)|ECONOMIC DEMAND(6,1)|MALVERN INSTRUMENT(6,1)|NONPOROUS PARTICLE(6,1)|OSMOTIC MISMATCH(6,1)|PIGMENT COLORATION(6,1)|POLYMERIZATION INITIATOR(6,1)|RESPIRATORY HEALTH HAZARD(6,1)|WARMING TENDENCY(6,1)|POROUS PARTICLE SURFACE(5,4)|SCALABILITY(5,2)|ALIPHATIC DIOL(5,1)|ANALYZING PARTICLE(5,1)|BACKSCATTERED ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(5,1)|COLLOIDAL SILICA STABILIZER(5,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVELENGTH(5,1)|FLASH EVAPORATOR(5,1)|GELATIN DERIVATIVE(5,1)|GLOBAL RESEARCH(5,1)|HARD AGGLOMERATE(5,1)|INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ONSET(5,1)|LATEX PARTICLE(5,1)|LEAN ATMOSPHERE(5,1)|MAKE SURFACE(5,1)|MEASURABLE COOLING(5,1)|PARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION EQUIPMENT(5,1)|POROUS PARTICLE INTRODUCTION(5,1)|PROTEIN DERIVATIVE(5,1)|SOLAR RADIATION ATTENUATION(5,1)|SOUND GENERATOR(5,1)|STRESS RHEOMETER(5,1)|SULFATE PARTICLE INJECTION(5,1)|TONER PARTICLE(5,1)|UNINTERRUPTED CONTINUOUS SPRAYING(5,1)|AQUEOUS SUSPENSION(4,5)|AGRICULTURE(4,2)|CIRCULARITY(4,2)|INFRARED REGION(4,2)|POROUS PARTICLE DIAMETER(4,2)|SPHERICITY(4,2)|SURFACTANT(4,2)|ADJUSTABLE PARAMETER(4,1)|ADVECTION LAYER(4,1)|AEROSIZER VOLUME DISTRIBUTION(4,1)|ATMOSPHERE ENERGY ABSORPTION(4,1)|BACKSCATTERING(4,1)|BATCH MANUFACTURE(4,1)|CAREFUL ADJUSTMENT(4,1)|CENTURY(4,1)|COMPOSITIONAL FEATURE(4,1)|CONDUCTIVITY CONTRAST(4,1)|DESIRABLE COLORANT(4,1)|DISCRETE APERTURE(4,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE ABILITY(4,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE CRITICAL FEATURE(4,1)|EVAPORATIVE LIMITED COALESCENCE(4,1)|EXPERIMENTATION(4,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(4,1)|INFRARED ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(4,1)|INTERNAL DISCRETE PORE(4,1)|MANUFACTURING BATCH(4,1)|MODIFIED ELC(4,1)|NANOPARTICLE(4,1)|NARROW ORIFICE(4,1)|OIL EMULSION(4,1)|OPTIMUM VISCOSITY(4,1)|OUTGOING ENERGY(4,1)|PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION(4,1)|PHOSPHATE BUFFER(4,1)|POLYMER VISCOSITY(4,1)|POROGEN(4,1)|POROUS PARTICLE PHASE(4,1)|QUANTIFICATION(4,1)|RAINFALL(4,1)|REALITY FACE(4,1)|REFLECTING SOLAR RADIATION(4,1)|SOLAR RADIATION SPECTRUM(4,1)|STANDARD DICTIONARY(4,1)|SULFUR INJECTION(4,1)|TITANIUM DIOXIDE SCATTER(4,1)|USEFUL CELLULOSIC POLYMER(4,1)|VINYL ESTERS(4,1)|VISIBLE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(4,1)|WHITE INORGANIC PIGMENT(4,1)|DISCRETE PORE SIZE(3,3)|LOGNORMAL DISTRIBUTION(3,3)|OIL PHASE(3,3)|POROUS PARTICLE SHAPE(3,3)|SUN(3,3)|OPEN PORE(3,2)|ADDITIVE(3,1)|AEROSIZER DATA(3,1)|AGGLOMERATION(3,1)|AGITATION(3,1)|AIR SPHERE(3,1)|ALIPHATIC DICARBOXYLIC ACID(3,1)|AMPHIPHILIC POLYMER DETAIL(3,1)|APPROXIMATION(3,1)|ARTIFICIAL CLIMATE CHANGE(3,1)|ATMOSPHERE CAUSE WARMING(3,1)|CANNON(3,1)|CAPROLACTONE(3,1)|CENTIPOISE(3,1)|CENTRIFUGATION(3,1)|COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY(3,1)|CONFIDENCE(3,1)|CONSTANT CHANGE(3,1)|CRITICAL ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION(3,1)|DESIGN POROSITY(3,1)|DIAMETER SIZING(3,1)|DOW CHEMICAL CORPORATION(3,1)|ECONOMIST(3,1)|ELECTROLYTE(3,1)|ENSEMBLE(3,1)|ENTRAPPED AIR(3,1)|ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY(3,1)|EVAPORATION LIMITED COALESCENCE(3,1)|FERRULE(3,1)|FLOW GEOMETRY(3,1)|GLOBAL CITIZEN(3,1)|GLOBAL CLIMATE(3,1)|GLOBAL ENERGY BALANCE(3,1)|GRAFT COPOLYMER(3,1)|GROUND LAND MASS(3,1)|HARMFUL LEVEL(3,1)|HOMOPOLYMER(3,1)|HYDROPHILIC SYNTHETIC POLYMER(3,1)|INCOMING SOLAR ENERGY(3,1)| | (EP4301126)|1. A method of geoengineering to facilitate the reduction of solar radiation impacting Earth's surface, comprising:|introducing a plurality of porous polymeric particles into Earth's stratosphere at an average distance of at least 10 kilometers above sea level,| characterised in that each of the plurality of porous particles comprises a continuous polymeric phase composed of one or more organic polymers, and discrete pores dispersed within the continuous polymeric phase, and| each of the plurality of porous particles has the following properties:| a mode particle size of at least 2 µm and up to and including 20 µm;| a coefficient of variance of the particle size of no more than 20% compared to the mode particle size; and| a porosity of at least 20% and up to and including 75%; and| the discrete pores have an average pore size d (in nanometers) that is defined using the equation: 0.3 ≤ d/λ ≤ 0.8 wherein λ is at least 400 nm and up to and including 3,000 nm; and| wherein each of the discrete pores is filled with air and optionally contains a pore stabilizing hydrocolloid that is disposed at the interface of the discrete pore and the continuous polymeric phase.|2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of porous particles comprises a continuous polymeric phase composed of one or more cellulosic polymers.|3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein each of the plurality of porous particles comprises a continuous polymeric phase composed of a cellulosic polymer derived at least in part from cellulose acetate butyrate.|4. The method of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein each of the plurality of porous particles has a mode particle size of at least 2 µm and up to and including 15 µm.|5. The method of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein each of the plurality of porous particles has a mode particle size of at least 4 µm and up to and including 12 µm.|6. The method of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein each of the plurality of porous particles has a coefficient of variance of the particle size of no more than 15% compared to the mode particle size.|7. The method of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein each of the plurality of porous particles has a coefficient of variance of the particle size of no more than 10% compared to the mode particle size.|8. The method of any of claims 1 to 7, wherein each of the plurality of porous particles has an aspect ratio of less than 0.80.|9. The method of any of claims 1 to 8, wherein each of the plurality of porous particles further comprises one or more colorants.|10. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more colorants absorb radiation having a wavelength of at least 800 nm and up to and including 2500 nm of the electromagnetic spectrum.|11. The method of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the plurality of porous particles comprise fine inorganic particles on the outer surfaces thereof, which fine inorganic particles have hydrophobic groups covalently bonded primarily on portions of surfaces of the fine inorganic particles positioned away from the porous particle surfaces.|12. A system for solar geoengineering to facilitate the reduction of solar radiation impacting Earth's surface, for use in the method of any of claims 1 to 11, the system comprising:| a plurality of porous polymeric particles; and| a means for dispersing the plurality of porous particles into Earth's stratosphere at an average distance of at least 10 kilometers above sea level,| wherein each of the plurality of porous particles comprises a continuous polymeric phase composed of one or more organic polymers, and discrete pores dispersed within the continuous polymeric phase, and| each of the plurality of porous particles has the following properties:| a mode particle size of at least 2 µm and up to and including 20 µm;| a coefficient of variance of the particle size of no more than 20% compared to the mode particle size; and| a porosity of at least 20% and up to and including 75%; and| the discrete pores have an average pore size d (in nanometers) that is defined by the equation: 0.3 ≤ d/λ ≤ 0.8 wherein λ is at least 400 nm and up to and including 3,000 nm; and| wherein each of the discrete pores is filled with air and optionally filled with a pore stabilizing hydrocolloid that is disposed at the interface of the discrete pore and the continuous polymeric phase. | (EP4301126)|FIELD OF THE INVENTION|[0001] The present invention relates to a method for facilitating the reduction of solar radiation, and especially the reduction of visible and infrared radiation, impacting the Earth's surface. In order words, the present invention relates to a technique of "solar geoengineering" that is believed to potentially impact positive changes in the Earth's warming climate. This invention also relates to a system that can be used to carry out this method.|BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION|[0002] The energy balance between the Earth and the atmosphere is that between incoming solar energy from the Sun and outgoing energy from the Earth. Released solar energy is emitted as shortwave light and ultraviolet energy. When it reaches the Earth, some is reflected back to space by clouds, some is absorbed by the atmosphere, and some is absorbed at the Earth's surface. However, since the Earth is much cooler than the Sun, its radiating energy is much weaker (long wavelength) infrared energy. Essentially 100% of the energy that fuels the Earth comes from the Sun. To maintain a constant global average temperature, all of the Sun's radiation that enters Earth's atmosphere must eventually be sent back to space. This is achieved through the Earth's energy balance by way of energy that is absorbed by land and oceans (-50%); energy that is directly reflected back to space by clouds, the Earth's surface, and different gases and particles in the atmosphere (-30%); and energy that is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds (-20%). The 70% of solar energy that is absorbed by the Earth's surface, clouds, and atmosphere causes warming and impacts regional climates. Any object or gas that has a temperature emits radiation outward, and this is ultimately re-radiated back into space. These effects occur 24 hours a day.|[0003] The absorption of infrared radiation trying to escape from the Earth back to space is particularly important to the global energy balance. Energy absorption by the atmosphere stores more energy near its surface than it would if there was no atmosphere. The average surface temperature of the Earth's moon, which has no atmosphere, is 0°F (-18°C). By contrast, the average surface temperature of the Earth is 59°F (15°C). This resulting heating effect is called the greenhouse effect. Radiative forcing (RF) represents the extent of the energy imbalance of a planet and is the difference between incoming and outgoing radiation. In the same way that pushing a physical object will cause it to become unbalanced and move, a climate forcing factor (CFF) will change the climate system. When RF results in incoming energy being greater than outgoing energy, the Earth will warm. This represents a positive CFF. Because of the continuing change in the composition of Earth's atmosphere, especially with respect to the increasing concentration of Green House Gases (GHG), the ability of Earth's atmosphere to trap infrared radiation is increasing such that RF is increased to such an extent that Earth's land mass and oceans are gradually being warmed to a potentially harmful extent.|[0004] The significant rise in the concentration of GHG coincides with the start of the industrial revolution and as such the recent rise in average global temperatures is termed as "anthropomorphic climate change." Notice of this effect has occurred for several decades and the resulting impact on regional and worldwide climates, polar ice caps, agriculture, and many socioeconomic behaviors and systems can be noticed even if not totally quantified. The end result of worldwide studies of these phenomena is a call for humanity to find ways to reduce the negative effects using all possible resources and ingenuity to bring average Earth surface temperature more in line with what can reasonably sustain population growth and socioeconomic needs including agricultural needs. The primary efforts recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are directed to a reduction of net GHG emissions to levels that will best sustain life on Earth. However, economists and political scientists recognize that these efforts come with a price (or cost) to economic prosperity of global citizens. In the face of this reality, scientists have begun efforts to reduce radiative forcing using geoengineering means, one of which being Solar Radiation Management (SRM).|[0005] U.S. Patent 8,033,879 (Lambert) provides a considerable discussion of the problem of climate change and the various attempts by researchers around the world to intervene using what are known as "geoengineering" or "terraforming" efforts including "solar geoengineering." Some efforts have been clearly found to be hazardous, harmful, or fruitless in some respect. Other efforts are not easily evaluated or at least the results cannot yet be properly analyzed.|[0006] SRM, having the goal of reducing solar radiation that is received by Earth's surface and its atmosphere, has been gaining attention for offsetting warming trends largely caused by GHG released into the atmosphere by both natural and man-made processes. SRM is being suggested as an approach to managing some of the consequences of climate change. Whitening clouds (increasing their albedo) by spraying seawater into the air, making surfaces (such as buildings and crops) more reflective, injecting radiation reflective particles or acids into the stratosphere, or putting radiation shading materials into space have been proposed and may offer the potential of increasing Earth's reflectivity to some extent, thereby offsetting some warming caused by GHG. So far, however, such techniques have not reached expected potential and they appear unlikely to have the potential for sufficient scalability to be very effective.|[0007] Stratospheric based methods adapted for the purposes of SRM also include the injection of aerosol particles into Earth's stratosphere to cause a reflection of solar radiation by those aerosol particles back into space. This effort has been prompted by the natural and measurable cooling effects caused by the extreme volcanic eruptions in recent centuries that ejected sulfur, sulfate particles, and various types of debris into the stratosphere. To be sustainable and effective for the cooling purpose, however, such methods require long-term, uninterrupted continued ejection on the scale of tens of kilograms of material per second. It is known that any cooling caused by volcanic eruptions typically dissipates after a few years. Temporary or intermittent efforts in this regard are clearly insufficient for the purpose of long-term climate cooling, and the sustained presence of such ejected materials also are known to cause numerous harmful effects.|[0008] Stratospheric reflectors have scalability as well as the technology to accomplish significant reduction in insulative effect at a reasonable cost. However, there are several concerns regarding this proposed technology that are discussed below|[0009] For example, the injection of sulfur or sulfates into the stratosphere, at least at a sustained level, has the potential of damaging the ozone layer surrounding Earth by catalytically enhancing the formation of nitrogen, chlorine, and bromine compounds that react with and reduce the concentration of ozone that is a very beneficial and critical feature of Earth's atmosphere. Such chemicals also likely precipitate in acid rain. Moreover, there has been some modeling studies that suggest the sulfate-based aerosols could decrease rainfall in Asia and Africa during monsoon seasons, which would then adversely affect agriculture and food supplies.|[0010] In addition, sulfate-based aerosol particles will eventually drop to Earth's surface and potentially cause harmful effects on both water and land, including increasing respiratory health hazards. In order to keep aerosol particles suspended indefinitely (or for a long time), particle size must be in the low nanometer range. Such nanoparticles, however, could adversely affect ultraviolet radiation that is important to photosynthesis, thus potentially reducing crop yields on Earth.|[0011] Others have suggested the injection of microparticulate olivine, mica, or diatomaceous earth into the stratosphere to avoid the ill effects of injecting sulfate-based particles in the stratosphere. But according to U.S. Patent 8,033,879 (noted above), there are doubts as to the feasibility and safety of such approaches.|[0012] As there is growing research in the field of solar geoengineering, no one approach has captured economic, political, academic, and industrial attention sufficiently to give confidence that climate change and attendant overall warming of Earth's surface can be readily mitigated using any of the known approaches and technologies. Thus, there is a continuing and urgent need to address these problems with new or improved concepts that can be readily modeled without extensive and expensive actual trials, can be readily scaled to produce industrial quantities of needed mitigating materials, and can be shown to potentially have the desired effect of reducing the amount of solar radiation onto Earth's surface.|SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION|[0013] The present invention is designed to provide a unique approach to solar geoengineering in addressing the climate change problem described above while minimizing the problems accompanying known techniques.|[0014] Thus, the present invention provides a method of geoengineering to facilitate the reduction of solar radiation impacting Earth's surface, the method comprising:|introducing a plurality of porous polymeric particles into Earth's stratosphere at an average distance of at least 10 kilometers above sea level,| wherein each of the plurality of porous particles comprises a continuous polymeric phase composed of one or more organic polymers, and discrete pores dispersed within the continuous polymeric phase, and| each of the plurality of porous particles has the following properties:a mode particle size of at least 2 µm and up to and including 20 µm;| a coefficient of variance of the particle size of no more than 20% compared to the mode particle size; and| a porosity of at least 20% and up to and including 75%; and| the discrete pores have an average pore size d (in nanometers) that is defined using the equation: 0.3 ≤ d/λ ≤ 0.8 wherein λ is at least 400 nm and up to and including 3,000 nm; and| wherein each of the discrete pores is filled with air and optionally contains a pore stabilizing hydrocolloid that is disposed at the interface of the discrete pore and the continuous polymeric phase.|[0015] In addition, the present invention provides a system for solar geoengineering to facilitate the reduction of solar radiation impacting Earth's surface, the system comprising:| a plurality of porous polymeric particles; and| a means for dispersing the plurality of porous particles into Earth's stratosphere at an average distance of at least 10 kilometers above sea level,| wherein each of the plurality of porous particles comprises a continuous polymeric phase composed of one or more organic polymers, and discrete pores dispersed within the continuous polymeric phase, and| each of the plurality of porous particles has the following properties:a mode particle size of at least 2 µm and up to and including 20 µm;| a coefficient of variance of the particle size of no more than 20% compared to the mode particle size; and| a porosity of at least 20% and up to and including 75%; and| the discrete pores have an average pore size d (in nanometers) that is defined by the equation: 0.3 ≤ d/λ ≤ 0.8 wherein λ is at least 400 nm and up to and including 3,000 nm; and| wherein each of the discrete pores is filled with air and optionally contains a pore stabilizing hydrocolloid that is disposed at the interface of the discrete pore and the continuous polymeric phase.|[0016] The present invention potentially provides a number of advantages over known solar geoengineering techniques. These advantages are achieved by introducing uniquely engineered porous particles into Earth's stratosphere at an elevation of at least 10 kilometers above sea level to potentially reflect visible and infrared radiation back into space while allowing ultraviolet radiation to pass to Earth's surface.|[0017] In general, when light strikes a surface, some of it may be reflected, some absorbed, some scattered, and the rest is transmitted. Reflection can be diffuse, such as light reflecting off a white wall, or specular, as in light reflecting off a mirror. Typical white inorganic pigments such as titanium dioxide scatter light as a result of refractive index differences between the inorganic pigment and the surroundings influenced by the pigment size. In the porous polymer particles used according to this invention, the large difference in refractive indexes between the entrapped air in the discrete pores and the continuous polymeric phase of the porous particles causes incident electromagnetic radiation striking each porous particle to be scattered by the multiplicity of interfaces and discrete pores. The back-scattered electromagnetic radiation can again be scattered and returned in the direction of the incident electromagnetic radiation and contribute to the overall "reflection" of radiation by the porous particle. The uniquely engineered porous particles according to the present invention have a number of designed properties to enable their effectiveness for the described purpose of scattering and reflecting visible and infrared electromagnetic radiation while minimizing absorption or reflection of UV radiation.|[0018] Firstly, the porous particles are designed to have desired porosity, narrow particle size distribution, and discrete pores of controlled size to impart desired density and aerodynamic properties to keep the porous particles suspended in the stratosphere at a desired distance from Earth as long as possible after they are introduced there, and to optimize their selective radiation reflective properties. In addition, the shape (aspect ratio) and density of the porous particles can be controlled to facilitate desired aerodynamic properties. For example, the porous particle density is generally low because of designed porosity, so as to keep them buoyant or suspended within the stratosphere as long as possible.|[0019] The ability to produce and use porous particles whose real diameter is several times larger than the known particles proposed for this purpose, both having similar aerodynamic diameters, solves a significant challenge of using known particles of small diameter that tend to form clumps due to surface interactions. That is, the unique porous particles used in the present invention will be easier to handle, disperse, and locate in the stratosphere relative to much smaller particles that are generally being considered in the field of solar geoengineering.|[0020] The discrete pores in the porous particles used in the practice of the present invention are generally "closed" (vesiculated, or not open to the porous particle surface) and have a designed average size and spacing within the porous particle volume to optimize optical effectiveness for diffuse reflection of light and specifically in the amount and type of reflected radiation. For example, the porous particles can be designed with a combination of physical properties to desirably reflect visible and infrared radiation while letting critical ultraviolet radiation to pass to Earth's surface.|[0021] If desired, the porous particles can be surface treated to provide chemical functionality and thereby reduce agglomeration prior to deposition in the stratosphere which agglomeration would cause them more readily to fall to Earth and lose their effectiveness for solar geoengineering.|[0022] In many embodiments, the porous particles used according to the present invention can be prepared from a variety of organic polymeric materials including bioplastics that may be environmentally friendly.|DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION|[0023] The following disclosure is directed to various embodiments of the present invention and while some embodiments can be desirable for specific uses, the disclosed embodiments should not be interpreted or otherwise considered to limit the scope of the present invention, as claimed below.|Definitions|[0024] As used herein to define various materials used to prepare the porous particles, unless otherwise indicated, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include one or more of the components (that is, including plurality referents).|[0025] Each term that is not explicitly defined in the present application is to be understood to have a meaning that is commonly accepted by those skilled in the art. If the construction of a term would render it meaningless or essentially meaningless in its context, the term definition should be taken from a standard dictionary.|[0026] The use of numerical values in the various ranges specified herein, unless otherwise expressly indicated otherwise, are considered as approximations as though the minimum and maximum values within the stated ranges were both preceded by the word "about." In this manner, slight variations above and below the stated ranges can be used to achieve substantially the same results as the values within the ranges. In addition, the disclosure of these ranges is intended as a continuous range including every value between the minimum and maximum values.|[0027] The terms "porous particle" and "porous particles" are used herein, unless otherwise indicated, to refer to generally spherical, porous organic polymeric particles. The porous particles generally comprise a solid continuous organic polymeric phase having an external polymeric surface and discrete pores dispersed within the continuous polymeric phase. The continuous polymeric phase also can be chemically crosslinked or elastomeric in nature, or both chemically crosslinked and elastomeric in nature.|[0028] The continuous polymeric phase of the porous particles generally has the same organic polymer composition throughout that solid phase. That is, the continuous polymeric phase is generally uniform in composition. In addition, if mixtures of organic polymers are used in the continuous polymeric phase, generally those mixtures also are uniform throughout.|[0029] As used in this disclosure, the term "isolated from each other" refers to the different discrete pores of same or different sizes being separated from each other by some portion of the continuous polymeric phase, and such discrete pores are generally not interconnected. Thus, "discrete" pores refer to "individual" or "closed," non-connected pores or voids distributed within the continuous polymeric phase. The average size of the discrete pores is described below. While there can be a few open pores (craters) on the surface of the porous particles, such open pores are not desirable and are present only by accident and minimized as much as possible by careful regulation of manufacturing conditions and materials as described below. The size of the porous particles, their formulation, and manufacturing conditions, as described below, are the primary controlling factors for discrete pore size and distribution throughout the continuous polymeric phase. Whatever the size of the discrete pores, they are generally distributed randomly throughout the continuous polymeric phase.|[0030] The manufacturing methods described below for preparing porous particles according to the present invention generate a large number of porous particles, thereby forming a "plurality" or "ensemble" of porous particles. One porous particle is not practically made or used in the present invention, and a "plurality" is not limited in the number of individual porous particles but can reasonably represent thousands, millions, and even hundreds of millions of individual porous particles.|[0031] In the practice of the present invention, the "plurality" of porous particles used can have the same chemical composition, for example, from the same manufacturing batch or operation. Alternatively, the "plurality" of porous particles can be derived by mixing porous particles prepared using different organic polymers or other chemical components or porous particles of different pore sizes prepared in different manufacturing batches or operations.|[0032] Unless otherwise noted herein, the following terms have the noted definitions:| The term "UV radiation" is meant to refer to electromagnetic radiation of at least 100 nm and up to and including 400 nm;| The term "visible radiation" is meant to refer to electromagnetic radiation of at least 400 nm and up to and including 760 nm; and| The terms "near-infrared radiation" and "infrared radiation" are meant to refer to electromagnetic radiation have a wavelength of at least 800 nm.|Uses|[0033] As described in more detail above and hereinbelow, the method and system of the present invention utilize porous particles described herein that are believed to be useful for reflecting solar radiation, especially radiation of visible and infrared radiation (for example, radiation having a wavelength of at least 400 nm and up to and including 3,000 nm) when the porous particles are dispersed or injected high into Earth's stratosphere.|Porous Particles|[0034] Porous particles used in the present invention containing discrete pores are generally prepared using one or more water-in-oil emulsions in combination with an aqueous suspension process, such as in the Evaporative Limited Coalescence (ELC) process that is known in the art. Details for the preparation of the porous particles and exemplary working examples for making same are provided, for example, in U.S. Patents 7,887,984 (Nair et al.); 8,110,628 (Nair et al.); 8,703,834 (Nair); 7,754,409 (Nair et al.); 7,887,984 (Nair et al.); 8,329,783 (Nair et al.); 8,252,414 (Putnam et al.); and publications noted therein relating to such polymerization processes.|[0035] In general, the ELC process can be used to prepare porous particles using a three-step process.|[0036] The first step involves the formation of a stable water-in-oil emulsion, including a first aqueous phase of a pore stabilizing hydrocolloid dispersed finely in a continuous oil phase containing one or more organic polymers described in more detail below, dissolved in a suitable organic solvent or a mixture of organic solvents. The first aqueous (water) phase creates the discrete pores in the resulting porous particles, and the amount and type pore stabilizing hydrocolloid in conjunction with the ionic strengths of the first and second aqueous phases of the water-in-oil-in-water emulsion, control the discrete pore size and number of discrete pores in the resulting porous particles, while stabilizing the discrete pores so that the resulting porous particles are not brittle or fractured easily. The size of the discrete pores in turn impacts the wavelengths of light that is scattered, reflected, and transmitted.|[0037] Thus, pore stabilizing hydrocolloids can be present within at least part of the volume of the formed discrete pores distributed throughout the continuous polymeric phase, for example at the interface of each discrete pore and the continuous polymeric phase. An extensive list of such useful pore stabilizing hydrocolloids is provided in the Nair, Nair et al., and Putnam et al. patents cited above in this section. In some embodiments, the same pore stabilizing hydrocolloid can be incorporated in essentially all the discrete pores throughout the entire porous particles. For example, useful pore stabilizing hydrocolloids can be selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), a gelatin or gelatin derivative, a protein or protein derivative, polyvinyl alcohol and its derivatives, a hydrophilic synthetic polymer, and a water-soluble microgel.|[0038] The amount of pore stabilizing hydrocolloids used in the first step of making the porous particles will depend upon the amount of porosity and discrete pore size desired and the molecular weight of the pore stabilizing hydrocolloid. For example, the amount can be on the order of at least 0.5 weight % and up to and including 20 weight %, based on the weight of the continuous polymeric phase polymer(s), and particularly if the pore stabilizing hydrocolloid is CMC. A skilled worker can readily determine the optimal amount of pore stabilizing hydrocolloid to use in order to achieve the desired porous particle properties (porosity and average pore size) required for the present invention.|[0039] The first aqueous phase can additionally contain, if desired, salts to buffer the first aqueous phase and to optionally control the osmotic pressure of the first aqueous phase. For example, when CMC is used, the osmotic pressure can be increased by buffering using a pH 7 phosphate buffer. The first aqueous phase can also contain an additional porogen or discrete pore forming agent such as ammonium carbonate.|[0040] It can be desired in some embodiments to provide additional stability of the formed discrete pores in the porous particles during their formation, by having one or more amphiphilic block copolymers disposed at the interface of the formed discrete pores and the continuous polymeric phase. Such materials are "low HLB" materials, meaning that they have an HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) value as it is calculated using known science, of 6 or less, or even 5 or less. The details of these amphiphilic polymers and their use in the preparation of the porous particles are provided in U.S. Patent 9,029,431 (Nair et al.).|[0041] A particularly useful amphiphilic block copolymer useful in such embodiments comprises poly(ethyleneoxide) and poly(caprolactone) that can be represented as PEO-b-PCL. Amphiphilic block copolymers, graft copolymers and random graft copolymers containing similar components are also useful.|[0042] The continuous polymeric phase is generally polymeric and organic in nature and non-porous particles (having less than 5% porosity) are excluded from use in the present invention. Smaller inorganic particles can be present on the outer surface as noted below.|[0043] The porous particles are composed of a continuous polymeric phase derived from one or more organic polymers that are chosen so that each one is capable of being dissolved in an organic solvent that is immiscible with water and the organic polymer(s) are also substantially insoluble in water. Useful organic polymers include but are not limited to, vinyl polymers such as those derived from ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers such as styrene monomer, and condensation polymers prepared by condensation reactions using appropriate reactants. Representative organic polymers include homopolymers and copolymers such as polyesters, polystyrenes, polyolefins, vinyl esters, α-methylene aliphatic monocarboxylic acid esters, vinyl ethers, vinyl ketones, polyurethanes, epoxy resins, silicone resins, and polyamides. Particularly useful polyesters include those prepared from aromatic or aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and aliphatic diols or triols, and such polyesters generally have an acid value (milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of polymer) are in the range of at least 2 and up to and including 100.|[0044] In addition, the continuous polymeric phase can have a glass transition temperature (Tg) of greater than 80°C, or more typically of at least 100°C and up to and including 180°C, or more likely at least 110°C and up to and including 170°C as determined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and known techniques. For many commercially available organic materials, the glass transition temperatures are known from the suppliers. Organic polymers having a Tg that is greater than 200°C are typically less useful in the continuous polymeric phase.|[0045] Moreover, the continuous polymeric phase can comprise one or more organic polymers, each of which has a viscosity of at least 80 centipoises (80 mPa-sec) and up to and including 500 centipoises (500 mPa-sec) at a shear rate of 100 sec-1 as measured in ethyl acetate at a concentration of 20 weight % at 25°C.|[0046] For example, polymer viscosity (in centipoise or mPa-sec) of the organic polymer(s) composing the continuous polymeric phase can be measured in ethyl acetate at concentration of 20 weight % of the polymer at 25°C in an Anton Parr MCR 301 stress rheometer in a coquette using steady shear sweeps. Shear rate at 100 sec-1 was calculated from the resulting graphical plot of viscosity vs. shear rate.|[0047] In particularly useful embodiments, the continuous polymeric phase can comprise one or more organic polymers having the properties noted above and be composed of one or more cellulosic polymers including but not limited to, those cellulosic polymers derived from one or more (for example, a combination) of cellulose acetate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, and cellulose acetate propionate. A cellulosic polymer derived solely or at least in part from cellulose acetate butyrate is particularly useful to form the continuous polymeric phase. Mixtures of these cellulose polymers can also be used if desired, and mixtures comprising a polymer derived from cellulose acetate butyrate as at least 80 weight % of the total of cellulosic polymers (or of all polymers in the continuous polymeric phase) are particularly useful mixtures.|[0048] As noted above, any suitable organic solvent or mixture thereof, that will dissolve the one or more organic polymers can be used in the manufacture of the porous particles. For the particularly useful cellulosic polymers, a useful organic solvent is ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, or a mixture thereof. Their volatility is such that they are readily removed from the oil phase droplets as described below, by evaporation.|[0049] Any type of mixing and shearing equipment can be used to perform the first step used to prepare the porous particles, including but not limited to, a batch mixer, planetary mixer, single or multiple screw extruder, dynamic or static mixer, colloid mill, high pressure homogenizer, sonicator, or a combination thereof. The temperature of the first step can be modified to achieve the optimum viscosity for emulsification of the droplets and to control organic solvent evaporation.|[0050] The second step in the formation of the porous particles generally involves forming a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion by dispersing the above-mentioned water-in-oil emulsion in a second aqueous phase containing a colloidal stabilizer for example inorganic or organic particles such as, colloidal silica, or latex particles in a modified ELC process. Specifically, in the second step of the process, the water-in-oil emulsion is mixed with the second aqueous phase containing a suitable colloidal stabilizer to form an aqueous suspension of droplets that are subjected to shear or extensional mixing or similar flow processes, preferably through an orifice device to reduce the droplet size, yet above the particle size of the first water-in-oil emulsion, and to achieve a narrow size distribution of droplets through the limited coalescence process. The pH of the second aqueous phase is generally between 4 and 7 when using colloidal silica as the colloidal stabilizer.|[0051] For the second step to form the water-in-oil-in-water emulsion, the shear or extensional mixing or flow process is controlled in order to prevent disruption of the water-in-oil emulsion and droplet size reduction is achieved by homogenizing the water-in-oil emulsion through a capillary orifice device, or other suitable flow geometry. The range of back pressure suitable for producing acceptable particle size and size distribution is between 100 psi (689.4 kPa) and 5000 psi (34470 kPa), and the best flow rate is between 1000 ml/min and 6000 ml/min.|[0052] The final size of the porous particles, the final size of the discrete pores, and the surface morphology of the porous particles may be impacted by the osmotic mismatch between the osmotic pressure of the first aqueous phase, the oil phase, and the second aqueous phase.|[0053] Further details about controlling osmotic pressures during the second step and the effects on the resulting porous particle properties, are provided in Column 7 (line 56) to Column 8 (line 28) of U.S. Patent 7,887,984 (noted above).|[0054] The third step in the preparation of the porous particles generally involves removal of both the organic solvent(s) used to dissolve the organic polymer(s) used to form the continuous polymeric phase and most of the first aqueous phase so as to produce an aqueous suspension of porous particles. The rate, temperature, and pressure used during drying will also impact the final porous particle size and surface morphology. Clearly the details of this process depend upon the water solubility and boiling point of the organic (oil) phase relative to the temperature of the drying process. Organic solvent removal apparatus such as a rotary evaporator or a flash evaporator can be used in the preparation of the porous particles. The porous particles can then be isolated after removing the water and any organic solvents by filtration or centrifugation, followed by drying in an oven at for example 40°C that also removes any water remaining in the discrete pores from the first aqueous phase. Optionally, the porous particles can be treated with an alkali to remove any colloidal silica stabilizer.|[0055] Optionally, the third step can be preceded by the addition of additional water prior to removal of the solvents, isolation, and drying operations.|[0056] Alternatively, in the process used to prepare porous particles, the pore stabilizing hydrocolloid can be emulsified in one or more water-immiscible ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers and a polymerization initiator to form the first water-in-oil emulsion. This oil emulsion can then be dispersed in water containing a suitable pore stabilizing hydrocolloid as described above for the second step to form a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion for example using the limited coalescence process. The ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers are then polymerized in the third step for example through the application of heat or radiation. The resulting suspension of polymerized porous particles can be isolated and dried as described above to yield useful porous particles. In addition, the one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers can also contain one or more organic polymers described above.|[0057] In general, each of the plurality of porous particles used in the present invention has a mode particle size representing the peak of the number weighted frequency distribution, of at least 2 µm or at least 4µm, and up to and including 12 µm, up to and including 15 µm, or up to and including 20 µm. Mode particle size represents the most frequently occurring diameter for spherical particles and the most frequently occurring largest chord length for any non-spherical particles in a particle size distribution histogram, which can be determined using known equipment (such as the Sysmex FPIA 3000 Flow Particle Image Analyzer that uses image analysis measurements and that can be obtained from various sources including Malvern Panalytical); and commercially available coulter counters that use the conductivity contrast between the particles and the surrounding electrolyte as each particle passes through a narrow orifice, and other particle characterizing equipment (for example the Beckman Multisizer 3 Coulter Particle Analyzer, as available from Beckman Coulter Diagnostics ), software, and procedures. The use of the Sysmex FPIA 3000 Flow Particle Image Analyzer is particularly desired. Details about this apparatus and its use are provided in Column 10 (lines 30-40) of U.S. Patent 7,887,984 (noted above).|[0058] In addition, the preparatory method described above is used to prepare porous particles according to this invention wherein each exhibits a coefficient of variance (CV) of the particle size of no more than 20%, or no more than 15%, or even no more than 10%, compared to the mode particle size. In particular, the CV can be between 10% and 15% including the end points of this range. The coefficient of variance is calculated from the width index (WI) of the log normal distributions that can be determined using a sizing apparatus such as the noted Beckman Multisizer 3 Coulter Particle Analyzer. The WI is defined as 1 + CV and is determined from the ratio of the log normal distribution of the porous particle diameter of 84% of the plurality of porous particles divided by the porous particle size diameter of 50% of the porous particles.|[0059] In addition, each of the plurality porous particles used in the practice of this invention generally has a porosity of at least 20 volume % and up to and including 75 volume %, or likely at least 35 volume % and up to and including 65 volume %, or more typically at least 40 volume % and up to an including 60 volume %, all based on the total porous particle volume. Porosity of porous particles is a measure of the total volume of voids divided by the total volume of a particle. Porosity can be measured using various known industrial techniques and apparatus including but not limited to, "computed tomography" (CT) scanning, industrial 3D imaging, and by the known mercury intrusion procedure. Apparatus for this purpose is available from various commercial sources.|[0060] The extent of porosity in the particles used in the practice of the present invention can also be determined using a combination of diameter sizing as described earlier and "time-of flight" method. The time-of-flight method used to determine the extent of porosity of the particles used in the present invention includes the use of an Aerosizer particle measuring system that measures particles sizes by their time-of-flight in a controlled environment. This time of flight depends critically on the density of the material of which the particle is composed and its projected area in the stream. If the material measured with the Aerosizer has a lower density or a higher density, then the calculated diameter distribution will be shifted artificially low or high, respectively. Independent measurements of the true particle size distribution via alternate methods (for example, using a Coulter counter) can then be used to fit the Aerosizer data with particle density as the adjustable parameter. The outside diameter particle size distribution is first measured using the Coulter particle measurement systems. The mode of the volume diameter distribution is chosen as the value to match with the Aerosizer volume distribution. The same particle distribution is measured with the Aerosizer and the apparent density of the particles is adjusted until the mode (D50%) of the two distributions matches. The ratio of the calculated and solid particle densities is taken to be the extent of porosity of the particles. The porosity values generally have uncertainties of +/-10%.|[0061] The discrete pores in the porous particles are designed using the details and compositional features described herein to each have an average pore size "d" (in nanometers) that is defined by the equation of 0.3 ≤ d/λ ≤ 0.8, wherein λ represents electromagnetic wavelengths of at least 400 nm and up to and including 3,000 nm, and thus representing electromagnetic radiation generally greater than ultraviolet and up to and including infrared radiation. These discrete pores are generally filled only with air but there can be a pore stabilizing hydrocolloid or an amphiphilic block copolymers, or both, (as described above) disposed at the interface of each discrete pore and the continuous polymeric phase for the reasons noted above. In some embodiments, no colorants or other additives that would affect the desired absorption or reflection of radiation at least 400 nm are purposely included within the discrete pores.|[0062] However, in other instances, it may be beneficial to introduce some level of colorants into the porous particles. Incorporating various colored pigments primarily in the internal discrete pores is described in U.S. Patent 8,252,414 (noted above). In general, scattering and reflection of radiation are the preferred modes of attenuating incoming solar radiation reaching the earth. Absorption on the other hand, results in transforming electromagnetic radiation into thermal energy resulting in radiation of long wavelengths in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, since the porous particles used in accordance with the present invention are to be deployed well above the earth's surface in the stratosphere, the consequences of thermal radiation to earth's energy balance are minimal since most of the thermal radiation from these porous particles will be radiated back into space away from the earth. In the event that the back scattering and reflection in certain wavelengths are insufficient to attenuate solar radiation, strategic coloration of the porous particles can be employed based on the wavelengths of radiation that are not effectively scattered or reflected. A significant portion of the sun's radiation spectrum near the stratosphere (about 40% based on the energy) lies in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (for example, in the range of from 800 nm to and including 2500 nm) The IR portion of the spectrum is the most challenging to scatter. Therefore, most desired colorants useful for this purpose would be those that absorb in the noted infrared spectral region in general.|[0063] The porous particles used in the practice of the present invention can be spherical or non-spherical but they are generally spherical or "near" spherical in shape, as defined below by the noted aspect ratio. If desired, shape control agents can be incorporated into the first or second aqueous phases, or into the oil phase to modify the shape, aspect ratio, or morphology of the resulting porous particles. The shape control agents can be added prior to or after forming the water-in-oil-in-water emulsion in the second step. In either case, the interface at the oil phase and the second water phase can be modified before the organic solvent(s) is removed in the third step, resulting in a reduction in sphericity of the resulting porous particles. Further details about shape control and useful materials are described for example, in U.S. Patent 7,887,984 (noted above), and in the patent applications cited in Col. 9 thereof.|[0064] It is also desired for most embodiments of the present invention that each of the porous particles used in the practice of the present invention has a particle shape that is non-spherical and is characterized by an aspect ratio of less than 0.80, or less than 0.74, and even less than 0.70. The geometric mean aspect ratio Rx is defined as: | wherein Rb represents the major aspect ratio reported by the Sysmex FPIA-3000 size analyzer described below and Rc represents the ellipsoidal equivalent minor aspect ratio Rc computed as described above. Aspect ratio, in other words, is the ratio of the shortest dimension to the longest dimension of a porous particle. The variation of aspect ratio changes the shape of porous particles. Aspect ratio of the porous particles which has an impact on the aerodynamic lift of the porous particles, can be determined using the Sysmex FPIA-3000 automated particle shape and size analyzer from Malvern Instruments. Samples pass through a sheath flow cell that transforms the porous particle suspension into a narrow or flat flow, ensuring that the largest area of the porous particle is oriented towards the camera and that all porous particles are in focus. The CCD camera captures 60 images every second and these are analyzed in real time. Numerical evaluation of porous particle shape is derived from measurement of the area of the porous particle. A number of shape factors are calculated, including circularity, aspect ratio, and circle equivalent diameter. Values of less than unity for aspect ratio and circularity indicate porous particle shapes that are not exactly spherical.|[0065] The plurality of porous particles used in the practice of this invention can be provided as powders, or as aqueous suspensions (including water or water with water-miscible organic solvents such as alcohols). Such powders and aqueous suspensions can also include surfactants or suspending agents to keep the porous particles suspended or for rewetting them in an aqueous medium before use in the geoengineering processes described below. A useful surfactant for this purpose, for example, is a C12-C14 secondary alcohol derivative of polyethylene oxide) that can be commercially available as TERGITOL® 15-S-7 (Dow Chemical Corporation). The other compositional and procedural details are described above in the description provided in the Nair, Nair et al., and Putnam et al. US patents described above. In order to make these porous particles amenable to easy dispersal it can be useful to subject the porous particles to a surface treatment as described in U.S. Patent 8,728,692 (Nair et al.) wherein the surface of the porous particle has fine inorganic particles on the outer surface of the porous particle phase, which fine inorganic particles are sometimes known as "small inorganic stabilizer particles" that are colloidal in size. Such fine inorganic particles have hydrophobic groups covalently bonded primarily on portions of surfaces of the fine inorganic particles positioned away from the porous particle. This makes the porous particles hydrophobic and, depending upon the choice of the hydrophobic groups, avoids the formation of hard agglomerates in the dry state. Useful fine inorganic particles can for example comprise one or more metal oxides or silica.|[0066] U.S. Patent 8,221,947B2 (Lambert et al.) and references contained therein describe various materials and other methods including mechanical agitation to add treatment of hydrophobic materials to the surface of toner particles for improving their dry flow. Such technology can be used also to treat the porous particles used in the practice of this invention and to impart improved dry flow ability to them.|Method of Geoengineering|[0067] A plurality of porous particles can be used to facilitate the reduction of solar radiation impacting Earth's surface by introducing the plurality of the porous particles (perhaps millions of such porous particles) into Earth's stratosphere at an average distance of at least 10 kilometers, or even higher, above sea level. The altitude at which the porous particles are introduced must be such that the reflected light from the porous particles has the least amount of impact on heating Earth's atmosphere. If the altitude is too low then a substantial amount of radiation will interact with the Earth's atmosphere making their management less effective. If it is too high the ability to contain the porous particles at this rarefied atmosphere may be too expensive and they may be less effective.|[0068] This method can be carried out using the plurality of porous particles described herein and any suitable means for dispersing the plurality of porous particles into Earth's atmosphere as noted above, forming a system for geoengineering for the noted purposes.|[0069] For example, the plurality of porous particles could be introduced into the stratosphere as noted above using aircraft, artillery or high-altitude balloons as are commonly proposed by researchers in this field, but there is no practical limit to such means for introducing the porous particles and the ingenuity and knowledge of researchers in this field will provide other means that are not explicitly described here. | (EP4301126)|FIELD OF THE INVENTION|[0001] The present invention relates to a method for facilitating the reduction of solar radiation, and especially the reduction of visible and infrared radiation, impacting the Earth's surface. In order words, the present invention relates to a technique of "solar geoengineering" that is believed to potentially impact positive changes in the Earth's warming climate. This invention also relates to a system that can be used to carry out this method.|BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION|[0002] The energy balance between the Earth and the atmosphere is that between incoming solar energy from the Sun and outgoing energy from the Earth. Released solar energy is emitted as shortwave light and ultraviolet energy. When it reaches the Earth, some is reflected back to space by clouds, some is absorbed by the atmosphere, and some is absorbed at the Earth's surface. However, since the Earth is much cooler than the Sun, its radiating energy is much weaker (long wavelength) infrared energy. Essentially 100% of the energy that fuels the Earth comes from the Sun. To maintain a constant global average temperature, all of the Sun's radiation that enters Earth's atmosphere must eventually be sent back to space. This is achieved through the Earth's energy balance by way of energy that is absorbed by land and oceans (-50%); energy that is directly reflected back to space by clouds, the Earth's surface, and different gases and particles in the atmosphere (-30%); and energy that is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds (-20%). The 70% of solar energy that is absorbed by the Earth's surface, clouds, and atmosphere causes warming and impacts regional climates. Any object or gas that has a temperature emits radiation outward, and this is ultimately re-radiated back into space. These effects occur 24 hours a day.|[0003] The absorption of infrared radiation trying to escape from the Earth back to space is particularly important to the global energy balance. Energy absorption by the atmosphere stores more energy near its surface than it would if there was no atmosphere. The average surface temperature of the Earth's moon, which has no atmosphere, is 0°F (-18°C). By contrast, the average surface temperature of the Earth is 59°F (15°C). This resulting heating effect is called the greenhouse effect. Radiative forcing (RF) represents the extent of the energy imbalance of a planet and is the difference between incoming and outgoing radiation. In the same way that pushing a physical object will cause it to become unbalanced and move, a climate forcing factor (CFF) will change the climate system. When RF results in incoming energy being greater than outgoing energy, the Earth will warm. This represents a positive CFF. Because of the continuing change in the composition of Earth's atmosphere, especially with respect to the increasing concentration of Green House Gases (GHG), the ability of Earth's atmosphere to trap infrared radiation is increasing such that RF is increased to such an extent that Earth's land mass and oceans are gradually being warmed to a potentially harmful extent.|[0004] The significant rise in the concentration of GHG coincides with the start of the industrial revolution and as such the recent rise in average global temperatures is termed as "anthropomorphic climate change." Notice of this effect has occurred for several decades and the resulting impact on regional and worldwide climates, polar ice caps, agriculture, and many socioeconomic behaviors and systems can be noticed even if not totally quantified. The end result of worldwide studies of these phenomena is a call for humanity to find ways to reduce the negative effects using all possible resources and ingenuity to bring average Earth surface temperature more in line with what can reasonably sustain population growth and socioeconomic needs including agricultural needs. The primary efforts recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are directed to a reduction of net GHG emissions to levels that will best sustain life on Earth. However, economists and political scientists recognize that these efforts come with a price (or cost) to economic prosperity of global citizens. In the face of this reality, scientists have begun efforts to reduce radiative forcing using geoengineering means, one of which being Solar Radiation Management (SRM).|[0005] U.S. Patent 8,033,879 (Lambert) provides a considerable discussion of the problem of climate change and the various attempts by researchers around the world to intervene using what are known as "geoengineering" or "terraforming" efforts including "solar geoengineering." Some efforts have been clearly found to be hazardous, harmful, or fruitless in some respect. Other efforts are not easily evaluated or at least the results cannot yet be properly analyzed.|[0006] SRM, having the goal of reducing solar radiation that is received by Earth's surface and its atmosphere, has been gaining attention for offsetting warming trends largely caused by GHG released into the atmosphere by both natural and man-made processes. SRM is being suggested as an approach to managing some of the consequences of climate change. Whitening clouds (increasing their albedo) by spraying seawater into the air, making surfaces (such as buildings and crops) more reflective, injecting radiation reflective particles or acids into the stratosphere, or putting radiation shading materials into space have been proposed and may offer the potential of increasing Earth's reflectivity to some extent, thereby offsetting some warming caused by GHG. So far, however, such techniques have not reached expected potential and they appear unlikely to have the potential for sufficient scalability to be very effective.|[0007] Stratospheric based methods adapted for the purposes of SRM also include the injection of aerosol particles into Earth's stratosphere to cause a reflection of solar radiation by those aerosol particles back into space. This effort has been prompted by the natural and measurable cooling effects caused by the extreme volcanic eruptions in recent centuries that ejected sulfur, sulfate particles, and various types of debris into the stratosphere. To be sustainable and effective for the cooling purpose, however, such methods require long-term, uninterrupted continued ejection on the scale of tens of kilograms of material per second. It is known that any cooling caused by volcanic eruptions typically dissipates after a few years. Temporary or intermittent efforts in this regard are clearly insufficient for the purpose of long-term climate cooling, and the sustained presence of such ejected materials also are known to cause numerous harmful effects.|[0008] Stratospheric reflectors have scalability as well as the technology to accomplish significant reduction in insulative effect at a reasonable cost. However, there are several concerns regarding this proposed technology that are discussed below|[0009] For example, the injection of sulfur or sulfates into the stratosphere, at least at a sustained level, has the potential of damaging the ozone layer surrounding Earth by catalytically enhancing the formation of nitrogen, chlorine, and bromine compounds that react with and reduce the concentration of ozone that is a very beneficial and critical feature of Earth's atmosphere. Such chemicals also likely precipitate in acid rain. Moreover, there has been some modeling studies that suggest the sulfate-based aerosols could decrease rainfall in Asia and Africa during monsoon seasons, which would then adversely affect agriculture and food supplies.|[0010] In addition, sulfate-based aerosol particles will eventually drop to Earth's surface and potentially cause harmful effects on both water and land, including increasing respiratory health hazards. In order to keep aerosol particles suspended indefinitely (or for a long time), particle size must be in the low nanometer range. Such nanoparticles, however, could adversely affect ultraviolet radiation that is important to photosynthesis, thus potentially reducing crop yields on Earth.|[0011] Others have suggested the injection of microparticulate olivine, mica, or diatomaceous earth into the stratosphere to avoid the ill effects of injecting sulfate-based particles in the stratosphere. But according to U.S. Patent 8,033,879 (noted above), there are doubts as to the feasibility and safety of such approaches.|[0012] As there is growing research in the field of solar geoengineering, no one approach has captured economic, political, academic, and industrial attention sufficiently to give confidence that climate change and attendant overall warming of Earth's surface can be readily mitigated using any of the known approaches and technologies. Thus, there is a continuing and urgent need to address these problems with new or improved concepts that can be readily modeled without extensive and expensive actual trials, can be readily scaled to produce industrial quantities of needed mitigating materials, and can be shown to potentially have the desired effect of reducing the amount of solar radiation onto Earth's surface.|SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION|[0013] The present invention is designed to provide a unique approach to solar geoengineering in addressing the climate change problem described above while minimizing the problems accompanying known techniques.|[0014] Thus, the present invention provides a method of geoengineering to facilitate the reduction of solar radiation impacting Earth's surface, the method comprising:|introducing a plurality of porous polymeric particles into Earth's stratosphere at an average distance of at least 10 kilometers above sea level,| wherein each of the plurality of porous particles comprises a continuous polymeric phase composed of one or more organic polymers, and discrete pores dispersed within the continuous polymeric phase, and| each of the plurality of porous particles has the following properties:a mode particle size of at least 2 µm and up to and including 20 µm;| a coefficient of variance of the particle size of no more than 20% compared to the mode particle size; and| a porosity of at least 20% and up to and including 75%; and| the discrete pores have an average pore size d (in nanometers) that is defined using the equation: 0.3 ≤ d/λ ≤ 0.8 wherein λ is at least 400 nm and up to and including 3,000 nm; and| wherein each of the discrete pores is filled with air and optionally contains a pore stabilizing hydrocolloid that is disposed at the interface of the discrete pore and the continuous polymeric phase.|[0015] In addition, the present invention provides a system for solar geoengineering to facilitate the reduction of solar radiation impacting Earth's surface, the system comprising:| a plurality of porous polymeric particles; and| a means for dispersing the plurality of porous particles into Earth's stratosphere at an average distance of at least 10 kilometers above sea level,| wherein each of the plurality of porous particles comprises a continuous polymeric phase composed of one or more organic polymers, and discrete pores dispersed within the continuous polymeric phase, and| each of the plurality of porous particles has the following properties:a mode particle size of at least 2 µm and up to and including 20 µm;| a coefficient of variance of the particle size of no more than 20% compared to the mode particle size; and| a porosity of at least 20% and up to and including 75%; and| the discrete pores have an average pore size d (in nanometers) that is defined by the equation: 0.3 ≤ d/λ ≤ 0.8 wherein λ is at least 400 nm and up to and including 3,000 nm; and| wherein each of the discrete pores is filled with air and optionally contains a pore stabilizing hydrocolloid that is disposed at the interface of the discrete pore and the continuous polymeric phase.|[0016] The present invention potentially provides a number of advantages over known solar geoengineering techniques. These advantages are achieved by introducing uniquely engineered porous particles into Earth's stratosphere at an elevation of at least 10 kilometers above sea level to potentially reflect visible and infrared radiation back into space while allowing ultraviolet radiation to pass to Earth's surface.|[0017] In general, when light strikes a surface, some of it may be reflected, some absorbed, some scattered, and the rest is transmitted. Reflection can be diffuse, such as light reflecting off a white wall, or specular, as in light reflecting off a mirror. Typical white inorganic pigments such as titanium dioxide scatter light as a result of refractive index differences between the inorganic pigment and the surroundings influenced by the pigment size. In the porous polymer particles used according to this invention, the large difference in refractive indexes between the entrapped air in the discrete pores and the continuous polymeric phase of the porous particles causes incident electromagnetic radiation striking each porous particle to be scattered by the multiplicity of interfaces and discrete pores. The back-scattered electromagnetic radiation can again be scattered and returned in the direction of the incident electromagnetic radiation and contribute to the overall "reflection" of radiation by the porous particle. The uniquely engineered porous particles according to the present invention have a number of designed properties to enable their effectiveness for the described purpose of scattering and reflecting visible and infrared electromagnetic radiation while minimizing absorption or reflection of UV radiation.|[0018] Firstly, the porous particles are designed to have desired porosity, narrow particle size distribution, and discrete pores of controlled size to impart desired density and aerodynamic properties to keep the porous particles suspended in the stratosphere at a desired distance from Earth as long as possible after they are introduced there, and to optimize their selective radiation reflective properties. In addition, the shape (aspect ratio) and density of the porous particles can be controlled to facilitate desired aerodynamic properties. For example, the porous particle density is generally low because of designed porosity, so as to keep them buoyant or suspended within the stratosphere as long as possible.|[0019] The ability to produce and use porous particles whose real diameter is several times larger than the known particles proposed for this purpose, both having similar aerodynamic diameters, solves a significant challenge of using known particles of small diameter that tend to form clumps due to surface interactions. That is, the unique porous particles used in the present invention will be easier to handle, disperse, and locate in the stratosphere relative to much smaller particles that are generally being considered in the field of solar geoengineering.|[0020] The discrete pores in the porous particles used in the practice of the present invention are generally "closed" (vesiculated, or not open to the porous particle surface) and have a designed average size and spacing within the porous particle volume to optimize optical effectiveness for diffuse reflection of light and specifically in the amount and type of reflected radiation. For example, the porous particles can be designed with a combination of physical properties to desirably reflect visible and infrared radiation while letting critical ultraviolet radiation to pass to Earth's surface.|[0021] If desired, the porous particles can be surface treated to provide chemical functionality and thereby reduce agglomeration prior to deposition in the stratosphere which agglomeration would cause them more readily to fall to Earth and lose their effectiveness for solar geoengineering.|[0022] In many embodiments, the porous particles used according to the present invention can be prepared from a variety of organic polymeric materials including bioplastics that may be environmentally friendly.|DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION|[0023] The following disclosure is directed to various embodiments of the present invention and while some embodiments can be desirable for specific uses, the disclosed embodiments should not be interpreted or otherwise considered to limit the scope of the present invention, as claimed below.|Definitions|[0024] As used herein to define various materials used to prepare the porous particles, unless otherwise indicated, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include one or more of the components (that is, including plurality referents).|[0025] Each term that is not explicitly defined in the present application is to be understood to have a meaning that is commonly accepted by those skilled in the art. If the construction of a term would render it meaningless or essentially meaningless in its context, the term definition should be taken from a standard dictionary.|[0026] The use of numerical values in the various ranges specified herein, unless otherwise expressly indicated otherwise, are considered as approximations as though the minimum and maximum values within the stated ranges were both preceded by the word "about." In this manner, slight variations above and below the stated ranges can be used to achieve substantially the same results as the values within the ranges. In addition, the disclosure of these ranges is intended as a continuous range including every value between the minimum and maximum values.|[0027] The terms "porous particle" and "porous particles" are used herein, unless otherwise indicated, to refer to generally spherical, porous organic polymeric particles. The porous particles generally comprise a solid continuous organic polymeric phase having an external polymeric surface and discrete pores dispersed within the continuous polymeric phase. The continuous polymeric phase also can be chemically crosslinked or elastomeric in nature, or both chemically crosslinked and elastomeric in nature.|[0028] The continuous polymeric phase of the porous particles generally has the same organic polymer composition throughout that solid phase. That is, the continuous polymeric phase is generally uniform in composition. In addition, if mixtures of organic polymers are used in the continuous polymeric phase, generally those mixtures also are uniform throughout.|[0029] As used in this disclosure, the term "isolated from each other" refers to the different discrete pores of same or different sizes being separated from each other by some portion of the continuous polymeric phase, and such discrete pores are generally not interconnected. Thus, "discrete" pores refer to "individual" or "closed," non-connected pores or voids distributed within the continuous polymeric phase. The average size of the discrete pores is described below. While there can be a few open pores (craters) on the surface of the porous particles, such open pores are not desirable and are present only by accident and minimized as much as possible by careful regulation of manufacturing conditions and materials as described below. The size of the porous particles, their formulation, and manufacturing conditions, as described below, are the primary controlling factors for discrete pore size and distribution throughout the continuous polymeric phase. Whatever the size of the discrete pores, they are generally distributed randomly throughout the continuous polymeric phase.|[0030] The manufacturing methods described below for preparing porous particles according to the present invention generate a large number of porous particles, thereby forming a "plurality" or "ensemble" of porous particles. One porous particle is not practically made or used in the present invention, and a "plurality" is not limited in the number of individual porous particles but can reasonably represent thousands, millions, and even hundreds of millions of individual porous particles.|[0031] In the practice of the present invention, the "plurality" of porous particles used can have the same chemical composition, for example, from the same manufacturing batch or operation. Alternatively, the "plurality" of porous particles can be derived by mixing porous particles prepared using different organic polymers or other chemical components or porous particles of different pore sizes prepared in different manufacturing batches or operations.|[0032] Unless otherwise noted herein, the following terms have the noted definitions:| The term "UV radiation" is meant to refer to electromagnetic radiation of at least 100 nm and up to and including 400 nm;| The term "visible radiation" is meant to refer to electromagnetic radiation of at least 400 nm and up to and including 760 nm; and| The terms "near-infrared radiation" and "infrared radiation" are meant to refer to electromagnetic radiation have a wavelength of at least 800 nm.|Uses|[0033] As described in more detail above and hereinbelow, the method and system of the present invention utilize porous particles described herein that are believed to be useful for reflecting solar radiation, especially radiation of visible and infrared radiation (for example, radiation having a wavelength of at least 400 nm and up to and including 3,000 nm) when the porous particles are dispersed or injected high into Earth's stratosphere.|Porous Particles|[0034] Porous particles used in the present invention containing discrete pores are generally prepared using one or more water-in-oil emulsions in combination with an aqueous suspension process, such as in the Evaporative Limited Coalescence (ELC) process that is known in the art. Details for the preparation of the porous particles and exemplary working examples for making same are provided, for example, in U.S. Patents 7,887,984 (Nair et al.); 8,110,628 (Nair et al.); 8,703,834 (Nair); 7,754,409 (Nair et al.); 7,887,984 (Nair et al.); 8,329,783 (Nair et al.); 8,252,414 (Putnam et al.); and publications noted therein relating to such polymerization processes.|[0035] In general, the ELC process can be used to prepare porous particles using a three-step process.|[0036] The first step involves the formation of a stable water-in-oil emulsion, including a first aqueous phase of a pore stabilizing hydrocolloid dispersed finely in a continuous oil phase containing one or more organic polymers described in more detail below, dissolved in a suitable organic solvent or a mixture of organic solvents. The first aqueous (water) phase creates the discrete pores in the resulting porous particles, and the amount and type pore stabilizing hydrocolloid in conjunction with the ionic strengths of the first and second aqueous phases of the water-in-oil-in-water emulsion, control the discrete pore size and number of discrete pores in the resulting porous particles, while stabilizing the discrete pores so that the resulting porous particles are not brittle or fractured easily. The size of the discrete pores in turn impacts the wavelengths of light that is scattered, reflected, and transmitted.|[0037] Thus, pore stabilizing hydrocolloids can be present within at least part of the volume of the formed discrete pores distributed throughout the continuous polymeric phase, for example at the interface of each discrete pore and the continuous polymeric phase. An extensive list of such useful pore stabilizing hydrocolloids is provided in the Nair, Nair et al., and Putnam et al. patents cited above in this section. In some embodiments, the same pore stabilizing hydrocolloid can be incorporated in essentially all the discrete pores throughout the entire porous particles. For example, useful pore stabilizing hydrocolloids can be selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), a gelatin or gelatin derivative, a protein or protein derivative, polyvinyl alcohol and its derivatives, a hydrophilic synthetic polymer, and a water-soluble microgel.|[0038] The amount of pore stabilizing hydrocolloids used in the first step of making the porous particles will depend upon the amount of porosity and discrete pore size desired and the molecular weight of the pore stabilizing hydrocolloid. For example, the amount can be on the order of at least 0.5 weight % and up to and including 20 weight %, based on the weight of the continuous polymeric phase polymer(s), and particularly if the pore stabilizing hydrocolloid is CMC. A skilled worker can readily determine the optimal amount of pore stabilizing hydrocolloid to use in order to achieve the desired porous particle properties (porosity and average pore size) required for the present invention.|[0039] The first aqueous phase can additionally contain, if desired, salts to buffer the first aqueous phase and to optionally control the osmotic pressure of the first aqueous phase. For example, when CMC is used, the osmotic pressure can be increased by buffering using a pH 7 phosphate buffer. The first aqueous phase can also contain an additional porogen or discrete pore forming agent such as ammonium carbonate.|[0040] It can be desired in some embodiments to provide additional stability of the formed discrete pores in the porous particles during their formation, by having one or more amphiphilic block copolymers disposed at the interface of the formed discrete pores and the continuous polymeric phase. Such materials are "low HLB" materials, meaning that they have an HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) value as it is calculated using known science, of 6 or less, or even 5 or less. The details of these amphiphilic polymers and their use in the preparation of the porous particles are provided in U.S. Patent 9,029,431 (Nair et al.).|[0041] A particularly useful amphiphilic block copolymer useful in such embodiments comprises poly(ethyleneoxide) and poly(caprolactone) that can be represented as PEO-b-PCL. Amphiphilic block copolymers, graft copolymers and random graft copolymers containing similar components are also useful.|[0042] The continuous polymeric phase is generally polymeric and organic in nature and non-porous particles (having less than 5% porosity) are excluded from use in the present invention. Smaller inorganic particles can be present on the outer surface as noted below.|[0043] The porous particles are composed of a continuous polymeric phase derived from one or more organic polymers that are chosen so that each one is capable of being dissolved in an organic solvent that is immiscible with water and the organic polymer(s) are also substantially insoluble in water. Useful organic polymers include but are not limited to, vinyl polymers such as those derived from ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers such as styrene monomer, and condensation polymers prepared by condensation reactions using appropriate reactants. Representative organic polymers include homopolymers and copolymers such as polyesters, polystyrenes, polyolefins, vinyl esters, α-methylene aliphatic monocarboxylic acid esters, vinyl ethers, vinyl ketones, polyurethanes, epoxy resins, silicone resins, and polyamides. Particularly useful polyesters include those prepared from aromatic or aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and aliphatic diols or triols, and such polyesters generally have an acid value (milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of polymer) are in the range of at least 2 and up to and including 100.|[0044] In addition, the continuous polymeric phase can have a glass transition temperature (Tg) of greater than 80°C, or more typically of at least 100°C and up to and including 180°C, or more likely at least 110°C and up to and including 170°C as determined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and known techniques. For many commercially available organic materials, the glass transition temperatures are known from the suppliers. Organic polymers having a Tg that is greater than 200°C are typically less useful in the continuous polymeric phase.|[0045] Moreover, the continuous polymeric phase can comprise one or more organic polymers, each of which has a viscosity of at least 80 centipoises (80 mPa-sec) and up to and including 500 centipoises (500 mPa-sec) at a shear rate of 100 sec-1 as measured in ethyl acetate at a concentration of 20 weight % at 25°C.|[0046] For example, polymer viscosity (in centipoise or mPa-sec) of the organic polymer(s) composing the continuous polymeric phase can be measured in ethyl acetate at concentration of 20 weight % of the polymer at 25°C in an Anton Parr MCR 301 stress rheometer in a coquette using steady shear sweeps. Shear rate at 100 sec-1 was calculated from the resulting graphical plot of viscosity vs. shear rate.|[0047] In particularly useful embodiments, the continuous polymeric phase can comprise one or more organic polymers having the properties noted above and be composed of one or more cellulosic polymers including but not limited to, those cellulosic polymers derived from one or more (for example, a combination) of cellulose acetate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, and cellulose acetate propionate. A cellulosic polymer derived solely or at least in part from cellulose acetate butyrate is particularly useful to form the continuous polymeric phase. Mixtures of these cellulose polymers can also be used if desired, and mixtures comprising a polymer derived from cellulose acetate butyrate as at least 80 weight % of the total of cellulosic polymers (or of all polymers in the continuous polymeric phase) are particularly useful mixtures.|[0048] As noted above, any suitable organic solvent or mixture thereof, that will dissolve the one or more organic polymers can be used in the manufacture of the porous particles. For the particularly useful cellulosic polymers, a useful organic solvent is ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, or a mixture thereof. Their volatility is such that they are readily removed from the oil phase droplets as described below, by evaporation.|[0049] Any type of mixing and shearing equipment can be used to perform the first step used to prepare the porous particles, including but not limited to, a batch mixer, planetary mixer, single or multiple screw extruder, dynamic or static mixer, colloid mill, high pressure homogenizer, sonicator, or a combination thereof. The temperature of the first step can be modified to achieve the optimum viscosity for emulsification of the droplets and to control organic solvent evaporation.|[0050] The second step in the formation of the porous particles generally involves forming a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion by dispersing the above-mentioned water-in-oil emulsion in a second aqueous phase containing a colloidal stabilizer for example inorganic or organic particles such as, colloidal silica, or latex particles in a modified ELC process. Specifically, in the second step of the process, the water-in-oil emulsion is mixed with the second aqueous phase containing a suitable colloidal stabilizer to form an aqueous suspension of droplets that are subjected to shear or extensional mixing or similar flow processes, preferably through an orifice device to reduce the droplet size, yet above the particle size of the first water-in-oil emulsion, and to achieve a narrow size distribution of droplets through the limited coalescence process. The pH of the second aqueous phase is generally between 4 and 7 when using colloidal silica as the colloidal stabilizer.|[0051] For the second step to form the water-in-oil-in-water emulsion, the shear or extensional mixing or flow process is controlled in order to prevent disruption of the water-in-oil emulsion and droplet size reduction is achieved by homogenizing the water-in-oil emulsion through a capillary orifice device, or other suitable flow geometry. The range of back pressure suitable for producing acceptable particle size and size distribution is between 100 psi (689.4 kPa) and 5000 psi (34470 kPa), and the best flow rate is between 1000 ml/min and 6000 ml/min.|[0052] The final size of the porous particles, the final size of the discrete pores, and the surface morphology of the porous particles may be impacted by the osmotic mismatch between the osmotic pressure of the first aqueous phase, the oil phase, and the second aqueous phase.|[0053] Further details about controlling osmotic pressures during the second step and the effects on the resulting porous particle properties, are provided in Column 7 (line 56) to Column 8 (line 28) of U.S. Patent 7,887,984 (noted above).|[0054] The third step in the preparation of the porous particles generally involves removal of both the organic solvent(s) used to dissolve the organic polymer(s) used to form the continuous polymeric phase and most of the first aqueous phase so as to produce an aqueous suspension of porous particles. The rate, temperature, and pressure used during drying will also impact the final porous particle size and surface morphology. Clearly the details of this process depend upon the water solubility and boiling point of the organic (oil) phase relative to the temperature of the drying process. Organic solvent removal apparatus such as a rotary evaporator or a flash evaporator can be used in the preparation of the porous particles. The porous particles can then be isolated after removing the water and any organic solvents by filtration or centrifugation, followed by drying in an oven at for example 40°C that also removes any water remaining in the discrete pores from the first aqueous phase. Optionally, the porous particles can be treated with an alkali to remove any colloidal silica stabilizer.|[0055] Optionally, the third step can be preceded by the addition of additional water prior to removal of the solvents, isolation, and drying operations.|[0056] Alternatively, in the process used to prepare porous particles, the pore stabilizing hydrocolloid can be emulsified in one or more water-immiscible ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers and a polymerization initiator to form the first water-in-oil emulsion. This oil emulsion can then be dispersed in water containing a suitable pore stabilizing hydrocolloid as described above for the second step to form a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion for example using the limited coalescence process. The ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers are then polymerized in the third step for example through the application of heat or radiation. The resulting suspension of polymerized porous particles can be isolated and dried as described above to yield useful porous particles. In addition, the one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers can also contain one or more organic polymers described above.|[0057] In general, each of the plurality of porous particles used in the present invention has a mode particle size representing the peak of the number weighted frequency distribution, of at least 2 µm or at least 4µm, and up to and including 12 µm, up to and including 15 µm, or up to and including 20 µm. Mode particle size represents the most frequently occurring diameter for spherical particles and the most frequently occurring largest chord length for any non-spherical particles in a particle size distribution histogram, which can be determined using known equipment (such as the Sysmex FPIA 3000 Flow Particle Image Analyzer that uses image analysis measurements and that can be obtained from various sources including Malvern Panalytical); and commercially available coulter counters that use the conductivity contrast between the particles and the surrounding electrolyte as each particle passes through a narrow orifice, and other particle characterizing equipment (for example the Beckman Multisizer 3 Coulter Particle Analyzer, as available from Beckman Coulter Diagnostics ), software, and procedures. The use of the Sysmex FPIA 3000 Flow Particle Image Analyzer is particularly desired. Details about this apparatus and its use are provided in Column 10 (lines 30-40) of U.S. Patent 7,887,984 (noted above).|[0058] In addition, the preparatory method described above is used to prepare porous particles according to this invention wherein each exhibits a coefficient of variance (CV) of the particle size of no more than 20%, or no more than 15%, or even no more than 10%, compared to the mode particle size. In particular, the CV can be between 10% and 15% including the end points of this range. The coefficient of variance is calculated from the width index (WI) of the log normal distributions that can be determined using a sizing apparatus such as the noted Beckman Multisizer 3 Coulter Particle Analyzer. The WI is defined as 1 + CV and is determined from the ratio of the log normal distribution of the porous particle diameter of 84% of the plurality of porous particles divided by the porous particle size diameter of 50% of the porous particles.|[0059] In addition, each of the plurality porous particles used in the practice of this invention generally has a porosity of at least 20 volume % and up to and including 75 volume %, or likely at least 35 volume % and up to and including 65 volume %, or more typically at least 40 volume % and up to an including 60 volume %, all based on the total porous particle volume. Porosity of porous particles is a measure of the total volume of voids divided by the total volume of a particle. Porosity can be measured using various known industrial techniques and apparatus including but not limited to, "computed tomography" (CT) scanning, industrial 3D imaging, and by the known mercury intrusion procedure. Apparatus for this purpose is available from various commercial sources.|[0060] The extent of porosity in the particles used in the practice of the present invention can also be determined using a combination of diameter sizing as described earlier and "time-of flight" method. The time-of-flight method used to determine the extent of porosity of the particles used in the present invention includes the use of an Aerosizer particle measuring system that measures particles sizes by their time-of-flight in a controlled environment. This time of flight depends critically on the density of the material of which the particle is composed and its projected area in the stream. If the material measured with the Aerosizer has a lower density or a higher density, then the calculated diameter distribution will be shifted artificially low or high, respectively. Independent measurements of the true particle size distribution via alternate methods (for example, using a Coulter counter) can then be used to fit the Aerosizer data with particle density as the adjustable parameter. The outside diameter particle size distribution is first measured using the Coulter particle measurement systems. The mode of the volume diameter distribution is chosen as the value to match with the Aerosizer volume distribution. The same particle distribution is measured with the Aerosizer and the apparent density of the particles is adjusted until the mode (D50%) of the two distributions matches. The ratio of the calculated and solid particle densities is taken to be the extent of porosity of the particles. The porosity values generally have uncertainties of +/-10%.|[0061] The discrete pores in the porous particles are designed using the details and compositional features described herein to each have an average pore size "d" (in nanometers) that is defined by the equation of 0.3 ≤ d/λ ≤ 0.8, wherein λ represents electromagnetic wavelengths of at least 400 nm and up to and including 3,000 nm, and thus representing electromagnetic radiation generally greater than ultraviolet and up to and including infrared radiation. These discrete pores are generally filled only with air but there can be a pore stabilizing hydrocolloid or an amphiphilic block copolymers, or both, (as described above) disposed at the interface of each discrete pore and the continuous polymeric phase for the reasons noted above. In some embodiments, no colorants or other additives that would affect the desired absorption or reflection of radiation at least 400 nm are purposely included within the discrete pores.|[0062] However, in other instances, it may be beneficial to introduce some level of colorants into the porous particles. Incorporating various colored pigments primarily in the internal discrete pores is described in U.S. Patent 8,252,414 (noted above). In general, scattering and reflection of radiation are the preferred modes of attenuating incoming solar radiation reaching the earth. Absorption on the other hand, results in transforming electromagnetic radiation into thermal energy resulting in radiation of long wavelengths in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, since the porous particles used in accordance with the present invention are to be deployed well above the earth's surface in the stratosphere, the consequences of thermal radiation to earth's energy balance are minimal since most of the thermal radiation from these porous particles will be radiated back into space away from the earth. In the event that the back scattering and reflection in certain wavelengths are insufficient to attenuate solar radiation, strategic coloration of the porous particles can be employed based on the wavelengths of radiation that are not effectively scattered or reflected. A significant portion of the sun's radiation spectrum near the stratosphere (about 40% based on the energy) lies in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (for example, in the range of from 800 nm to and including 2500 nm) The IR portion of the spectrum is the most challenging to scatter. Therefore, most desired colorants useful for this purpose would be those that absorb in the noted infrared spectral region in general.|[0063] The porous particles used in the practice of the present invention can be spherical or non-spherical but they are generally spherical or "near" spherical in shape, as defined below by the noted aspect ratio. If desired, shape control agents can be incorporated into the first or second aqueous phases, or into the oil phase to modify the shape, aspect ratio, or morphology of the resulting porous particles. The shape control agents can be added prior to or after forming the water-in-oil-in-water emulsion in the second step. In either case, the interface at the oil phase and the second water phase can be modified before the organic solvent(s) is removed in the third step, resulting in a reduction in sphericity of the resulting porous particles. Further details about shape control and useful materials are described for example, in U.S. Patent 7,887,984 (noted above), and in the patent applications cited in Col. 9 thereof.|[0064] It is also desired for most embodiments of the present invention that each of the porous particles used in the practice of the present invention has a particle shape that is non-spherical and is characterized by an aspect ratio of less than 0.80, or less than 0.74, and even less than 0.70. The geometric mean aspect ratio Rx is defined as: | wherein Rb represents the major aspect ratio reported by the Sysmex FPIA-3000 size analyzer described below and Rc represents the ellipsoidal equivalent minor aspect ratio Rc computed as described above. Aspect ratio, in other words, is the ratio of the shortest dimension to the longest dimension of a porous particle. The variation of aspect ratio changes the shape of porous particles. Aspect ratio of the porous particles which has an impact on the aerodynamic lift of the porous particles, can be determined using the Sysmex FPIA-3000 automated particle shape and size analyzer from Malvern Instruments. Samples pass through a sheath flow cell that transforms the porous particle suspension into a narrow or flat flow, ensuring that the largest area of the porous particle is oriented towards the camera and that all porous particles are in focus. The CCD camera captures 60 images every second and these are analyzed in real time. Numerical evaluation of porous particle shape is derived from measurement of the area of the porous particle. A number of shape factors are calculated, including circularity, aspect ratio, and circle equivalent diameter. Values of less than unity for aspect ratio and circularity indicate porous particle shapes that are not exactly spherical.|[0065] The plurality of porous particles used in the practice of this invention can be provided as powders, or as aqueous suspensions (including water or water with water-miscible organic solvents such as alcohols). Such powders and aqueous suspensions can also include surfactants or suspending agents to keep the porous particles suspended or for rewetting them in an aqueous medium before use in the geoengineering processes described below. A useful surfactant for this purpose, for example, is a C12-C14 secondary alcohol derivative of polyethylene oxide) that can be commercially available as TERGITOL® 15-S-7 (Dow Chemical Corporation). The other compositional and procedural details are described above in the description provided in the Nair, Nair et al., and Putnam et al. US patents described above. In order to make these porous particles amenable to easy dispersal it can be useful to subject the porous particles to a surface treatment as described in U.S. Patent 8,728,692 (Nair et al.) wherein the surface of the porous particle has fine inorganic particles on the outer surface of the porous particle phase, which fine inorganic particles are sometimes known as "small inorganic stabilizer particles" that are colloidal in size. Such fine inorganic particles have hydrophobic groups covalently bonded primarily on portions of surfaces of the fine inorganic particles positioned away from the porous particle. This makes the porous particles hydrophobic and, depending upon the choice of the hydrophobic groups, avoids the formation of hard agglomerates in the dry state. Useful fine inorganic particles can for example comprise one or more metal oxides or silica.|[0066] U.S. Patent 8,221,947B2 (Lambert et al.) and references contained therein describe various materials and other methods including mechanical agitation to add treatment of hydrophobic materials to the surface of toner particles for improving their dry flow. Such technology can be used also to treat the porous particles used in the practice of this invention and to impart improved dry flow ability to them.|Method of Geoengineering|[0067] A plurality of porous particles can be used to facilitate the reduction of solar radiation impacting Earth's surface by introducing the plurality of the porous particles (perhaps millions of such porous particles) into Earth's stratosphere at an average distance of at least 10 kilometers, or even higher, above sea level. The altitude at which the porous particles are introduced must be such that the reflected light from the porous particles has the least amount of impact on heating Earth's atmosphere. If the altitude is too low then a substantial amount of radiation will interact with the Earth's atmosphere making their management less effective. If it is too high the ability to contain the porous particles at this rarefied atmosphere may be too expensive and they may be less effective.|[0068] This method can be carried out using the plurality of porous particles described herein and any suitable means for dispersing the plurality of porous particles into Earth's atmosphere as noted above, forming a system for geoengineering for the noted purposes.|[0069] For example, the plurality of porous particles could be introduced into the stratosphere as noted above using aircraft, artillery or high-altitude balloons as are commonly proposed by researchers in this field, but there is no practical limit to such means for introducing the porous particles and the ingenuity and knowledge of researchers in this field will provide other means that are not explicitly described here. | AP unique ID|(US12258463 B2)|159596274|(WO2022186970 A1)|159604127|(CN116963592 A)|166525821|(EP4301126 B1)|167837424|(US20250145803 A1)|176417493|Family Number|(101679518)|101679518| | Control|Macromolecular chemistry, polymers|Other special machines | A01G-015/00|C08J-009/28/3|C08J-2201/05|C08J-2205/044|C08J-2301/10|C08L-001/02|G05D-025/00 | A01G-015/00|C08J-009/28/3|C08J-2201/05|C08J-2205/044|C08J-2301/10|C08L-001/02|G05D-025/00 | A01G-015/00|C08F-002/32|C08J-009/00|C08J-009/28|C08L-001/02|G05D-025/00 | A01G-015/00|C08F-002/32|C08J-009/00|C08J-009/28|C08L-001/02|G05D-025/00 | US20250214025 | US20250214025 115053545 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=103 | CN105980488|CN102770014|US8033879|US8033879|US7887984|US7887984|CN104207946|US8033879|US7887984|US20220195090|US20220195138|US20220195209|US20220196880|US20220204783|US10701871|US10233300|US9891350|US9029431|US9029431|US9029431|US9526216|US8703834|US8703834|US8703834|US8110628|US8110628|US8110628|US8329783|US8329783|US8329783|US8220379|US8728692|US8728692|US8728692|US8252414|US8252414|US8252414|US8033879|US8033879|US8033879|US8221947|US8221947|US8221947|JP5283111|US7754409|US7754409|US7754409|US7887984|US7887984|US7887984|US5798307|US5535701|US5564369|US5433173|US5651209|US5194087|US5212143 | CN105980488 70565057 WHO=Examiner SELF=Y CAT=Y|CN102770014 7963256 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=Y|US8033879 43797922 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=A CAT=D|US8033879 43797922 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=A CAT=D|US7887984 14961978 WHO=Examiner SELF=Y CAT=A CAT=D|US7887984 14961978 WHO=Examiner SELF=Y CAT=A CAT=D|CN104207946 7819089 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=A|US8033879 43797922 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=A|US7887984 14961978 WHO=Examiner SELF=Y CAT=A|US20220195090 100502634 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US20220195138 100502641 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US20220195209 100502671 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US20220196880 100503505 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US20220204783 100584659 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US10701871 4168377 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US10233300 78823651 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US9891350 70565057 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US9029431 66093069 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US9029431 66093069 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US9029431 66093069 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US9526216 66090875 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US8703834 44512379 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8703834 44512379 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8703834 44512379 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8110628 43821362 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8110628 43821362 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8110628 43821362 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8329783 14961978 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8329783 14961978 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8329783 14961978 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8220379 43858935 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US8728692 44385979 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8728692 44385979 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8728692 44385979 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8252414 15015048 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8252414 15015048 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8252414 15015048 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8033879 43797922 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US8033879 43797922 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US8033879 43797922 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US8221947 7462062 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8221947 7462062 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8221947 7462062 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|JP5283111 33073099 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US7754409 14958193 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US7754409 14958193 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US7754409 14958193 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US7887984 14961978 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US7887984 14961978 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US7887984 14961978 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US5798307 465571 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US5535701 1220367 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US5564369 42917091 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US5433173 1220367 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US5651209 42953705 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US5194087 1145467 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US5212143 42759573 WHO=Examiner SELF=N | |US8033879; US7887984; US8033879; US7887984; US8110628; US8703834; US7754409; US8329783; US8252414; US9029431; US8728692; US8221947|US8033879; US7887984; US8033879; US7887984; US8110628; US8703834; US7754409; US8329783; US8252414; US9029431; US8728692; US8221947|US7887984; US8033879; CN102770014; CN104207946; CN105980488|US5194087; US5212143; US5433173; US5535701; US5564369; US5651209; US5798307; US7754409; US7887984; US8033879; US8110628; US8220379; US8221947; US8252414; US8329783; US8703834; US8728692; US9029431; US9526216; US9891350; US10233300; US10701871; US20220195090; US20220195138; US20220195209; US20220196880; US20220204783; JP5283111 | |(US12258463)|Applicant references|-David Rotman, “A Cheap and Easy Plan to Stop Global Warming,” Feb. 8, 2013, www.technologyreview.com, pp. 1-12.|-Daisy Dunne, “Explainer: Six ideas to limit global warming with solar geoengineering,” CarbonBrief Geoengineering, May 9, 2018.|-Nair et al., “Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,” www.elsevier.com, Nov. 21, 2013, 443 (2014) 583-595.|-John Latham, “Amelioration of global warming by controlled enhancement of the albedo and longevity of low-level maritime clouds,” Atmospheric Science Letters (2002), doi:10.1006/asle.2002.0048.|-David W. 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date=2024-05-21|Event code=US/DOCK|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Case Docketed to Examiner|Event publication date=2024-06-15|Event code=US/DOCK|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Case Docketed to Examiner|Event publication date=2024-08-21|Event code=US/M327|Event group=Examination events OAO|Miscellaneous Communication to Applicant - No Action Count|Event publication date=2024-08-28|Event code=US/RESTREQ|Event group=Examination events Corrections OAO|Restriction/Election Requirement|Event publication date=2024-09-12|Event code=US/ELC|Event group=Examination events OAI|Response to Election / Restriction Filed|Event publication date=2024-09-16|Event code=US/112NF|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Non-final rejection reason 112 - subject matter in claims not properly defined|RJD=2024-09-16|R4R=112b|RJST=non-final|Rejected claims 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8-11|Event publication date=2024-09-16|Event code=US/CTNF|Event group=Examination events OA 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group=Examination events|Publication|Event publication date=2023-11-14|Event code=CN/SE01|Event group=Examination events|Entry into substantive examination | (EP4301126)|Contracting States: DE, NO, RS, BE, FI, PT, BG, DK, LT, LU, HR, LV, FR, HU, SE, MC, SI, SK, SM, GB, IE, MK, EE, CH, MT, IS, AL, GR, IT, ES, AT, CY, CZ, PL, LI, RO, NL, TR|(WO2022/186970)|ARIPO: GH, RW, GM, LR, TZ, LS, SZ, MW, MZ, SD, UG, NA, ZM, BW, SL, KE, ZW|(WO2022/186970)|EAPO: RU, TJ, BY, AZ, TM, AM, KG, KZ|(WO2022/186970)|EPO: DE, NO, RS, BE, FI, PT, BG, DK, LT, LU, HR, LV, FR, HU, SE, MC, SI, SK, SM, GB, IE, MK, EE, CH, MT, IS, AL, GR, IT, ES, AT, CY, CZ, PL, RO, NL, TR|(WO2022/186970)|OAPI: ST, KM, CF, BF, CG, MR, CI, GN, BJ, CM, GQ, GW, TD, TG, NE, GA, SN, ML|(WO2022/186970)|National States: PT, HN, HR, HU, QA, ID, IL, AE, IN, AG, ZA, IR, IS, AL, IT, AM, AO, AT, ZM, AU, AZ, RO, ZW, BA, BB, RS, JM, RU, BG, JO, RW, BH, JP, BN, SA, BR, SC, SD, SE, SG, BW, BY, BZ, SK, SL, KE, KG, KH, CA, ST, KN, SV, CH, KP, SY, KR, CL, CN, CO, KW, CR, KZ, CU, TH, LA, TJ, CZ, LC, TM, TN, TR, LK, TT, DE, DJ, LR, TZ, DK, LS, DM, LU, DO, UA, LY, UG, MA, DZ, MD, ME, MG, EC, MK, US, EE, MN, EG, UZ, MW, MX, MY, MZ, VC, ES, NA, VN, NG, NI, NO, FI, NZ, GB, WS, GD, GE, OM, GH, GM, GT, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL | (EP4301126)|EP; DE; FR; GB|(US12258463)|US|(US20250145803)|US|(WO2022/186970)|CN; EP|(CN116963592)|CN | https://www.orbit.com/GetPDF?gui=crypt&callingapp=EDOFF&key=8TP/cX+h8x6yxGJNx8QNnmkyFX8ClgOuNoC7YXsv59YGnqhCiah71aMBN8cII1otJsj+r4XrQ7A=&n=1 | https://sobj.orbit.com/sobj/getMosaic?bdi=na&userid=ZIBNDZZF&key=EP0000000010806760&ekey=1983&xpn=EP4301126&kind=B1 | https://register.epo.org/application?number=EP22707559 | https://permalink.orbit.com/RenderStaticFirstPage?XPN=1XpwHr7cVTDWqxLm4QBXD3fDUqlXTJ5uwQdFuycu4uk%3D%26n%3D1&id=0&base=FAMPAT | US | (US20250145803)|US|(WO2022/186970)|US|(US12258463)|US|(US20220282068)|US | (US20250145803)|NAME=Eastman Kodak Company , CITY=Rochester , STATE=NY , COUNTRY=US|(WO2022/186970)|NAME=EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 343 State Street Rochester, New York 14650 , COUNTRY=US|(US12258463)|NAME=EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY , CITY=Rochester , STATE=NY , COUNTRY=US , ATYP=US Company|(US20220282068)|NAME=Eastman Kodak Company , CITY=Rochester , STATE=NY , COUNTRY=US | (EP4301126)|DE|(EP4301126)|DE|| | (EP4301126)|NAME=Vossius & Partner Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte mbB Siebertstraße 3 , CITY=81675 München , COUNTRY=DE , REG=101361216|(EP4301126)|NAME=Vossius & Partner Patentanwälte Rechtsanwälte mbB Siebertstraße 3 , CITY=81675 München , COUNTRY=DE , REG=101361216|(US12258463)|NAME=Tucker J. Lanny|(CN116963592)|NAME=DUAN JULAN;CHINA PATENT AGENT (H.K.) LTD. , REG=72001NAME=ZHANG HUA;CHINA PATENT AGENT (H.K.) LTD. , REG=72001 | (EP4301126)|US; US|(EP4301126)|US; US|(US12258463)|US; US|(US20220282068)|US; US|(US20250145803)|US; US|(WO2022/186970)|US; US| | (EP4301126)|NAME=LOBO, Lloyd Anthony, CITY=Rochester, New York 14650, COUNTRY=US |NAME=NAIR, Mridula, CITY=Rochester, New York 14650, COUNTRY=US|(EP4301126)|NAME=LOBO, Lloyd Anthony, CITY=Rochester, New York 14650, COUNTRY=US |NAME=NAIR, Mridula, CITY=Rochester, New York 14650, COUNTRY=US|(US12258463)|NAME=Lobo Lloyd Anthony, CITY=Lincoln University, STATE=PA , COUNTRY=US |NAME=Nair Mridula, CITY=Penfield, STATE=NY , COUNTRY=US|(US20220282068)|NAME=Lobo Lloyd Anthony, CITY=Lincoln University, STATE=PA , COUNTRY=US |NAME=Nair Mridula, CITY=Penfield, STATE=NY , COUNTRY=US|(US20250145803)|NAME=Lobo Lloyd Anthony, CITY=Lincoln University, STATE=PA , COUNTRY=US |NAME=Nair Mridula, CITY=Penfield, STATE=NY , COUNTRY=US|(WO2022/186970)|NAME=LOBO, Lloyd Anthony 343 State Street Rochester, New York 14650, POSTCODE=14650, COUNTRY=US |NAME=NAIR, Mridula 343 State Street Rochester, New York 14650, POSTCODE=14650, COUNTRY=US|(CN116963592)|NAME=LOBO LLOYD A.|NAME=NAIR MAHESH | 28 | 1 | (US20250145803)|1|(WO2022/186970)|1|(EP4301126)|1|(CN116963592)|1|(US12258463)|1 | (US20250145803)|10|(WO2022/186970)|11|(EP4301126)|11|(CN116963592)|11|(US12258463)|11 | (EP4301126)|12|(US12258463)|12|(US20220282068)|12|(US20250145803)|11|(WO2022/186970)|12|(CN116963592)|12 | 1 | 36 | 4 | 4 | 5 | BANK OF AMERICA; FROM 2022-03-15 | (EP4301126)|WO2022/186970|(CN116963592)|WO2022/186970 | (EP4301126)|Number of Claims: NCL=12||(US12258463)|Number of Claims: NCL=12|Independent Claim Number: ICL=1|Number of Independent Claims: NICL=1|Exemplary Claim Number: ECL=1|Extended under 35 USC 154(b) the following days: EXTD=581|Primary examiner: Lee Chee-Chong|Art Unit.: ART =3752||(US20220282068)|Number of Claims: NCL=12|Independent Claim Number: ICL=1,12|Number of Independent Claims: NICL=2|Exemplary Claim Number: ECL=1|Primary examiner: Lee Chee-Chong|Art Unit.: ART =3752||(US20250145803)|Number of Claims: NCL=11|Independent Claim Number: ICL=1|Number of Independent Claims: NICL=1|Exemplary Claim Number: ECL=1||(WO2022/186970)|Number of Claims: NCL=12|Extended kind: EXTK=x||(CN116963592)|Number of Claims: NCL=12|Gazette date: GAZDATE=2023-10-27|Gazette number: GAZNUM=39-4302|Substantial examination effective date: 20231114|Number of Pages: NPAGES=15| | (US12258463)|Provisional Appl: US63/155,356 FDD=2021-03-02 [2021US-63155356]|Previous publication: US20220282068 A1 2022-09-08 [US20220282068]|(US20250145803)|Division of: US17/586,876 FDD=2022-01-28 [2022US-17586876]|Division of: US12258463 |Provisional Appl: US63/155,356 FDD=2021-03-02 [2021US-63155356] | (EP4301126)|ENGLISH (ENG) | (US20250145803)|Patent|(US12258463)|Patent|(EP4301126)|Patent|(EP4301126)|Patent|(CN116963592)|Patent|(WO2022186970)|Patent|(US20220282068)|Patent | Titre: (EP4301126)|Method of geoengineering to reduce solar radiation Résumé: (EP4301126)|A method to facilitate the reduction of solar radiation impacting Earth proposes the use of a plurality of porous particles that are introduced into Earth's stratosphere at an average distance of at least 10 kilometers above sea level. Each porous particle has a continuous polymeric phase composed of an organic polymer, and discrete pores dispersed within the continuous polymeric phase. Each porous particle has a mode particle size of 2-20 µm; a coefficient of variance (CV) of no more than 20% compared to the mode particle size; and a porosity of 20%-75%. The discrete pores have an average pore size "d" (nm) that is defined by 0.3 < d/λ < 0.8 wherein λ is 400-3,000 nm. Each of the discrete pores of the porous particles is filled with air and optionally a pore stabilizing hydrocolloid that is disposed at the interface of the discrete pore and the continuous polymeric phase. Autre: (EP4301126)|1. A method of geoengineering to facilitate the reduction of solar radiation impacting Earth's surface, comprising:|introducing a plurality of porous polymeric particles into Earth's stratosphere at an average distance of at least 10 kilometers above sea level,| characterised in that each of the plurality of porous particles comprises a continuous polymeric phase composed of one or more organic polymers, and discrete pores dispersed within the continuous polymeric phase, and| each of the plurality of porous particles has the following properties:| a mode particle size of at least 2 µm and up to and including 20 µm;| a coefficient of variance of the particle size of no more than 20% compared to the mode particle size; and| a porosity of at least 20% and up to and including 75%; and| the discrete pores have an average pore size d (in nanometers) that is defined using the equation: 0.3 ≤ d/λ ≤ 0.8 wherein λ is at least 400 nm and up to and including 3,000 nm; and| wherein each of the discrete pores is filled with air and optionally contains a pore stabilizing hydrocolloid that is disposed at the interface of the discrete pore and the continuous polymeric phase.|2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of porous particles comprises a continuous polymeric phase composed of one or more cellulosic polymers.|3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein each of the plurality of porous particles comprises a continuous polymeric phase composed of a cellulosic polymer derived at least in part from cellulose acetate butyrate.|4. The method of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein each of the plurality of porous particles has a mode particle size of at least 2 µm and up to and including 15 µm.|5. The method of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein each of the plurality of porous particles has a mode particle size of at least 4 µm and up to and including 12 µm.|6. The method of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein each of the plurality of porous particles has a coefficient of variance of the particle size of no more than 15% compared to the mode particle size.|7. The method of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein each of the plurality of porous particles has a coefficient of variance of the particle size of no more than 10% compared to the mode particle size.|8. The method of any of claims 1 to 7, wherein each of the plurality of porous particles has an aspect ratio of less than 0.80.|9. The method of any of claims 1 to 8, wherein each of the plurality of porous particles further comprises one or more colorants.|10. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more colorants absorb radiation having a wavelength of at least 800 nm and up to and including 2500 nm of the electromagnetic spectrum.|11. The method of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the plurality of porous particles comprise fine inorganic particles on the outer surfaces thereof, which fine inorganic particles have hydrophobic groups covalently bonded primarily on portions of surfaces of the fine inorganic particles positioned away from the porous particle surfaces.|12. A system for solar geoengineering to facilitate the reduction of solar radiation impacting Earth's surface, for use in the method of any of claims 1 to 11, the system comprising:| a plurality of porous polymeric particles; and| a means for dispersing the plurality of porous particles into Earth's stratosphere at an average distance of at least 10 kilometers above sea level,| wherein each of the plurality of porous particles comprises a continuous polymeric phase composed of one or more organic polymers, and discrete pores dispersed within the continuous polymeric phase, and| each of the plurality of porous particles has the following properties:| a mode particle size of at least 2 µm and up to and including 20 µm;| a coefficient of variance of the particle size of no more than 20% compared to the mode particle size; and| a porosity of at least 20% and up to and including 75%; and| the discrete pores have an average pore size d (in nanometers) that is defined by the equation: 0.3 ≤ d/λ ≤ 0.8 wherein λ is at least 400 nm and up to and including 3,000 nm; and| wherein each of the discrete pores is filled with air and optionally filled with a pore stabilizing hydrocolloid that is disposed at the interface of the discrete pore and the continuous polymeric phase. | 0 | Abstract | gpt-4o-mini | yes | The article describes a method for injecting porous particles into the stratosphere to reduce solar radiation, which aligns with the definition of solar geoengineering. | ||||||||||||||
| 2 | GB0921879|GB201004146|WOGB2010/052090 | WOGB2010/052090|US13/514,508|JP2012543904|CN201080057529|EP10796124|KR20127018203|GB201200234|GB201200256|GB201004146|GB201200266|GB201200231|GB0921879 | US9363954|GB2487627|GB2487287|GB2476518|JP2013513396|GB2487289|GB2487286|CN102770014|EP2512216|US20120241554|KR10-2012-0099121|GB2487627|GB2487286|GB2487287|GB2487289|GB201200231|GB201200234|GB201200256|GB201200266|GB2476518|WO2011/073650|GB201004146|GB0921879 | 7963256 | WO2011/073650 A1 2011-06-23 [WO201173650]|US9363954 B2 2016-06-14 [US9363954]|US20120241554 A1 2012-09-27 [US20120241554]|JP2013513396 A 2013-04-22 [JP2013513396]|CN102770014 A 2012-11-07 [CN102770014]|EP2512216 A1 2012-10-24 [EP2512216]|KR10-2012-0099121 A 2012-09-06 [KR20120099121]|GB2487627 B 2014-08-13 [GB2487627]|GB2487627 A 2012-08-01 [GB2487627]|GB201200234 D0 2012-02-22 [GB201200234]|GB2487287 B 2014-02-19 [GB2487287]|GB2487287 A 2012-07-18 [GB2487287]|GB201200256 D0 2012-02-22 [GB201200256]|GB2476518 B 2013-04-24 [GB2476518]|GB2476518 A 2011-06-29 [GB2476518]|GB201004146 D0 2010-04-28 [GB201004146]|GB2487289 B 2013-03-13 [GB2487289]|GB2487289 A 2012-07-18 [GB2487289]|GB201200266 D0 2012-02-22 [GB201200266]|GB2487286 B 2013-03-06 [GB2487286]|GB2487286 A 2012-07-18 [GB2487286]|GB201200231 D0 2012-02-22 [GB201200231]|GB0921879 D0 2010-01-27 [GB200921879] | 2009-12-15|2010-03-12|2010-12-15 | 2010-12-15|2010-12-15|2010-12-15|2010-12-15|2010-12-15|2010-12-15|2010-03-12|2010-03-12|2010-03-12|2010-03-12|2010-03-12|2009-12-15 | 2016-06-14|2014-08-13|2014-02-19|2013-04-24|2013-04-22|2013-03-13|2013-03-06|2012-11-07|2012-10-24|2012-09-27|2012-09-06|2012-08-01|2012-07-18|2012-07-18|2012-07-18|2012-02-22|2012-02-22|2012-02-22|2012-02-22|2011-06-29|2011-06-23|2010-04-28|2010-01-27 | |(US9363954)|2016-06-14||(GB2487627)|2014-08-13|(GB2487287)|2014-02-19|(GB2476518)|2013-04-24|(GB2487289)|2013-03-13|(GB2487286)|2013-03-06|||| | (EP2512216)|2017-03-07|(US9363954)|2024-07-22|(WO2011/073650)|2013-06-15|(GB2487627)|2019-03-12|(GB2487287)|2018-03-12|(GB2476518)|2018-03-12|(GB2487289)|2019-03-12|(GB2487286)|2018-03-12|(GB0921879)|2011-08-03|(JP2013513396)|2014-03-04|(CN102770014)|2015-04-29|(KR10-2012-0099121)|2016-01-16 | (EP2512216)|Atmospheric delivery system | (EP2512216)|The invention relates to an apparatus for transporting and dispersing solid particles into the earth's stratosphere, comprising a conduit connecting a substantially ground level location to an elevated location, a particle transport means, and a deagglomeration means coupled with a dispersal means, wherein the deagglomeration means and dispersal means are located at an elevated location, and to a method of transporting particles of high refractive index into the stratosphere as well as to an aircraft and to a cloud thus formed. | DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY | (EP2512216)|Davidson Technology Limited ([GB])|(US9363954)|Davidson Technology Limited ([IM])|(US20120241554)|Davidson Technology Limited ([IM])|(WO2011/073650)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED ([GB])|(GB2487627)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(GB2487627)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(GB201200234)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(GB2487287)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(GB2487287)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(GB201200256)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(GB2476518)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(GB2476518)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(GB201004146)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(GB2487289)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(GB2487289)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(GB201200266)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(GB2487286)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(GB2487286)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(GB201200231)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(GB0921879)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(JP2013513396)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED|(CN102770014)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED ([GB])|(KR10-2012-0099121)|DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED | DAVIDSON PETER|HUNT HUGH EDMUND MURRAY|BURGOYNE CHRISTOPHER JOHN | (EP2512216)|DAVIDSON, Peter|HUNT, Hugh, Edmund, Murray|BURGOYNE, Christopher, John | (EP2512216)|Willett, Christopher David;Nash Matthews ([GB])|Reg. Nb: 100826506|(US9363954)|DASCENZO Intellectual Property Law, P.C.|(WO2011/073650)|WILLETT, Christopher et al. ([GB])|(JP2013513396)|FUKAMI PATENT OFFICE PC|Reg. Nb: 110001195|(CN102770014)|LI CHEN;CHINA PATENT AGENT (H.K.) LTD.|Reg. Nb: 72001|TAN YOUXIANG;CHINA PATENT AGENT (H.K.) LTD.|Reg. Nb: 72001|(KR10-2012-0099121)|NAM & NAM WORLD PATENT & LAW FIRM|Reg. Nb: 920121001826 | (US9363954)|For example, it may be necessary to ensure that the conduit is not conducting, to avoid problems associated with lightning strikes.|Therefore it may be beneficial to take steps to prevent the occurrence of hydroxyl groups.|Thus, the cloud 100 according to the present invention is able to reduce the level of incoming solar radiation without significantly inhibiting the emission of infrared radiation to space, and thus is able to cause a local or regional cooling effect.|Additionally, the conduit desirably has a cross-sectional area great enough to allow the flow of a fluid without an unworkable pressure drops but yet not so great that transverse wind loading present structural problems.|It is also preferably for the carrier fluid to be essentially dry as introduction of water, particularly into the stratosphere, can be undesirable as water tends to absorb a wide range of incident light, thus potentially warming the stratosphere.|The presence of hydroxyl groups on the surface of the particles can increase their tendency to absorb incident light, which is undesirable, as discussed above.| | (US9363954)|1. An apparatus for transporting and dispersing solid particles into the earth's atmosphere, comprising a conduit connecting a substantially ground level location to an elevated location, a particle transport means for conveying solid particles through the conduit from the substantially ground level location to the elevated location, and a deagglomeration means coupled with a dispersal means, wherein the deagglomeration means and dispersal means are located at the elevated location, wherein the solid particles have a refractive index greater than 2.0, wherein substantially all of the solid particles are sub-micron particles, and wherein the elevated location is in the stratosphere.|32. A method of transporting solid particles into the earth's atmosphere, the method comprising transporting the solid particles via a conduit from a substantially ground level location to an elevated location, deagglomerating the solid particles at the elevated location, and dispersing the solid particles into the atmosphere, wherein the solid particles have a refractive index greater than 2.0, wherein substantially all of the solid particles are sub-micron particles, and wherein the elevated location is in the stratosphere.| | (US9363954)|The invention relates to an apparatus for transporting and dispersing solid particles into the earth's stratosphere, comprising a conduit connecting a substantially ground level location to an elevated location, a particle transport means, and a deagglomeration means coupled with a dispersal means, wherein the deagglomeration means and dispersal means are located at an elevated location, and to a method of transporting particles of high refractive index into the stratosphere as well as to an aircraft and to a cloud thus formed. In a first aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for transporting and dispersing solid particles into the earth's atmosphere, comprising a conduit connecting a substantially ground level location to an elevated location, a particle transport means, and a deagglomeration means coupled to a dispersal means, wherein the deagglomeration means and dispersal means are located at the elevated location.|Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to a cloud of solid particles located in the earth's atmosphere at an elevated location, wherein the cloud comprises at least 1,000 tonnes (preferably at least 5,000 tonnes, or even at least 10,000 tonnes) of solid particles over a region of at least 1,000 square kilometers, e.g. from 1,000 to 300,000 square kilometers.|Thus, the invention can provide local shade effects, which, if over a significant body of water can (a) cool the water surface by a few degrees centigrade thereby reducing the motive force of local tropical storms and (b) allow the creation of onshore winds laden with water to promote irrigation of coastal lands.| | (EP2512216)|ATMOSPHERIC DELIVERY SYSTEM(100,1)||(US9363954)|SOLID PARTICLE(100,35)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(100,9)|SOLID PARTICLE TRANSPORT(100,3)|ATMOSPHERIC DELIVERY SYSTEM(100,1)|LOCATION ELEVATION(70,42)|DEAGGLOMERATION(69,20)|COASTAL LAND IRRIGATION(68,2)|TRANSPORTING PARTICLE(62,9)|DISPERSION(58,27)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE(56,5)|STRATOSPHERE(52,33)|ONSHORE WIND CREATION(40,2)|COASTAL LAND(39,2)|CONVEYING SOLID PARTICLE(38,1)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(37,4)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH(37,3)|SOLID PARTICLE MANMADE CLOUD(36,1)|DIOXOTITANIUM PARTICLE(29,3)|PARTICLE TRANSPORTATION(29,3)|CLOUD(28,28)|REFRACTIVE INDEX(27,8)|COOLING REGION(27,4)|TROPICAL STORM(27,1)|VENTURI NOZZLE(25,2)|MOTIVE(24,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(23,8)|AIRSHIP(21,3)|CARRIER FLUID PRESSURIZATION(21,2)|BALLOON(20,23)|BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION(20,3)|DEGREES CENTIGRADE(20,1)|WIND LOADING(20,1)|ONSHORE WIND(19,2)|SOLAR RADIATION ABSORPTION(19,2)|OCCURRENCE PREVENTION(19,1)|UNWORKABLE PRESSURE DROP(19,1)|LIGHTNING STRIKE(17,5)|AIRCRAFT(17,3)|MICRONISER(16,9)|COMPLEX REFRACTIVE INDEX(15,5)|GYROSCOPIC STABILIZATION(15,2)|INCIDENT LIGHT ABSORBING(15,2)|GROUND LEVEL LOCATION(14,38)|STRATOSPHERIC LOCATION(14,12)|WATER ABSORPTION(14,2)|HYDROXYL GROUP(13,5)|SQUARE KILOMETER(13,2)|FUEL FLUID(12,14)|INFRARED RADIATION(12,3)|GRAVITATIONAL STABILIZATION(12,2)|SILANE(12,2)|SULFATE GROUP(12,2)|ABSORB WIDE RANGE(12,1)|AERODYNAMIC PRESSURE(11,12)|FIBROUS MATERIAL(11,4)|LIGHTNING STRIKE CONDUCTOR(11,4)|TORSIONAL STIFFNESS(11,3)|CLOUD RAREFACTION(11,2)|OCEAN ACIDITY(11,2)|ARCTIC PERMAFROST MELTING(11,1)|INSURMOUNTABLE ENGINEERING CHALLENGE(11,1)|TROPOSPHERE(10,6)|LET DOWN FACILITY(10,3)|STRENGTHENING CABLE(10,3)|CLOUD SHADOW(10,2)|COATING MATERIAL(10,2)|STRATOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL INJECTION(10,1)|SUPERCRITICAL FLUID(9,6)|POLAR MOLECULE(9,3)|REINFORCING CABLE(9,3)|VELOCITY AIR STREAM(9,2)|CONDUIT GRADUAL DESCENT(9,1)|DIRIGIBLE ALTITUDE(9,1)|NONCIRCULAR TETHER(8,1)|COUPLER(7,6)|JET IMPACT MILL(7,3)|REFRACTIVE INDEX PARTICLE(7,3)|CONDUCTIVE PATHWAY(7,2)|TETHER MASS(7,2)|TETHER STABILITY(7,2)|ABRUPT DISCONTINUITY(7,1)|AERODYNAMIC INSTABILITY(7,1)|ALERT AIRPLANE(7,1)|CLOUD LIFETIME(7,1)|COMMUNICATION GRIND CENTER(7,1)|CONDUIT EXIT ALTITUDE(7,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED PARTICLE(7,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION MIE SCATTERING(7,1)|STABILIZING PLATFORM(7,1)|STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY(7,1)|TETHER DEFLECTION(7,1)|INCIDENT LIGHT(6,5)|LIFTING FORCE(6,3)|SODIUM CHLORIDE(6,3)|COMPOSITE PIPE(6,2)|ELECTRICITY GENERATION(6,2)|HYDROPHOBIC COATING(6,2)|MEAN PARTICLE SIZE(6,2)|DEICING CAPABILITY(6,1)|EARTH CLIMATE(6,1)|GPS TRANSMITTER(6,1)|HYDROGEN PRESSURIZATION(6,1)|MELTING ARCTIC TUNDRA(6,1)|NONCONDUCTIVE CONDUIT(6,1)|OXYGEN POLARISABILITY(6,1)|PARTICLE DEGRADATION ISSUE(6,1)|PAYLOAD ELECTRONICS(6,1)|PIPE DUMP TANK(6,1)|PROBLEMATICAL SITUATION(6,1)|REGIONAL CLOUD(6,1)|ROCKET LAUNCH EXPENSE(6,1)|RUTILE CRYSTAL(6,1)|SUBSEA OPTIC FIBER(6,1)|SUPERCRITICAL NITROGEN CARRIER(6,1)|TELECOMMUNICATION POWER(6,1)|TELEVISUAL SERVICE(6,1)|TETHER INTEGRITY(6,1)|TETHER SHEAR(6,1)|ULTRAVIOLET PROPORTION(6,1)|UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION(6,1)|AIR FLOW(5,14)|CENTRAL AXIS(5,6)|FAN(5,6)|FLAG(5,5)|HOOP STRESS(5,5)|PARTICLE DIAMETER(5,5)|MOVEMENT ROTATION(5,4)|FUEL GAS(5,3)|GLOBAL COOLING(5,3)|TROPOPAUSE(5,3)|TURBINE(5,3)|CHEMICAL REACTION(5,2)|HYDROCARBON FLUID(5,2)|ALUMINUM STRIP(5,1)|ANATASE CRYSTAL(5,1)|CARRIER FLUID VAPOR EXPANSION(5,1)|CARRIER GAS(5,1)|CONDUIT ABRASION(5,1)|CONDUIT NARROW BORE(5,1)|CONDUIT OSCILLATION ACTIVE DAMPING(5,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSMITTER(5,1)|EMPTIED CONTAINER(5,1)|FIBER ORIENTATION(5,1)|FREQUENCY UPCONVERSION(5,1)|GRINDING JET(5,1)|ICE TENDENCY(5,1)|LIFTING BLADE(5,1)|NONCONDUCTING ABRASION RESISTANT PLASTIC(5,1)|OBSERVATION CAPABILITY(5,1)|PARTICLE CONE(5,1)|PERMEABILITY PLASTIC(5,1)|PIPE RELEASE RESTRAINT(5,1)|PRESSURIZING FLUID(5,1)|RAINFOREST LOSS(5,1)|REFLECTIVE CONE(5,1)|SHROUD BENEFIT(5,1)|SHROUD TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENT(5,1)|SLURRY MIXING(5,1)|SOLAR GENERATOR(5,1)|STABLE ATTITUDE(5,1)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE HALF(5,1)|TECHNICAL CHALLENGE(5,1)|TECHNICAL HURDLE(5,1)|TEFLON LINER(5,1)|TETHER CABLE(5,1)|TURBULENT INTENSITY(5,1)|UV SCATTERING(5,1)|BRAID(4,4)|ELECTRICAL ENERGY(4,4)|KEVLAR(4,4)|LINE PARALLEL(4,4)|TENSION FORCE(4,3)|ARAMID FIBER(4,2)|CENTRAL CONDUIT(4,2)|CONDUIT CONSTRUCTION(4,2)|ELECTRICAL PATHWAY(4,2)|EQUIVALENT WEIGHT(4,2)|HORIZONTAL DRAG(4,2)|INTERNAL DIAMETER(4,2)|LIGHT DIVERSION(4,2)|NITROGEN RICH OXYGEN STREAM(4,2)|PARTICULATE(4,2)|PREVENT FLUTTER(4,2)|SETTLING RATE(4,2)|SLURRY PIPELINE(4,2)|ABRUPT REDUCTION(4,1)|ACCURATE DIRECTIONAL TRANSMISSION(4,1)|AMMONIUM SULFATE PARTICLE(4,1)|ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE(4,1)|CHANGED PRECIPITATION PATTERN(4,1)|CLOUD ACTION(4,1)|CONDUIT PROTECTION(4,1)|CONDUIT RELEASE(4,1)|DAYLIGHT HOUR(4,1)|DEGASSING(4,1)|DOMINANT REGION(4,1)|EVEN MODERATE STRATOSPHERIC WIND(4,1)|EXITING CONDUIT(4,1)|FORCEFULNESS NOTION(4,1)|FUEL CONDUIT(4,1)|GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE(4,1)|GHZ FREQUENCY(4,1)|GLOBAL AVERAGE(4,1)|HEAT TRAPPING(4,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION REDUCTION(4,1)|INCLINING AXIS(4,1)|INTERPARTICLE FORCE(4,1)|JET ENGINE EXHAUST(4,1)|MOVEABLE VEHICLE(4,1)|NATURAL TENDENCY(4,1)|NONINSULATED(4,1)|OPTOELECTRONICS(4,1)|PARTICLE ABILITY(4,1)|PARTICLE DEPLETION RATE(4,1)|PARTICLE STREAM(4,1)|PARTICLE TRAVEL(4,1)|PNEUMATIC CONVEYING ARRANGEMENT(4,1)|SLIP SEAL(4,1)|SLURRY PREPARATION EQUIPMENT(4,1)|STABLE AEROSOL(4,1)|SUBMICRON SOLID PARTICLE(4,1)|SUPERCRITICAL WATER(4,1)|TIMESCALE(4,1)|TRANSMISSION DIRECTION(4,1)|TRANSMITTER SUPPLY(4,1)|TWISTING ACTION(4,1)|WIND RESISTANCE MINIMIZATION(4,1)|WINDING LESSER ANGLE(4,1)|COOLING WATER(3,3)|ADDITIVE FEED PUMP(3,1)|AGRICULTURE(3,1)|AIR DOWN DRAFT(3,1)|AIRFOIL(3,1)|AIRSTREAM(3,1)|ALUMINATE(3,1)|BALLOON DIAMETER(3,1)|CARRIER FLUID PH(3,1)|CHLORINE(3,1)|CHORD WIDTH(3,1)|CIRCULATION(3,1)|COLLIMATOR(3,1)|CONDUIT WALL(3,1)|CONTROL PIPELINE OSCILLATION(3,1)|CROSS SECTIONAL AREA(3,1)|DEBACTEROL(3,1)|DEHUMIDIFIER(3,1)|DESCENDING AIR(3,1)|DIFFRACTION GRATING(3,1)|DISLOCATION(3,1)|DISPENSION(3,1)|DISPERSION SYSTEM(3,1)|DRY NITROGEN(3,1)|EJECTION SYSTEM(3,1)|ELLIPSOID SHAPE CAPACITY(3,1)|ELLIPSOIDAL SHAPE(3,1)|ERUPTION(3,1)|FILLER(3,1)|FIXED ATTITUDE(3,1)|FLOWING GAS STREAM(3,1)|GROUND EQUIPMENT(3,1)||(US20120241554)|LOCATION ELEVATION(100,35)|DEAGGLOMERATION(100,18)|SOLID PARTICLE(100,10)|REFRACTIVE INDEX(100,8)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(100,6)|SOLID PARTICLE CLOUD(100,2)|SOLID PARTICLE TRANSPORT(100,2)|ATMOSPHERIC DELIVERY SYSTEM(100,1)|TRANSPORTING PARTICLE(91,8)|DISPERSION(84,25)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(71,4)|TETHER(67,91)|SOLAR GENERATOR(61,1)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH(60,3)|ACCURATE DIRECTIONAL TRANSMISSION(58,1)|PARTICLE TRANSPORTATION(57,3)|PLATFORM(50,44)|STRATOSPHERE(47,30)|DIOXOTITANIUM PARTICLE(46,3)|ALTITUDE(45,27)|CLOUD(44,27)|COOLING REGION(44,4)|HORIZONTAL ORIENTATION(44,1)|VENTURI NOZZLE(41,2)|SQUARE KILOMETER(39,1)|HORIZONTAL DRAG(37,2)|PRESSURE CONTAINMENT(37,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(36,8)|AIRSHIP(34,3)|CATASTROPHIC FAILURE(34,1)|AIRCRAFT(33,3)|CARRIER FLUID PRESSURIZATION(33,2)|BALLOON(32,23)|ELECTRICAL ENERGY(32,4)|BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION(32,3)|SOLAR RADIATION ABSORPTION(31,2)|EXCESS WIND LOAD(30,1)|FUEL FLUID(29,14)|COASTAL LAND IRRIGATION(26,2)|MICRONISER(25,9)|GYROSCOPIC STABILIZATION(24,2)|STRATOSPHERIC LOCATION(23,12)|GROUND LEVEL LOCATION(22,35)|WATER ABSORPTION(22,2)|INFRARED RADIATION(20,3)|ELECTRICAL GENERATOR(19,5)|ELECTRICAL POWER(19,5)|GRAVITATIONAL STABILIZATION(19,2)|SILANE(19,2)|SULFATE GROUP(19,2)|FIBROUS MATERIAL(18,4)|LIGHTNING STRIKE CONDUCTOR(18,4)|TORSIONAL STIFFNESS(18,3)|CLOUD RAREFACTION(18,2)|LET DOWN FACILITY(18,2)|OCEAN ACIDITY(18,2)|ARCTIC PERMAFROST MELTING(18,1)|INSURMOUNTABLE ENGINEERING CHALLENGE(18,1)|AERODYNAMIC PRESSURE(17,12)|MAXIMUM AREA(17,1)|STRATOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL INJECTION(17,1)|TROPOSPHERE(16,6)|STRENGTHENING CABLE(16,3)|CLOUD SHADOW(16,2)|COATING MATERIAL(16,2)|MEAN PARTICLE SIZE(16,2)|AIR FLOW(15,14)|SUPERCRITICAL FLUID(15,6)|POLAR MOLECULE(15,3)|WIND SPEED(15,2)|CONDUIT GRADUAL DESCENT(15,1)|DESIRED ELEVATED LOCATION(15,1)|DIRIGIBLE ALTITUDE(15,1)|REINFORCING CABLE(14,3)|ONSHORE WIND CREATION(14,2)|VELOCITY AIR STREAM(14,2)|NONCIRCULAR TETHER(13,1)|COUPLER(12,6)|NONCIRCULAR CROSS SECTION TETHER(12,3)|CONDUCTIVE PATHWAY(12,2)|TETHER MASS(12,2)|TETHER STABILITY(12,2)|INFORMATION SERVICE(11,20)|FUEL CELL(11,6)|MINIMUM AREA(11,6)|JET IMPACT MILL(11,3)|REFRACTIVE INDEX PARTICLE(11,3)|ABRUPT DISCONTINUITY(11,1)|AERODYNAMIC INSTABILITY(11,1)|ALERT AIRPLANE(11,1)|CLOUD LIFETIME(11,1)|COMMUNICATION GRIND CENTER(11,1)|CONDUIT EXIT ALTITUDE(11,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED PARTICLE(11,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION MIE SCATTERING(11,1)|STABILIZING PLATFORM(11,1)|STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY(11,1)|TETHER DEFLECTION(11,1)|HYDROPHOBIC COATING(10,2)|DEICING CAPABILITY(10,1)|EARTH CLIMATE(10,1)|GPS TRANSMITTER(10,1)|HYDROGEN PRESSURIZATION(10,1)|MELTING ARCTIC TUNDRA(10,1)|NONCONDUCTIVE CONDUIT(10,1)|OXYGEN POLARISABILITY(10,1)|PARTICLE DEGRADATION ISSUE(10,1)|PAYLOAD ELECTRONICS(10,1)|PIPE DUMP TANK(10,1)|PROBLEMATICAL SITUATION(10,1)|REGIONAL CLOUD(10,1)|ROCKET LAUNCH EXPENSE(10,1)|RUTILE CRYSTAL(10,1)|SUBSEA OPTIC FIBER(10,1)|SUPERCRITICAL NITROGEN CARRIER(10,1)|TELECOMMUNICATION POWER(10,1)|TELEVISUAL SERVICE(10,1)|TETHER INTEGRITY(10,1)|TETHER SHEAR(10,1)|ULTRAVIOLET PROPORTION(10,1)|UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION(10,1)|FAN(9,6)|HOOP STRESS(9,5)|LIFTING FORCE(9,3)|SODIUM CHLORIDE(9,3)|COMPOSITE PIPE(9,2)|ELECTRICITY GENERATION(9,2)|CENTRAL AXIS(8,6)|FLAG(8,5)|PARTICLE DIAMETER(8,5)|MOVEMENT ROTATION(8,4)|NONCIRCULAR CROSS SECTION(8,4)|FUEL GAS(8,3)|GLOBAL COOLING(8,3)|TROPOPAUSE(8,3)|TURBINE(8,3)|CHEMICAL REACTION(8,2)|HYDROCARBON FLUID(8,2)|ALUMINUM STRIP(8,1)|ANATASE CRYSTAL(8,1)|CARRIER FLUID VAPOR EXPANSION(8,1)|CARRIER GAS(8,1)|CONDUIT ABRASION(8,1)|CONDUIT NARROW BORE(8,1)|CONDUIT OSCILLATION ACTIVE DAMPING(8,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSMITTER(8,1)|EMPTIED CONTAINER(8,1)|FIBER ORIENTATION(8,1)|FREQUENCY UPCONVERSION(8,1)|GRINDING JET(8,1)|ICE TENDENCY(8,1)|LIFTING BLADE(8,1)|NONCONDUCTING ABRASION RESISTANT PLASTIC(8,1)|OBSERVATION CAPABILITY(8,1)|PARTICLE CONE(8,1)|PERMEABILITY PLASTIC(8,1)|PIPE RELEASE RESTRAINT(8,1)|PRESSURIZING FLUID(8,1)|RAINFOREST LOSS(8,1)|REFLECTIVE CONE(8,1)|SHROUD BENEFIT(8,1)|SHROUD TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENT(8,1)|SLURRY MIXING(8,1)|STABLE ATTITUDE(8,1)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE HALF(8,1)|TECHNICAL CHALLENGE(8,1)|TECHNICAL HURDLE(8,1)|TEFLON LINER(8,1)|TETHER CABLE(8,1)|TURBULENT INTENSITY(8,1)|UV SCATTERING(8,1)|BRAID(7,4)|ARAMID FIBER(7,2)|CENTRAL CONDUIT(7,2)|CONDUIT CONSTRUCTION(7,2)|ELECTRICAL PATHWAY(7,2)|EQUIVALENT WEIGHT(7,2)|INTERNAL DIAMETER(7,2)|LIGHT DIVERSION(7,2)|NITROGEN RICH OXYGEN STREAM(7,2)|PARTICULATE(7,2)|PREVENT FLUTTER(7,2)|SETTLING RATE(7,2)|SLURRY PIPELINE(7,2)|KEVLAR(6,4)|LINE PARALLEL(6,4)|TENSION FORCE(6,3)|ABRUPT REDUCTION(6,1)|AMMONIUM SULFATE PARTICLE(6,1)|ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE(6,1)|CHANGED PRECIPITATION PATTERN(6,1)|CLOUD ACTION(6,1)|CONDUIT PROTECTION(6,1)|CONDUIT RELEASE(6,1)|DAYLIGHT HOUR(6,1)|DEGASSING(6,1)|DOMINANT REGION(6,1)|EVEN MODERATE STRATOSPHERIC WIND(6,1)|EXITING CONDUIT(6,1)|FORCEFULNESS NOTION(6,1)|FUEL CONDUIT(6,1)|GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE(6,1)|GHZ FREQUENCY(6,1)|GLOBAL AVERAGE(6,1)|HEAT TRAPPING(6,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION REDUCTION(6,1)|INCLINING AXIS(6,1)|INTERPARTICLE FORCE(6,1)|JET ENGINE EXHAUST(6,1)|MOVEABLE VEHICLE(6,1)|NATURAL TENDENCY(6,1)|NONINSULATED(6,1)|OPTOELECTRONICS(6,1)|PARTICLE ABILITY(6,1)|PARTICLE DEPLETION RATE(6,1)|PARTICLE STREAM(6,1)|PARTICLE TRAVEL(6,1)|PNEUMATIC CONVEYING ARRANGEMENT(6,1)|SLIP SEAL(6,1)|SLURRY PREPARATION EQUIPMENT(6,1)|STABLE AEROSOL(6,1)|SUBMICRON SOLID PARTICLE(6,1)|SUPERCRITICAL WATER(6,1)|TIMESCALE(6,1)|TRANSMISSION DIRECTION(6,1)|TRANSMITTER SUPPLY(6,1)|TWISTING ACTION(6,1)|WIND RESISTANCE MINIMIZATION(6,1)|WINDING LESSER ANGLE(6,1)|CROSS SECTION TETHER(5,4)|COOLING WATER(5,3)|ADDITIVE FEED PUMP(5,1)|AGRICULTURE(5,1)|AIR DOWN DRAFT(5,1)|AIRFOIL(5,1)|AIRSTREAM(5,1)|ALUMINATE(5,1)|BALLOON DIAMETER(5,1)|CARRIER FLUID PH(5,1)|CHLORINE(5,1)|CHORD WIDTH(5,1)|CIRCULATION(5,1)|COLLIMATOR(5,1)|CONDUIT WALL(5,1)|CONTROL PIPELINE OSCILLATION(5,1)|DEBACTEROL(5,1)|DEHUMIDIFIER(5,1)|DESCENDING AIR(5,1)|DIFFRACTION GRATING(5,1)|DISLOCATION(5,1)|DISPENSION(5,1)|DISPERSION SYSTEM(5,1)|DRY NITROGEN(5,1)|EJECTION SYSTEM(5,1)|ELLIPSOID SHAPE CAPACITY(5,1)|ELLIPSOIDAL SHAPE(5,1)|ERUPTION(5,1)|FILLER(5,1)|FIXED ATTITUDE(5,1)|FLOWING GAS STREAM(5,1)|GROUND EQUIPMENT(5,1)||(WO2011/073650)|LOCATION ELEVATION(100,19)|SOLID PARTICLE(100,9)|REFRACTIVE INDEX(100,6)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(100,3)|SOLID PARTICLE CLOUD(100,1)|SOLID PARTICLE TRANSPORT(100,1)|DEAGGLOMERATION(92,14)|DIRIGIBLE ALTITUDE(87,1)|DISPERSION(77,21)|CLOUD(74,34)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH(68,3)|TRANSPORTING PARTICLE(67,5)|LETDOWN FACILITY(67,1)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE(64,5)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(57,2)|GLOBAL AVERAGE INCIDENT(54,1)|BALLOON(52,23)|DIOXOTITANIUM PARTICLE(52,3)|VENTURI NOZZLE(46,2)|SQUARE KILOMETER(44,1)|AIRCRAFT(42,2)|STRATOSPHERE LOCATION(42,1)|CARRIER FLUID PRESSURIZATION(38,2)|STRATOSPHERIC LOCATION(37,12)|BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION(36,3)|SILOXANE(36,3)|WINDING LESSER ANGLE(36,2)|SOLAR RADIATION ABSORPTION(35,2)|SILANE(33,3)|SULFATE GROUP(33,3)|SPOOL(29,13)|MICRONISER(29,9)|GYROSCOPIC STABILIZATION(27,2)|SUBMICRON SOLID PARTICLE SOURCE(27,1)|AIRSHIP(26,2)|WATER ABSORPTION(26,2)|PARTICULATE(24,3)|TURBINE(23,4)|LIGHTNING STRIKE CONDUCTOR(22,4)|FIBROUS MATERIAL(21,4)|TORSIONAL STIFFNESS(21,3)|GRAVITATIONAL STABILIZATION(21,2)|ARCTIC PERMAFROST MELTING(21,1)|COASTAL LAND IRRIGATION(21,1)|INSURMOUNTABLE ENGINEERING CHALLENGE(21,1)|GROUND LEVEL LOCATION(20,20)|FUEL FLUID(20,12)|CLOUD RAREFACTION(20,2)|OCEAN ACIDITY(20,2)|CLOUD SHADOW(19,2)|COATING MATERIAL(19,2)|STRATOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL INJECTION(19,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(18,6)|TROPOSPHERE(18,6)|SUPERCRITICAL FLUID(17,6)|OPTIC FIBER CABLE(17,5)|SODIUM CHLORIDE(17,4)|POLAR MOLECULE(17,3)|CONDUIT GRADUAL DESCENT(17,1)|AERODYNAMIC PRESSURE(16,8)|MEAN PARTICLE SIZE(16,3)|REINFORCING CABLE(16,3)|INTERNAL WALL(16,2)|STRENGTHENING CABLE(16,2)|VELOCITY AIR STREAM(16,2)|COOLING REGION(15,3)|JET IMPACT MILL(13,3)|REFRACTIVE INDEX PARTICLE(13,3)|CONDUCTIVE PATHWAY(13,2)|PARTICLE TRANSPORTATION(13,2)|ABRUPT DISCONTINUITY(13,1)|ALERT AIRPLANE(13,1)|CLOUD LIFETIME(13,1)|COMMUNICATION GRIND CENTER(13,1)|CONDUIT EXIT ALTITUDE(13,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED PARTICLE(13,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION MIE SCATTERING(13,1)|STABILIZING PLATFORM(13,1)|STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY(13,1)|TETHER DEFLECTION(13,1)|ELECTRICAL POWER(12,3)|AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(12,2)|CHANGING STEP(12,2)|HYDROPHOBIC COATING(12,2)|COUPLER(11,4)|LIFTING FORCE(11,3)|DEICING CAPABILITY(11,1)|EARTH CLIMATE(11,1)|GPS TRANSMITTER(11,1)|HYDROGEN PRESSURIZATION(11,1)|MELTING ARCTIC TUNDRA(11,1)|NONCONDUCTIVE CONDUIT(11,1)|ONSHORE WIND CREATION(11,1)|OXYGEN POLARISABILITY(11,1)|PARTICLE DEGRADATION ISSUE(11,1)|PAYLOAD ELECTRONICS(11,1)|PIPE DUMP TANK(11,1)|REGIONAL CLOUD(11,1)|ROCKET LAUNCH EXPENSE(11,1)|RUTILE CRYSTAL(11,1)|SUBSEA OPTIC FIBER(11,1)|SUPERCRITICAL NITROGEN CARRIER(11,1)|TELECOMMUNICATION POWER(11,1)|TELEVISUAL SERVICE(11,1)|TETHER INTEGRITY(11,1)|TETHER SHEAR(11,1)|ULTRAVIOLET PROPORTION(11,1)|UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION(11,1)|FAN(10,6)|HOOP STRESS(10,5)|FUEL GAS(10,3)|TROPOPAUSE(10,3)|COMPOSITE PIPE(10,2)|ELECTRICITY GENERATION(10,2)|LEADING EDGE(9,22)|FLAG(9,5)|PARTICLE DIAMETER(9,5)|CHEMICAL REACTION(9,2)|HYDROCARBON FLUID(9,2)|ALUMINUM STRIP(9,1)|ANATASE CRYSTAL(9,1)|CARRIER FLUID VAPOR EXPANSION(9,1)|CARRIER GAS(9,1)|CONDUIT ABRASION(9,1)|CONDUIT NARROW BORE(9,1)|CONDUIT OSCILLATION ACTIVE DAMPING(9,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSMITTER(9,1)|EMPTIED CONTAINER(9,1)|FIBER ORIENTATION(9,1)|FREQUENCY UPCONVERSION(9,1)|GRINDING JET(9,1)|ICE TENDENCY(9,1)|LIFTING BLADE(9,1)|NONCONDUCTING ABRASION RESISTANT PLASTIC(9,1)|OBSERVATION CAPABILITY(9,1)|PARTICLE CONE(9,1)|PERMEABILITY PLASTIC(9,1)|PIPE RELEASE RESTRAINT(9,1)|PRESSURIZING FLUID(9,1)|RAINFOREST LOSS(9,1)|REFLECTIVE CONE(9,1)|SHROUD BENEFIT(9,1)|SHROUD TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENT(9,1)|SLURRY MIXING(9,1)|STABLE ATTITUDE(9,1)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE HALF(9,1)|TECHNICAL CHALLENGE(9,1)|TECHNICAL HURDLE(9,1)|TEFLON LINER(9,1)|TETHER CABLE(9,1)|TETHER MASS(9,1)|TURBULENT INTENSITY(9,1)|UV SCATTERING(9,1)|AIR FLOW(8,11)|BRAID(8,4)|MOVEMENT ROTATION(8,3)|ARAMID FIBER(8,2)|CENTRAL CONDUIT(8,2)|CONDUIT CONSTRUCTION(8,2)|ELECTRICAL PATHWAY(8,2)|EQUIVALENT WEIGHT(8,2)|INTERNAL DIAMETER(8,2)|LIGHT DIVERSION(8,2)|NITROGEN RICH OXYGEN STREAM(8,2)|PREVENT FLUTTER(8,2)|SETTLING RATE(8,2)|SLURRY PIPELINE(8,2)|KEVLAR(7,4)|LINE PARALLEL(7,4)|TENSION FORCE(7,3)|AMMONIUM SULFATE PARTICLE(7,1)|ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE(7,1)|CHANGED PRECIPITATION PATTERN(7,1)|CLOUD ACTION(7,1)|CONDUIT PROTECTION(7,1)|CONDUIT RELEASE(7,1)|DAYLIGHT HOUR(7,1)|DEGASSING(7,1)|DOMINANT REGION(7,1)|EVEN MODERATE STRATOSPHERIC WIND(7,1)|EXITING CONDUIT(7,1)|FORCEFULNESS NOTION(7,1)|FUEL CONDUIT(7,1)|GHZ FREQUENCY(7,1)|HEAT TRAPPING(7,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION REDUCTION(7,1)|INTERPARTICLE FORCE(7,1)|JET ENGINE EXHAUST(7,1)|MOVEABLE VEHICLE(7,1)|NATURAL TENDENCY(7,1)|NONINSULATED(7,1)|OPTOELECTRONICS(7,1)|PARTICLE ABILITY(7,1)|PARTICLE DEPLETION RATE(7,1)|PARTICLE STREAM(7,1)|PARTICLE TRAVEL(7,1)|PNEUMATIC CONVEYING ARRANGEMENT(7,1)|SLIP SEAL(7,1)|SLURRY PREPARATION EQUIPMENT(7,1)|STABLE AEROSOL(7,1)|SUPERCRITICAL WATER(7,1)|TRANSMITTER SUPPLY(7,1)|TWISTING ACTION(7,1)|WIND RESISTANCE MINIMIZATION(7,1)|COOLING WATER(6,3)|ADDITIVE FEED PUMP(5,1)|AGRICULTURE(5,1)|AIR DOWN DRAFT(5,1)|AIRFOIL(5,1)|AIRSTREAM(5,1)|ALUMINATE(5,1)|BALLOON DIAMETER(5,1)|CARRIER FLUID PH(5,1)|CHLORINE(5,1)|CHORD WIDTH(5,1)|CIRCULATION(5,1)|COLLIMATOR(5,1)|CONDUIT WALL(5,1)|CONTROL PIPELINE OSCILLATION(5,1)|DEBACTEROL(5,1)|DEHUMIDIFIER(5,1)|DESCENDING AIR(5,1)|DIFFRACTION GRATING(5,1)|DISLOCATION(5,1)|DISPENSION(5,1)|DISPERSION SYSTEM(5,1)|DRY NITROGEN(5,1)|EJECTION SYSTEM(5,1)|ELLIPSOID SHAPE CAPACITY(5,1)|ELLIPSOIDAL SHAPE(5,1)|ERUPTION(5,1)|ETHENE(5,1)|FILLER(5,1)|FIXED ATTITUDE(5,1)|FLOWING GAS STREAM(5,1)|GROUND EQUIPMENT(5,1)||(GB2487627)|REFRACTIVE INDEX(100,4)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(100,2)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(100,2)|SOLID PARTICLE TRANSPORT(100,1)|TIMESCALE(78,1)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE(76,5)|DIRIGIBLE(75,18)|GLOBAL COOLING(74,4)|ABRUPT REDUCTION(73,1)|LOCATION ELEVATION(71,10)|DIOXOTITANIUM PARTICLE(68,3)|BALLOON(62,12)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH(58,2)|CARRIER FLUID PRESSURIZATION(50,2)|WINDING LESSER ANGLE(48,2)|TRANSPORTING PARTICLE(45,4)|STRATOSPHERIC LOCATION(33,11)|AIRSHIP(33,2)|BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION(32,2)|SILOXANE(32,2)|DEAGGLOMERATION(30,9)|TURBINE(30,4)|CONDUIT WALL(30,3)|SPOOL(27,8)|FIBROUS MATERIAL(27,4)|ARCTIC PERMAFROST MELTING(27,1)|COASTAL LAND IRRIGATION(27,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(26,7)|CLOUD RAREFACTION(26,2)|LET DOWN FACILITY(26,2)|OCEAN ACIDITY(26,2)|CLOUD SHADOW(25,2)|STRATOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL INJECTION(25,1)|MICRONISER(23,8)|TROPOSPHERE(23,6)|COOLING REGION(23,4)|CONDUIT GRADUAL DESCENT(22,1)|INTERNAL WALL(21,2)|VELOCITY AIR STREAM(21,2)|CARRIER AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(20,1)|GROUND LEVEL LOCATION(18,7)|REFRACTIVE INDEX PARTICLE(17,3)|ELECTRICAL POWER(17,2)|PARTICLE TRANSPORTATION(17,2)|ABRUPT DISCONTINUITY(17,1)|CLOUD LIFETIME(17,1)|COATING MATERIAL(17,1)|CONDUIT EXIT ALTITUDE(17,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED PARTICLE(17,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION MIE SCATTERING(17,1)|STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY(17,1)|CHANGING STEP(16,2)|HYDROPHOBIC COATING(16,2)|LIFTING FORCE(16,2)|EARTH CLIMATE(15,1)|ENGINEERING CHALLENGE(15,1)|MELTING ARCTIC TUNDRA(15,1)|ONSHORE WIND CREATION(15,1)|OXYGEN POLARISABILITY(15,1)|PARTICLE DEGRADATION ISSUE(15,1)|PIPE DUMP TANK(15,1)|REGIONAL CLOUD(15,1)|RUTILE CRYSTAL(15,1)|ULTRAVIOLET PROPORTION(15,1)|SODIUM CHLORIDE(14,3)|JET IMPACT MILL(14,2)|MEAN PARTICLE SIZE(14,2)|FAN(13,6)|HOOP STRESS(13,5)|FUEL GAS(13,3)|ANATASE CRYSTAL(12,1)|CARRIER FLUID VAPOR EXPANSION(12,1)|CARRIER GAS(12,1)|CONDUIT ABRASION(12,1)|CONDUIT NARROW BORE(12,1)|CONDUIT OSCILLATION ACTIVE DAMPING(12,1)|EMPTIED CONTAINER(12,1)|FIBER ORIENTATION(12,1)|GRINDING JET(12,1)|ICE TENDENCY(12,1)|PARTICLE CONE(12,1)|PIPE RELEASE RESTRAINT(12,1)|PRESSURIZING FLUID(12,1)|RAINFOREST LOSS(12,1)|SLURRY MIXING(12,1)|TURBULENT INTENSITY(12,1)|VENTURI NOZZLE(12,1)|BRAID(11,4)|LINE PARALLEL(10,4)|CONDUIT CONSTRUCTION(10,2)|NITROGEN RICH OXYGEN STREAM(10,2)|SETTLING RATE(10,2)|SLURRY PIPELINE(10,2)|SOLID PARTICLE(10,2)|SUBMICRON(10,2)|TROPOPAUSE(10,2)|AMMONIUM SULFATE PARTICLE(10,1)|ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE(10,1)|CHANGED PRECIPITATION PATTERN(10,1)|CLOUD ACTION(10,1)|COMPOSITE PIPE(10,1)|CONDUIT PROTECTION(10,1)|CONDUIT RELEASE(10,1)|DAYLIGHT HOUR(10,1)|DEGASSING(10,1)|DOMINANT REGION(10,1)|EVEN MODERATE STRATOSPHERIC WIND(10,1)|EXITING CONDUIT(10,1)|HEAT TRAPPING(10,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION REDUCTION(10,1)|INTERPARTICLE FORCE(10,1)|IO DEPLETION RATE(10,1)|IO SUPERCRITICAL FLUID(10,1)|JET ENGINE EXHAUST(10,1)|NARROW CONDUIT(10,1)|PARTICLE ABILITY(10,1)|PARTICLE DEPLETION RATE(10,1)|PARTICLE STREAM(10,1)|PARTICLE TRAVEL(10,1)|PNEUMATIC CONVEYING ARRANGEMENT(10,1)|SLURRY PREPARATION EQUIPMENT(10,1)|STABLE AEROSOL(10,1)|COOLING WATER(8,3)|INFRARED RADIATION(8,3)|PARTICLE DIAMETER(8,2)|ADDITIVE FEED PUMP(7,1)|AGRICULTURE(7,1)|AIR DOWN DRAFT(7,1)|AIRSTREAM(7,1)|ALUMINATE(7,1)|ARAMID FIBER(7,1)|AUTHOR(7,1)||(GB2487627)|REFRACTIVE INDEX(100,4)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(100,2)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(100,2)|SOLID PARTICLE TRANSPORT(100,1)|TIMESCALE(78,1)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE(76,5)|DIRIGIBLE(75,18)|GLOBAL COOLING(74,4)|ABRUPT REDUCTION(73,1)|LOCATION ELEVATION(71,10)|DIOXOTITANIUM PARTICLE(68,3)|BALLOON(62,12)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH(58,2)|CARRIER FLUID PRESSURIZATION(50,2)|WINDING LESSER ANGLE(48,2)|TRANSPORTING PARTICLE(45,4)|STRATOSPHERIC LOCATION(33,11)|AIRSHIP(33,2)|BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION(32,2)|SILOXANE(32,2)|DEAGGLOMERATION(30,9)|TURBINE(30,4)|CONDUIT WALL(30,3)|SPOOL(27,8)|FIBROUS MATERIAL(27,4)|ARCTIC PERMAFROST MELTING(27,1)|COASTAL LAND IRRIGATION(27,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(26,7)|CLOUD RAREFACTION(26,2)|LET DOWN FACILITY(26,2)|OCEAN ACIDITY(26,2)|CLOUD SHADOW(25,2)|STRATOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL INJECTION(25,1)|MICRONISER(23,8)|TROPOSPHERE(23,6)|COOLING REGION(23,4)|CONDUIT GRADUAL DESCENT(22,1)|INTERNAL WALL(21,2)|VELOCITY AIR STREAM(21,2)|CARRIER AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(20,1)|GROUND LEVEL LOCATION(18,7)|REFRACTIVE INDEX PARTICLE(17,3)|ELECTRICAL POWER(17,2)|PARTICLE TRANSPORTATION(17,2)|ABRUPT DISCONTINUITY(17,1)|CLOUD LIFETIME(17,1)|COATING MATERIAL(17,1)|CONDUIT EXIT ALTITUDE(17,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED PARTICLE(17,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION MIE SCATTERING(17,1)|STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY(17,1)|CHANGING STEP(16,2)|HYDROPHOBIC COATING(16,2)|LIFTING FORCE(16,2)|EARTH CLIMATE(15,1)|ENGINEERING CHALLENGE(15,1)|MELTING ARCTIC TUNDRA(15,1)|ONSHORE WIND CREATION(15,1)|OXYGEN POLARISABILITY(15,1)|PARTICLE DEGRADATION ISSUE(15,1)|PIPE DUMP TANK(15,1)|REGIONAL CLOUD(15,1)|RUTILE CRYSTAL(15,1)|ULTRAVIOLET PROPORTION(15,1)|SODIUM CHLORIDE(14,3)|JET IMPACT MILL(14,2)|MEAN PARTICLE SIZE(14,2)|FAN(13,6)|HOOP STRESS(13,5)|FUEL GAS(13,3)|ANATASE CRYSTAL(12,1)|CARRIER FLUID VAPOR EXPANSION(12,1)|CARRIER GAS(12,1)|CONDUIT ABRASION(12,1)|CONDUIT NARROW BORE(12,1)|CONDUIT OSCILLATION ACTIVE DAMPING(12,1)|EMPTIED CONTAINER(12,1)|FIBER ORIENTATION(12,1)|GRINDING JET(12,1)|ICE TENDENCY(12,1)|PARTICLE CONE(12,1)|PIPE RELEASE RESTRAINT(12,1)|PRESSURIZING FLUID(12,1)|RAINFOREST LOSS(12,1)|SLURRY MIXING(12,1)|TURBULENT INTENSITY(12,1)|VENTURI NOZZLE(12,1)|BRAID(11,4)|LINE PARALLEL(10,4)|CONDUIT CONSTRUCTION(10,2)|NITROGEN RICH OXYGEN STREAM(10,2)|SETTLING RATE(10,2)|SLURRY PIPELINE(10,2)|SOLID PARTICLE(10,2)|SUBMICRON(10,2)|TROPOPAUSE(10,2)|AMMONIUM SULFATE PARTICLE(10,1)|ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE(10,1)|CHANGED PRECIPITATION PATTERN(10,1)|CLOUD ACTION(10,1)|COMPOSITE PIPE(10,1)|CONDUIT PROTECTION(10,1)|CONDUIT RELEASE(10,1)|DAYLIGHT HOUR(10,1)|DEGASSING(10,1)|DOMINANT REGION(10,1)|EVEN MODERATE STRATOSPHERIC WIND(10,1)|EXITING CONDUIT(10,1)|HEAT TRAPPING(10,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION REDUCTION(10,1)|INTERPARTICLE FORCE(10,1)|IO DEPLETION RATE(10,1)|IO SUPERCRITICAL FLUID(10,1)|JET ENGINE EXHAUST(10,1)|NARROW CONDUIT(10,1)|PARTICLE ABILITY(10,1)|PARTICLE DEPLETION RATE(10,1)|PARTICLE STREAM(10,1)|PARTICLE TRAVEL(10,1)|PNEUMATIC CONVEYING ARRANGEMENT(10,1)|SLURRY PREPARATION EQUIPMENT(10,1)|STABLE AEROSOL(10,1)|COOLING WATER(8,3)|INFRARED RADIATION(8,3)|PARTICLE DIAMETER(8,2)|ADDITIVE FEED PUMP(7,1)|AGRICULTURE(7,1)|AIR DOWN DRAFT(7,1)|AIRSTREAM(7,1)|ALUMINATE(7,1)|ARAMID FIBER(7,1)|AUTHOR(7,1)||(GB2487287)|AIRCRAFT(100,16)|GLOBAL COOLING(100,5)|STRATOSPHERE LOCATION(100,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED SOLID PARTICLE(79,1)|SUBMICRON SOLID PARTICLE(69,1)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(67,2)|DISPERSING PARTICLE(62,1)|DEAGGLOMERATION(58,11)|DISPERSION(52,17)|TIMESCALE(52,1)|ABRUPT REDUCTION(49,1)|DIOXOTITANIUM PARTICLE(45,3)|SUBMICRON SOLID PARTICLE SOURCE(42,1)|STRATOSPHERE(40,18)|VENTURI NOZZLE(40,2)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH(39,2)|REFRACTIVE INDEX(32,4)|SOLID PARTICLE(32,3)|MICRONISER(25,9)|BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION(21,2)|SILOXANE(21,2)|STRATOSPHERIC LOCATION(20,9)|ARCTIC PERMAFROST MELTING(18,1)|COASTAL LAND IRRIGATION(18,1)|CLOUD RAREFACTION(17,2)|OCEAN ACIDITY(17,2)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(16,6)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE(16,3)|CLOUD SHADOW(16,2)|STRATOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL INJECTION(16,1)|VELOCITY AIR STREAM(14,2)|TROPOSPHERE(12,4)|JET IMPACT MILL(11,3)|REFRACTIVE INDEX PARTICLE(11,3)|ABRUPT DISCONTINUITY(11,1)|CLOUD LIFETIME(11,1)|COATING MATERIAL(11,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED PARTICLE(11,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION MIE SCATTERING(11,1)|STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY(11,1)|DIRIGIBLE(10,4)|COOLING REGION(10,2)|HYDROPHOBIC COATING(10,2)|EARTH CLIMATE(10,1)|IO DIFFICULTY(10,1)|MELTING ARCTIC TUNDRA(10,1)|ONSHORE WIND CREATION(10,1)|OXYGEN POLARISABILITY(10,1)|PARTICLE DEGRADATION ISSUE(10,1)|PIPE DUMP TANK(10,1)|REGIONAL CLOUD(10,1)|RUTILE CRYSTAL(10,1)|ULTRAVIOLET PROPORTION(10,1)|SODIUM CHLORIDE(9,3)|MEAN PARTICLE SIZE(9,2)|FAN(8,6)|TURBINE(8,3)|ANATASE CRYSTAL(8,1)|CARRIER FLUID VAPOR EXPANSION(8,1)|CARRIER GAS(8,1)|FIBER ORIENTATION(8,1)|GRINDING JET(8,1)|ICE TENDENCY(8,1)|IO CONDUIT(8,1)|PARTICLE CONE(8,1)|PIPE RELEASE RESTRAINT(8,1)|RAINFOREST LOSS(8,1)|SLURRY MIXING(8,1)|TURBULENT INTENSITY(8,1)|BRAID(7,4)|SHIP(7,4)|CONDUIT CONSTRUCTION(7,2)|SETTLING RATE(7,2)|SLURRY PIPELINE(7,2)|TROPOPAUSE(7,2)|SPOOL(6,3)|AMMONIUM SULFATE PARTICLE(6,1)|ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE(6,1)|CHANGED PRECIPITATION PATTERN(6,1)|CLOUD ACTION(6,1)|COMPOSITE PIPE(6,1)|DAYLIGHT HOUR(6,1)|DEGASSING(6,1)|DOMINANT REGION(6,1)|EVEN MODERATE STRATOSPHERIC WIND(6,1)|HEAT TRAPPING(6,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION REDUCTION(6,1)|INTERPARTICLE FORCE(6,1)|IO ELEVATED LOCATION(6,1)|JET ENGINE EXHAUST(6,1)|PARTICLE ABILITY(6,1)|PARTICLE DEPLETION RATE(6,1)|PARTICLE STREAM(6,1)|PARTICLE TRAVEL(6,1)|SLURRY PREPARATION EQUIPMENT(6,1)|STABLE AEROSOL(6,1)|TRANSPORTING PARTICLE(6,1)|COOLING WATER(5,3)|PARTICLE DIAMETER(5,2)|ADDITIVE FEED PUMP(5,1)|AGRICULTURE(5,1)|AIR DOWN DRAFT(5,1)|AIRSTREAM(5,1)|ALTITUDE(5,1)|ALUMINATE(5,1)|BALLOON DIAMETER(5,1)|CHLORINE(5,1)|CIRCULATION(5,1)|CONTROL PIPELINE OSCILLATION(5,1)||(GB2487287)|AIRCRAFT(100,16)|GLOBAL COOLING(100,5)|STRATOSPHERE LOCATION(100,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED SOLID PARTICLE(79,1)|SUBMICRON SOLID PARTICLE(69,1)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(67,2)|DISPERSING PARTICLE(62,1)|DEAGGLOMERATION(58,11)|DISPERSION(52,17)|TIMESCALE(52,1)|ABRUPT REDUCTION(49,1)|DIOXOTITANIUM PARTICLE(45,3)|SUBMICRON SOLID PARTICLE SOURCE(42,1)|STRATOSPHERE(40,18)|VENTURI NOZZLE(40,2)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH(39,2)|REFRACTIVE INDEX(32,4)|SOLID PARTICLE(32,3)|MICRONISER(25,9)|BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION(21,2)|SILOXANE(21,2)|STRATOSPHERIC LOCATION(20,9)|ARCTIC PERMAFROST MELTING(18,1)|COASTAL LAND IRRIGATION(18,1)|CLOUD RAREFACTION(17,2)|OCEAN ACIDITY(17,2)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(16,6)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE(16,3)|CLOUD SHADOW(16,2)|STRATOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL INJECTION(16,1)|VELOCITY AIR STREAM(14,2)|TROPOSPHERE(12,4)|JET IMPACT MILL(11,3)|REFRACTIVE INDEX PARTICLE(11,3)|ABRUPT DISCONTINUITY(11,1)|CLOUD LIFETIME(11,1)|COATING MATERIAL(11,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED PARTICLE(11,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION MIE SCATTERING(11,1)|STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY(11,1)|DIRIGIBLE(10,4)|COOLING REGION(10,2)|HYDROPHOBIC COATING(10,2)|EARTH CLIMATE(10,1)|IO DIFFICULTY(10,1)|MELTING ARCTIC TUNDRA(10,1)|ONSHORE WIND CREATION(10,1)|OXYGEN POLARISABILITY(10,1)|PARTICLE DEGRADATION ISSUE(10,1)|PIPE DUMP TANK(10,1)|REGIONAL CLOUD(10,1)|RUTILE CRYSTAL(10,1)|ULTRAVIOLET PROPORTION(10,1)|SODIUM CHLORIDE(9,3)|MEAN PARTICLE SIZE(9,2)|FAN(8,6)|TURBINE(8,3)|ANATASE CRYSTAL(8,1)|CARRIER FLUID VAPOR EXPANSION(8,1)|CARRIER GAS(8,1)|FIBER ORIENTATION(8,1)|GRINDING JET(8,1)|ICE TENDENCY(8,1)|IO CONDUIT(8,1)|PARTICLE CONE(8,1)|PIPE RELEASE RESTRAINT(8,1)|RAINFOREST LOSS(8,1)|SLURRY MIXING(8,1)|TURBULENT INTENSITY(8,1)|BRAID(7,4)|SHIP(7,4)|CONDUIT CONSTRUCTION(7,2)|SETTLING RATE(7,2)|SLURRY PIPELINE(7,2)|TROPOPAUSE(7,2)|SPOOL(6,3)|AMMONIUM SULFATE PARTICLE(6,1)|ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE(6,1)|CHANGED PRECIPITATION PATTERN(6,1)|CLOUD ACTION(6,1)|COMPOSITE PIPE(6,1)|DAYLIGHT HOUR(6,1)|DEGASSING(6,1)|DOMINANT REGION(6,1)|EVEN MODERATE STRATOSPHERIC WIND(6,1)|HEAT TRAPPING(6,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION REDUCTION(6,1)|INTERPARTICLE FORCE(6,1)|IO ELEVATED LOCATION(6,1)|JET ENGINE EXHAUST(6,1)|PARTICLE ABILITY(6,1)|PARTICLE DEPLETION RATE(6,1)|PARTICLE STREAM(6,1)|PARTICLE TRAVEL(6,1)|SLURRY PREPARATION EQUIPMENT(6,1)|STABLE AEROSOL(6,1)|TRANSPORTING PARTICLE(6,1)|COOLING WATER(5,3)|PARTICLE DIAMETER(5,2)|ADDITIVE FEED PUMP(5,1)|AGRICULTURE(5,1)|AIR DOWN DRAFT(5,1)|AIRSTREAM(5,1)|ALTITUDE(5,1)|ALUMINATE(5,1)|BALLOON DIAMETER(5,1)|CHLORINE(5,1)|CIRCULATION(5,1)|CONTROL PIPELINE OSCILLATION(5,1)||(GB2476518)|DEAGGLOMERATION(100,13)|COOLING(100,5)|GLOBAL COOLING(100,4)|SOLID PARTICLE(100,3)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(100,2)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(91,2)|DISPERSION(84,20)|LOCATION ELEVATION(81,19)|TRANSPORTING PARTICLE(80,5)|DIOXOTITANIUM PARTICLE(62,3)|BALLOON(57,13)|VENTURI NOZZLE(55,2)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE(54,4)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH(53,2)|CARRIER FLUID PRESSURIZATION(45,2)|WINDING LESSER ANGLE(44,2)|MICRONISER(34,9)|AIRSHIP(31,2)|STRATOSPHERIC LOCATION(29,10)|BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION(29,2)|SILOXANE(29,2)|CONDUIT WALL(28,3)|TURBINE(27,4)|SPOOL(25,9)|FIBROUS MATERIAL(25,4)|ARCTIC PERMAFROST MELTING(25,1)|COASTAL LAND IRRIGATION(25,1)|CLOUD RAREFACTION(24,2)|LET DOWN FACILITY(24,2)|OCEAN ACIDITY(24,2)|STRATOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL INJECTION(23,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(22,6)|CLOUD SHADOW(22,2)|TROPOSPHERE(21,6)|SUPERCRITICAL FLUID(20,7)|CONDUIT GRADUAL DESCENT(20,1)|DIRIGIBLE ALTITUDE(20,1)|INTERNAL WALL(19,2)|VELOCITY AIR STREAM(19,2)|COOLING REGION(18,3)|GROUND LEVEL LOCATION(16,10)|JET IMPACT MILL(16,3)|REFRACTIVE INDEX PARTICLE(16,3)|ELECTRICAL POWER(16,2)|PARTICLE TRANSPORTATION(16,2)|ABRUPT DISCONTINUITY(16,1)|CLOUD LIFETIME(16,1)|COATING MATERIAL(16,1)|CONDUIT EXIT ALTITUDE(16,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED PARTICLE(16,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION MIE SCATTERING(16,1)|STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY(16,1)|AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(14,2)|CHANGING STEP(14,2)|HYDROPHOBIC COATING(14,2)|LIFTING FORCE(14,2)|SODIUM CHLORIDE(13,3)|MEAN PARTICLE SIZE(13,2)|EARTH CLIMATE(13,1)|ENGINEERING CHALLENGE(13,1)|MELTING ARCTIC TUNDRA(13,1)|ONSHORE WIND CREATION(13,1)|OXYGEN POLARISABILITY(13,1)|PARTICLE DEGRADATION ISSUE(13,1)|PIPE DUMP TANK(13,1)|REGIONAL CLOUD(13,1)|RUTILE CRYSTAL(13,1)|ULTRAVIOLET PROPORTION(13,1)|FAN(12,6)|HOOP STRESS(12,5)|FUEL GAS(12,3)|ANATASE CRYSTAL(11,1)|BROWNIAN MOTION IO(11,1)|CARRIER FLUID VAPOR EXPANSION(11,1)|CARRIER GAS(11,1)|CONDUIT ABRASION(11,1)|CONDUIT NARROW BORE(11,1)|CONDUIT OSCILLATION ACTIVE DAMPING(11,1)|EMPTIED CONTAINER(11,1)|FIBER ORIENTATION(11,1)|GRINDING JET(11,1)|ICE TENDENCY(11,1)|PARTICLE CONE(11,1)|PIPE RELEASE RESTRAINT(11,1)|PRESSURIZING FLUID(11,1)|RAINFOREST LOSS(11,1)|SLURRY MIXING(11,1)|TURBULENT INTENSITY(11,1)|BRAID(10,4)|LINE PARALLEL(9,4)|CONDUIT CONSTRUCTION(9,2)|NITROGEN RICH OXYGEN STREAM(9,2)|SETTLING RATE(9,2)|SLURRY PIPELINE(9,2)|TROPOPAUSE(9,2)|AMMONIUM SULFATE PARTICLE(9,1)|ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE(9,1)|CHANGED PRECIPITATION PATTERN(9,1)|CLOUD ACTION(9,1)|COMPOSITE PIPE(9,1)|CONDUIT PROTECTION(9,1)|CONDUIT RELEASE(9,1)|DAYLIGHT HOUR(9,1)|DEGASSING(9,1)|DOMINANT REGION(9,1)|EVEN MODERATE STRATOSPHERIC WIND(9,1)|EXITING CONDUIT(9,1)|HEAT TRAPPING(9,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION REDUCTION(9,1)|INTERPARTICLE FORCE(9,1)|JET ENGINE EXHAUST(9,1)|NARROW CONDUIT(9,1)|PARTICLE ABILITY(9,1)|PARTICLE DEPLETION RATE(9,1)|PARTICLE STREAM(9,1)|PARTICLE TRAVEL(9,1)|PNEUMATIC CONVEYING ARRANGEMENT(9,1)|SLURRY PREPARATION EQUIPMENT(9,1)|STABLE AEROSOL(9,1)|COOLING WATER(8,3)|PARTICLE DIAMETER(8,2)|ADDITIVE FEED PUMP(6,1)|AGRICULTURE(6,1)|AIR DOWN DRAFT(6,1)|AIRSTREAM(6,1)|ALUMINATE(6,1)||(GB2476518)|DEAGGLOMERATION(100,13)|COOLING(100,5)|GLOBAL COOLING(100,4)|SOLID PARTICLE(100,3)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(100,2)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(91,2)|DISPERSION(84,20)|LOCATION ELEVATION(81,19)|TRANSPORTING PARTICLE(80,5)|DIOXOTITANIUM PARTICLE(62,3)|BALLOON(57,13)|VENTURI NOZZLE(55,2)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE(54,4)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH(53,2)|CARRIER FLUID PRESSURIZATION(45,2)|WINDING LESSER ANGLE(44,2)|MICRONISER(34,9)|AIRSHIP(31,2)|STRATOSPHERIC LOCATION(29,10)|BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION(29,2)|SILOXANE(29,2)|CONDUIT WALL(28,3)|TURBINE(27,4)|SPOOL(25,9)|FIBROUS MATERIAL(25,4)|ARCTIC PERMAFROST MELTING(25,1)|COASTAL LAND IRRIGATION(25,1)|CLOUD RAREFACTION(24,2)|LET DOWN FACILITY(24,2)|OCEAN ACIDITY(24,2)|STRATOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL INJECTION(23,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(22,6)|CLOUD SHADOW(22,2)|TROPOSPHERE(21,6)|SUPERCRITICAL FLUID(20,7)|CONDUIT GRADUAL DESCENT(20,1)|DIRIGIBLE ALTITUDE(20,1)|INTERNAL WALL(19,2)|VELOCITY AIR STREAM(19,2)|COOLING REGION(18,3)|GROUND LEVEL LOCATION(16,10)|JET IMPACT MILL(16,3)|REFRACTIVE INDEX PARTICLE(16,3)|ELECTRICAL POWER(16,2)|PARTICLE TRANSPORTATION(16,2)|ABRUPT DISCONTINUITY(16,1)|CLOUD LIFETIME(16,1)|COATING MATERIAL(16,1)|CONDUIT EXIT ALTITUDE(16,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED PARTICLE(16,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION MIE SCATTERING(16,1)|STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY(16,1)|AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(14,2)|CHANGING STEP(14,2)|HYDROPHOBIC COATING(14,2)|LIFTING FORCE(14,2)|SODIUM CHLORIDE(13,3)|MEAN PARTICLE SIZE(13,2)|EARTH CLIMATE(13,1)|ENGINEERING CHALLENGE(13,1)|MELTING ARCTIC TUNDRA(13,1)|ONSHORE WIND CREATION(13,1)|OXYGEN POLARISABILITY(13,1)|PARTICLE DEGRADATION ISSUE(13,1)|PIPE DUMP TANK(13,1)|REGIONAL CLOUD(13,1)|RUTILE CRYSTAL(13,1)|ULTRAVIOLET PROPORTION(13,1)|FAN(12,6)|HOOP STRESS(12,5)|FUEL GAS(12,3)|ANATASE CRYSTAL(11,1)|BROWNIAN MOTION IO(11,1)|CARRIER FLUID VAPOR EXPANSION(11,1)|CARRIER GAS(11,1)|CONDUIT ABRASION(11,1)|CONDUIT NARROW BORE(11,1)|CONDUIT OSCILLATION ACTIVE DAMPING(11,1)|EMPTIED CONTAINER(11,1)|FIBER ORIENTATION(11,1)|GRINDING JET(11,1)|ICE TENDENCY(11,1)|PARTICLE CONE(11,1)|PIPE RELEASE RESTRAINT(11,1)|PRESSURIZING FLUID(11,1)|RAINFOREST LOSS(11,1)|SLURRY MIXING(11,1)|TURBULENT INTENSITY(11,1)|BRAID(10,4)|LINE PARALLEL(9,4)|CONDUIT CONSTRUCTION(9,2)|NITROGEN RICH OXYGEN STREAM(9,2)|SETTLING RATE(9,2)|SLURRY PIPELINE(9,2)|TROPOPAUSE(9,2)|AMMONIUM SULFATE PARTICLE(9,1)|ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE(9,1)|CHANGED PRECIPITATION PATTERN(9,1)|CLOUD ACTION(9,1)|COMPOSITE PIPE(9,1)|CONDUIT PROTECTION(9,1)|CONDUIT RELEASE(9,1)|DAYLIGHT HOUR(9,1)|DEGASSING(9,1)|DOMINANT REGION(9,1)|EVEN MODERATE STRATOSPHERIC WIND(9,1)|EXITING CONDUIT(9,1)|HEAT TRAPPING(9,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION REDUCTION(9,1)|INTERPARTICLE FORCE(9,1)|JET ENGINE EXHAUST(9,1)|NARROW CONDUIT(9,1)|PARTICLE ABILITY(9,1)|PARTICLE DEPLETION RATE(9,1)|PARTICLE STREAM(9,1)|PARTICLE TRAVEL(9,1)|PNEUMATIC CONVEYING ARRANGEMENT(9,1)|SLURRY PREPARATION EQUIPMENT(9,1)|STABLE AEROSOL(9,1)|COOLING WATER(8,3)|PARTICLE DIAMETER(8,2)|ADDITIVE FEED PUMP(6,1)|AGRICULTURE(6,1)|AIR DOWN DRAFT(6,1)|AIRSTREAM(6,1)|ALUMINATE(6,1)||(GB2487289)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(100,3)|SOLAR RADIATION(100,3)|GLOBAL AVERAGE INCIDENT(100,1)|SUBMICRON SOLID PARTICLE(61,1)|DIOXOTITANIUM PARTICLE(40,3)|DIRIGIBLE(39,17)|VENTURI NOZZLE(35,2)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH(34,2)|BALLOON(31,11)|CARRIER FLUID PRESSURIZATION(29,2)|REFRACTIVE INDEX(28,4)|WINDING LESSER ANGLE(28,2)|DISPERSION(27,17)|DEAGGLOMERATION(27,10)|TRANSPORTING PARTICLE(27,4)|MICRONISER(22,9)|AIRSHIP(20,2)|GLOBAL COOLING(20,2)|STRATOSPHERIC LOCATION(19,11)|BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION(19,2)|CONDUIT WALL(18,3)|SPOOL(16,8)|FIBROUS MATERIAL(16,4)|ARCTIC PERMAFROST MELTING(16,1)|COASTAL LAND IRRIGATION(16,1)|CLOUD RAREFACTION(15,2)|OCEAN ACIDITY(15,2)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(14,6)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE(14,3)|CLOUD SHADOW(14,2)|STRATOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL INJECTION(14,1)|SUPERCRITICAL FLUID(13,7)|CONDUIT GRADUAL DESCENT(13,1)|TROPOSPHERE(12,5)|INTERNAL WALL(12,2)|VELOCITY AIR STREAM(12,2)|JET IMPACT MILL(10,3)|REFRACTIVE INDEX PARTICLE(10,3)|ELECTRICAL POWER(10,2)|ABRUPT DISCONTINUITY(10,1)|CLOUD LIFETIME(10,1)|COATING MATERIAL(10,1)|CONDUIT EXIT ALTITUDE(10,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED PARTICLE(10,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION MIE SCATTERING(10,1)|STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY(10,1)|AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(9,2)|CHANGING STEP(9,2)|HYDROPHOBIC COATING(9,2)|LIFTING FORCE(9,2)|GROUND LEVEL LOCATION(8,8)|HOOP STRESS(8,5)|LOCATION ELEVATION(8,4)|MEAN PARTICLE SIZE(8,2)|EARTH CLIMATE(8,1)|ENGINEERING CHALLENGE(8,1)|MELTING ARCTIC TUNDRA(8,1)|ONSHORE WIND CREATION(8,1)|OXYGEN POLARISABILITY(8,1)|PARTICLE DEGRADATION ISSUE(8,1)|PIPE DUMP TANK(8,1)|REGIONAL CLOUD(8,1)|RUTILE CRYSTAL(8,1)|SILO XANES(8,1)|ULTRAVIOLET PROPORTION(8,1)|FAN(7,6)|FUEL GAS(7,3)|TURBINE(7,3)|ANATASE CRYSTAL(7,1)|CARRIER FLUID VAPOR EXPANSION(7,1)|CARRIER GAS(7,1)|CONDUIT ABRASION(7,1)|CONDUIT NARROW BORE(7,1)|CONDUIT OSCILLATION ACTIVE DAMPING(7,1)|EMPTIED CONTAINER(7,1)|FIBER ORIENTATION(7,1)|GRINDING JET(7,1)|ICE TENDENCY(7,1)|PARTICLE CONE(7,1)|PARTICLE TRANSPORTATION(7,1)|PIPE RELEASE RESTRAINT(7,1)|PRESSURIZING FLUID(7,1)|RAINFOREST LOSS(7,1)|SLURRY MIXING(7,1)|TURBULENT INTENSITY(7,1)|BRAID(6,4)|CONDUIT CONSTRUCTION(6,2)|NITROGEN RICH OXYGEN STREAM(6,2)|SETTLING RATE(6,2)|SLURRY PIPELINE(6,2)|SOLID PARTICLE(6,2)|LINE PARALLEL(5,4)|COOLING WATER(5,3)|PARTICLE DIAMETER(5,2)|AMMONIUM SULFATE PARTICLE(5,1)|ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE(5,1)|CHANGED PRECIPITATION PATTERN(5,1)|CLOUD ACTION(5,1)|COMPOSITE PIPE(5,1)|CONDUIT PROTECTION(5,1)|CONDUIT RELEASE(5,1)|DEGASSING(5,1)|DOMINANT REGION(5,1)|EVEN MODERATE STRATOSPHERIC WIND(5,1)|EXITING CONDUIT(5,1)|HEAT TRAPPING(5,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION REDUCTION(5,1)|INTERPARTICLE FORCE(5,1)|JET ENGINE EXHAUST(5,1)|NARROW CONDUIT(5,1)|PARTICLE ABILITY(5,1)|PARTICLE STREAM(5,1)|PARTICLE TRAVEL(5,1)|PNEUMATIC CONVEYING ARRANGEMENT(5,1)|SLURRY PREPARATION EQUIPMENT(5,1)|STABLE AEROSOL(5,1)|ADDITIVE FEED PUMP(4,1)|AGRICULTURE(4,1)|AIR DOWN DRAFT(4,1)|AIRSTREAM(4,1)|ALUMINATE(4,1)||(GB2487289)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(100,3)|SOLAR RADIATION(100,3)|GLOBAL AVERAGE INCIDENT(100,1)|SUBMICRON SOLID PARTICLE(61,1)|DIOXOTITANIUM PARTICLE(40,3)|DIRIGIBLE(39,17)|VENTURI NOZZLE(35,2)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH(34,2)|BALLOON(31,11)|CARRIER FLUID PRESSURIZATION(29,2)|REFRACTIVE INDEX(28,4)|WINDING LESSER ANGLE(28,2)|DISPERSION(27,17)|DEAGGLOMERATION(27,10)|TRANSPORTING PARTICLE(27,4)|MICRONISER(22,9)|AIRSHIP(20,2)|GLOBAL COOLING(20,2)|STRATOSPHERIC LOCATION(19,11)|BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION(19,2)|CONDUIT WALL(18,3)|SPOOL(16,8)|FIBROUS MATERIAL(16,4)|ARCTIC PERMAFROST MELTING(16,1)|COASTAL LAND IRRIGATION(16,1)|CLOUD RAREFACTION(15,2)|OCEAN ACIDITY(15,2)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(14,6)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE(14,3)|CLOUD SHADOW(14,2)|STRATOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL INJECTION(14,1)|SUPERCRITICAL FLUID(13,7)|CONDUIT GRADUAL DESCENT(13,1)|TROPOSPHERE(12,5)|INTERNAL WALL(12,2)|VELOCITY AIR STREAM(12,2)|JET IMPACT MILL(10,3)|REFRACTIVE INDEX PARTICLE(10,3)|ELECTRICAL POWER(10,2)|ABRUPT DISCONTINUITY(10,1)|CLOUD LIFETIME(10,1)|COATING MATERIAL(10,1)|CONDUIT EXIT ALTITUDE(10,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED PARTICLE(10,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION MIE SCATTERING(10,1)|STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY(10,1)|AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(9,2)|CHANGING STEP(9,2)|HYDROPHOBIC COATING(9,2)|LIFTING FORCE(9,2)|GROUND LEVEL LOCATION(8,8)|HOOP STRESS(8,5)|LOCATION ELEVATION(8,4)|MEAN PARTICLE SIZE(8,2)|EARTH CLIMATE(8,1)|ENGINEERING CHALLENGE(8,1)|MELTING ARCTIC TUNDRA(8,1)|ONSHORE WIND CREATION(8,1)|OXYGEN POLARISABILITY(8,1)|PARTICLE DEGRADATION ISSUE(8,1)|PIPE DUMP TANK(8,1)|REGIONAL CLOUD(8,1)|RUTILE CRYSTAL(8,1)|SILO XANES(8,1)|ULTRAVIOLET PROPORTION(8,1)|FAN(7,6)|FUEL GAS(7,3)|TURBINE(7,3)|ANATASE CRYSTAL(7,1)|CARRIER FLUID VAPOR EXPANSION(7,1)|CARRIER GAS(7,1)|CONDUIT ABRASION(7,1)|CONDUIT NARROW BORE(7,1)|CONDUIT OSCILLATION ACTIVE DAMPING(7,1)|EMPTIED CONTAINER(7,1)|FIBER ORIENTATION(7,1)|GRINDING JET(7,1)|ICE TENDENCY(7,1)|PARTICLE CONE(7,1)|PARTICLE TRANSPORTATION(7,1)|PIPE RELEASE RESTRAINT(7,1)|PRESSURIZING FLUID(7,1)|RAINFOREST LOSS(7,1)|SLURRY MIXING(7,1)|TURBULENT INTENSITY(7,1)|BRAID(6,4)|CONDUIT CONSTRUCTION(6,2)|NITROGEN RICH OXYGEN STREAM(6,2)|SETTLING RATE(6,2)|SLURRY PIPELINE(6,2)|SOLID PARTICLE(6,2)|LINE PARALLEL(5,4)|COOLING WATER(5,3)|PARTICLE DIAMETER(5,2)|AMMONIUM SULFATE PARTICLE(5,1)|ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE(5,1)|CHANGED PRECIPITATION PATTERN(5,1)|CLOUD ACTION(5,1)|COMPOSITE PIPE(5,1)|CONDUIT PROTECTION(5,1)|CONDUIT RELEASE(5,1)|DEGASSING(5,1)|DOMINANT REGION(5,1)|EVEN MODERATE STRATOSPHERIC WIND(5,1)|EXITING CONDUIT(5,1)|HEAT TRAPPING(5,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION REDUCTION(5,1)|INTERPARTICLE FORCE(5,1)|JET ENGINE EXHAUST(5,1)|NARROW CONDUIT(5,1)|PARTICLE ABILITY(5,1)|PARTICLE STREAM(5,1)|PARTICLE TRAVEL(5,1)|PNEUMATIC CONVEYING ARRANGEMENT(5,1)|SLURRY PREPARATION EQUIPMENT(5,1)|STABLE AEROSOL(5,1)|ADDITIVE FEED PUMP(4,1)|AGRICULTURE(4,1)|AIR DOWN DRAFT(4,1)|AIRSTREAM(4,1)|ALUMINATE(4,1)||(GB2487286)|SOLID PARTICLE(100,9)|LOCATION ELEVATION(100,4)|SOLID PARTICLE CLOUD(100,1)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(88,2)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE(76,4)|CLOUD(67,36)|COOLING REGION(58,4)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH(52,2)|SQUARE KILOMETER(51,1)|REFRACTIVE INDEX(42,4)|ALTITUDE(31,2)|BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION(28,2)|ARCTIC PERMAFROST MELTING(24,1)|COASTAL LAND IRRIGATION(24,1)|CLOUD RAREFACTION(23,2)|OCEAN ACIDITY(23,2)|CLOUD SHADOW(22,2)|STRATOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL INJECTION(22,1)|STRATOSPHERIC LOCATION(21,6)|BLANK PAGE(20,5)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(20,5)|DIOXOTITANIUM PARTICLE(18,2)|TROPOSPHERE(16,4)|DEAGGLOMERATION(15,3)|REFRACTIVE INDEX PARTICLE(15,3)|ABRUPT DISCONTINUITY(15,1)|CLOUD LIFETIME(15,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED PARTICLE(15,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION MIE SCATTERING(15,1)|STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY(15,1)|HYDROPHOBIC COATING(14,2)|EARTH CLIMATE(13,1)|IO ULTRAVIOLET(13,1)|MELTING ARCTIC TUNDRA(13,1)|ONSHORE WIND CREATION(13,1)|OXYGEN POLARISABILITY(13,1)|PARTICLE DEGRADATION ISSUE(13,1)|PIPE DUMP TANK(13,1)|REGIONAL CLOUD(13,1)|RUTILE CRYSTAL(13,1)|ULTRAVIOLET PROPORTION(13,1)|SODIUM CHLORIDE(12,3)|JET IMPACT MILL(12,2)|MEAN PARTICLE SIZE(12,2)|DIRIGIBLE(11,3)|MICRONISER(11,3)|ANATASE CRYSTAL(11,1)|CARRIER GAS(11,1)|FIBER ORIENTATION(11,1)|ICE TENDENCY(11,1)|PARTICLE CONE(11,1)|PARTICLE TRANSPORTATION(11,1)|PIPE RELEASE RESTRAINT(11,1)|RAINFOREST LOSS(11,1)|SLURRY MIXING(11,1)|TURBULENT INTENSITY(11,1)|BRAID(10,4)|SHIP(10,4)|SPOOL(9,3)|CONDUIT CONSTRUCTION(9,2)|SETTLING RATE(9,2)|SLURRY PIPELINE(9,2)|SUBMICRON(9,2)|TROPOPAUSE(9,2)|FAN(8,4)|AMMONIUM SULFATE PARTICLE(8,1)|ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE(8,1)|CHANGED PRECIPITATION PATTERN(8,1)|CLOUD ACTION(8,1)|COMPOSITE PIPE(8,1)|DAYLIGHT HOUR(8,1)|DOMINANT REGION(8,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(8,1)|EVEN MODERATE STRATOSPHERIC WIND(8,1)|HEAT TRAPPING(8,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION REDUCTION(8,1)|INTERPARTICLE FORCE(8,1)|PARTICLE ABILITY(8,1)|PARTICLE DEPLETION RATE(8,1)|PARTICLE STREAM(8,1)|PARTICLE TRAVEL(8,1)|SLURRY PREPARATION EQUIPMENT(8,1)|STABLE AEROSOL(8,1)|TRANSPORTING PARTICLE(8,1)|COOLING WATER(7,3)|JET ENGINE(7,3)|CARRIER FLUID(7,2)|PARTICLE DIAMETER(7,2)|ADDITIVE FEED PUMP(6,1)|AGRICULTURE(6,1)|AIR DOWN IO DRAFT(6,1)|AIRSTREAM(6,1)|ALUMINATE(6,1)|CHLORINE(6,1)|CIRCULATION(6,1)|CONTROL PIPELINE OSCILLATION(6,1)|DEBACTEROL(6,1)||(GB2487286)|SOLID PARTICLE(100,9)|LOCATION ELEVATION(100,4)|SOLID PARTICLE CLOUD(100,1)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(88,2)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE(76,4)|CLOUD(67,36)|COOLING REGION(58,4)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH(52,2)|SQUARE KILOMETER(51,1)|REFRACTIVE INDEX(42,4)|ALTITUDE(31,2)|BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION(28,2)|ARCTIC PERMAFROST MELTING(24,1)|COASTAL LAND IRRIGATION(24,1)|CLOUD RAREFACTION(23,2)|OCEAN ACIDITY(23,2)|CLOUD SHADOW(22,2)|STRATOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL INJECTION(22,1)|STRATOSPHERIC LOCATION(21,6)|BLANK PAGE(20,5)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(20,5)|DIOXOTITANIUM PARTICLE(18,2)|TROPOSPHERE(16,4)|DEAGGLOMERATION(15,3)|REFRACTIVE INDEX PARTICLE(15,3)|ABRUPT DISCONTINUITY(15,1)|CLOUD LIFETIME(15,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED PARTICLE(15,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION MIE SCATTERING(15,1)|STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY(15,1)|HYDROPHOBIC COATING(14,2)|EARTH CLIMATE(13,1)|IO ULTRAVIOLET(13,1)|MELTING ARCTIC TUNDRA(13,1)|ONSHORE WIND CREATION(13,1)|OXYGEN POLARISABILITY(13,1)|PARTICLE DEGRADATION ISSUE(13,1)|PIPE DUMP TANK(13,1)|REGIONAL CLOUD(13,1)|RUTILE CRYSTAL(13,1)|ULTRAVIOLET PROPORTION(13,1)|SODIUM CHLORIDE(12,3)|JET IMPACT MILL(12,2)|MEAN PARTICLE SIZE(12,2)|DIRIGIBLE(11,3)|MICRONISER(11,3)|ANATASE CRYSTAL(11,1)|CARRIER GAS(11,1)|FIBER ORIENTATION(11,1)|ICE TENDENCY(11,1)|PARTICLE CONE(11,1)|PARTICLE TRANSPORTATION(11,1)|PIPE RELEASE RESTRAINT(11,1)|RAINFOREST LOSS(11,1)|SLURRY MIXING(11,1)|TURBULENT INTENSITY(11,1)|BRAID(10,4)|SHIP(10,4)|SPOOL(9,3)|CONDUIT CONSTRUCTION(9,2)|SETTLING RATE(9,2)|SLURRY PIPELINE(9,2)|SUBMICRON(9,2)|TROPOPAUSE(9,2)|FAN(8,4)|AMMONIUM SULFATE PARTICLE(8,1)|ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE(8,1)|CHANGED PRECIPITATION PATTERN(8,1)|CLOUD ACTION(8,1)|COMPOSITE PIPE(8,1)|DAYLIGHT HOUR(8,1)|DOMINANT REGION(8,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(8,1)|EVEN MODERATE STRATOSPHERIC WIND(8,1)|HEAT TRAPPING(8,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION REDUCTION(8,1)|INTERPARTICLE FORCE(8,1)|PARTICLE ABILITY(8,1)|PARTICLE DEPLETION RATE(8,1)|PARTICLE STREAM(8,1)|PARTICLE TRAVEL(8,1)|SLURRY PREPARATION EQUIPMENT(8,1)|STABLE AEROSOL(8,1)|TRANSPORTING PARTICLE(8,1)|COOLING WATER(7,3)|JET ENGINE(7,3)|CARRIER FLUID(7,2)|PARTICLE DIAMETER(7,2)|ADDITIVE FEED PUMP(6,1)|AGRICULTURE(6,1)|AIR DOWN IO DRAFT(6,1)|AIRSTREAM(6,1)|ALUMINATE(6,1)|CHLORINE(6,1)|CIRCULATION(6,1)|CONTROL PIPELINE OSCILLATION(6,1)|DEBACTEROL(6,1)||(JP2013513396)|CONDUIT(100,96)|STRATOSPHERE(100,31)|AIRCRAFT(100,30)|ELEVATED POSITION(100,27)|SOLID PARTICLE(100,13)|GROUND LEVEL(100,12)|REFRACTIVE INDEX(100,8)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(100,5)|SOLID PARTICLE CLOUD(100,2)|SOLID PARTICLE TRANSPORT(100,2)|DELIVERY SYSTEM(100,1)|EARTH SCALE(100,1)|INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION DOSAGE(100,1)|NORTHERN THINDOLA DISSOLUTION(100,1)|DEAGGLOMERATION(93,17)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(75,6)|TRANSPORTING PARTICLE(68,7)|SUBMICRON SOLID PARTICLE(62,3)|DEAGGLOMERATE PARTICLE(58,1)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH PEAK(54,2)|METHANE EMISSION(50,1)|TROPICAL RAINFOREST LOSS(48,1)|GLOBAL WARMING ISSUE(47,1)|NATURAL PROGRESSION(46,1)|CLOUD(43,26)|VISIBLE WAVELENGTH(41,3)|BALLOON(38,21)|STABLE AEROSOL(38,1)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE(37,6)|GLOBAL WARMING(37,2)|PRECIPITATION PATTERN(37,1)|TROPICAL RAINFOREST(36,1)|SUDDEN REDUCTION(35,1)|HYDROSULFIDE(33,1)|PARTICLE THROUGHPUT(32,1)|SOLAR RADIATION ABSORPTION(31,5)|SUBMICRON SOLID PARTICLE SOURCE(31,1)|WINDING ANGLE(30,5)|VENTURI NOZZLE(30,2)|GLOBAL CLIMATE(30,1)|GLOBAL SCALE(27,2)|LOCATION ELEVATION(27,1)|REFRACTIVE INDEX PARTICLE(25,4)|PARTICLE DIAMETER(25,1)|BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION(23,3)|SPOOL(22,13)|FEED ANGLE(22,6)|CARRIER FLUID PRESSURIZATION(22,2)|SILANE(21,3)|GENERATION PREVENTION(20,1)|GREENHOUSE GAS ATMOSPHERE LEVEL(20,1)|STRATOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL(19,3)|ENVELOPING MATERIAL(19,2)|TITANIUM DIOXIDE PARTICLE(18,4)|PRECURSOR MATERIAL(17,1)|REINFORCING FIBROUS MATERIAL(17,1)|WATER ABSORPTION(16,2)|GREENHOUSE GAS LEVEL(16,1)|POSITIVE FEEDBACK(16,1)|TURBINE(15,4)|GYROSCOPIC STABILIZATION(15,2)|SULFUR DIOXIDE(15,2)|COVERING MATERIAL(14,2)|LIGHTNING STRIKE CONDUCTOR(13,4)|TORSIONAL STIFFNESS(13,3)|COAST COUNTRY IRRIGATION(13,1)|FILIPIN PINATO PEAK FIRE(13,1)|AERODYNAMIC PRESSURE(12,12)|CLOUD SHADOW(12,2)|STABILIZATION GRAVITATION(12,2)|SUPPLY ANGLE(12,1)|SUPERCRITICAL FLUID(11,6)|POLAR MOLECULE(11,3)|CONDUIT GRADUAL DESCENT(11,1)|LET DOWN EQUIPMENT(11,1)|NORTH POLE DISSOLUTION(11,1)|OCEAN ACIDITY ISSUE(11,1)|POLAR OZONE DESTRUCTION(11,1)|REGIONAL CLOUD STEADY(11,1)|SOLID PARTICLE OVER(11,1)|WATERBORNE COAST GENERATION(11,1)|WEAK STRATOSPHERIC WIND(11,1)|FUEL FLUID(10,8)|HYDROXYL GROUP(10,6)|SODIUM CHLORIDE(10,5)|AVERAGE PARTICLE SIZE(10,3)|COOLING REGION(10,3)|REINFORCEMENT CABLE(10,3)|VELOCITY AIR STREAM(10,2)|CHANGING STEP(10,1)|MOIST COAST GENERATION(10,1)|NONCIRCULAR TETHER(10,1)|TROPICAL VIOLENCE(10,1)|STRATOSPHERE LOCATION(9,3)|ILLUMINATION(8,5)|PARTICLE TRANSPORTATION(8,2)|PERFUSION INTERFACE(8,2)|TETHER MASS(8,2)|AERODYNAMIC INSTABILITY(8,1)|AIRSHIP STRATOSPHERIC LOCATION(8,1)|CLOUD LIFETIME(8,1)|CONVECTIVE SPHERE INTERFACE(8,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED PARTICLE(8,1)|EFFECTIVE SOLUTION(8,1)|GAS OVER(8,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION MIE SCATTERING(8,1)|PARTICLE DEGRADATION ISSUE(8,1)|PLATFORM BLOWOVER(8,1)|STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY(8,1)|TELECOMMUNICATION POWER(8,1)|TETHER DEFLECTION(8,1)|TETHER NATURAL TENDENCY(8,1)|TIME SCALE(8,1)|COUPLER(7,6)|COMPOSITE PIPE(7,2)|FIBER ELONGATION(7,2)|HYDROPHOBIC COATING(7,2)|STRATOSPHERIC CONDITION(7,2)|AIRCRAFT ALERT(7,1)|CONDUIT EJECTION(7,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSMITTER(7,1)|GPS TRANSMITTER(7,1)|HYDROGEN PRESSURIZATION(7,1)|MICRONIZER JET IMPACT MILL(7,1)|NONCIRCULAR COMPOSITE(7,1)|NONCONDUCTIVE CONDUIT(7,1)|OXYGEN POLARIZABILITY(7,1)|OZONE DEPLETION(7,1)|PAYLOAD ELECTRONICS(7,1)|PREDOMINANTLY GASEOUS CARRIER(7,1)|SATELLITE ORBIT(7,1)|SUPERCRITICAL NITROGEN CARRIER(7,1)|TENSION ADJUSTMENT(7,1)|TETHER INTEGRITY(7,1)|AIR FLOW(6,12)|GROUND LEVEL LOCATION(6,11)|FAN(6,6)|FLAG(6,5)|HOOP STRESS(6,5)|AGGLOMERATION(6,3)|FUEL GAS(6,3)|WIRELESS SIGNAL(6,3)|CHEMICAL REACTION(6,2)|HYDROCARBON FLUID(6,2)|ANATASE CRYSTAL(6,1)|AVOIDING ROCKET(6,1)|CONDUIT DRAINAGE(6,1)|CONDUIT GRAVITY(6,1)|CONDUIT VIBRATION(6,1)|DAMP VIBRATION(6,1)|DEMOGRAPHIC REGION VICINITY(6,1)|ENGINEERING DIFFICULTY(6,1)|FREQUENCY UPCONVERSION(6,1)|GRIND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION(6,1)|GRINDING JET(6,1)|HYDROGEN CONVEYANCE(6,1)|ICE TENDENCY(6,1)|LIFT WING(6,1)|NARROW PORE CONDUIT(6,1)|PARTICLE CONE(6,1)|PARTICLE GRADUAL DECREASE(6,1)|PARTICULATE STREAM(6,1)|PIPE RELEASE RESTRAINT(6,1)|PLATFORM GENERATOR(6,1)|PRESSURIZING FLUID(6,1)|PTFE LINER(6,1)|REDIRECTED LIGHT DISTRIBUTION(6,1)|REDIRECTED LIGHT EXIT GRATING(6,1)|REFLECTIVE CONE(6,1)|REGIONAL COOLING BENEFIT(6,1)|SHROUD TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENT(6,1)|SOLAR GENERATOR(6,1)|SOLAR RADIATION INCIDENT(6,1)|STRATOSPHERE HEATING(6,1)|TELEVISION SERVICE(6,1)|TETHER CABLE(6,1)|ULTRAVIOLET ATMOSPHERE(6,1)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH(6,1)|UNDESIRED VIBRATION(6,1)|UV SCATTERING(6,1)|BRAID(5,4)|INFRARED RADIATION(5,4)|KEVLAR(5,4)|LINE PARALLEL(5,4)|AIRFLOW(5,3)|CHLORINE(5,3)|SLURRY PIPELINE(5,3)|AIRPLANE(5,2)|CENTRAL CONDUIT(5,2)|EARTH GROUND(5,2)|ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE PATHWAY(5,2)|ELECTRICITY(5,2)|ELEVATION LOCATION(5,2)|FURTHEST DOWNSTREAM POINT(5,2)|GLOBAL COOLING BENEFIT(5,2)|HORIZONTAL DRAG(5,2)|NITROGEN RICH OXYGEN STREAM(5,2)|PREVENT FLUTTER(5,2)|PREVENT TETHERING(5,2)|SUBMICRON(5,2)|ABSORB TENSION(5,1)|ACCURATE DIRECTIONAL TRANSMISSION(5,1)|ACTIVE TENSIONING(5,1)|AIRFOIL DIAMETER(5,1)|AVERAGE FLOW RATE(5,1)|CLOUD ACTION(5,1)|COMPOSITE REFRACTIVE INDEX(5,1)|CONDUIT OUTLET(5,1)|CONDUIT PROTECTION(5,1)|CONDUIT WEAR(5,1)|CROSSWIND LOAD(5,1)|DEAGGLOMERATING(5,1)|ELEVATED TRANSMITTER RECEIVER(5,1)|EMPTY CONTAINER(5,1)|FIBER ORIENTATION(5,1)|FORCEFULNESS NOTION(5,1)|FUEL CONDUIT(5,1)|GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE(5,1)|GHZ FREQUENCY(5,1)|HYDROGEN DIFFUSION(5,1)|INTERPARTICLE(5,1)|JET ENGINE EXHAUST(5,1)|KEEPING CONDUIT(5,1)|MOBILE VEHICLE(5,1)|MULTIPLEXING TRANSMISSION(5,1)|NEGATIVE IMPACT(5,1)|OCTYLCHLOROSILOXANE(5,1)|OZONE GENERATION(5,1)|PARACHUTE(5,1)|PARTICLE ABILITY(5,1)|PERMANENT FROZEN EARTH LAYER(5,1)|PROBLEMATICAL CONDITION(5,1)|SEAL ROTATION(5,1)|SLURRY PREPARATION EQUIPMENT(5,1)|STABLE PLACEMENT(5,1)|STABLE POSE(5,1)|STRUCTURAL ISSUE(5,1)|SUBMARINE FIBER OPTIC CABLE(5,1)|TECHNICAL DIFFICULTY(5,1)|TETHER METALLIC COMPONENT(5,1)|THIN CLOUD(5,1)|TWISTING ACTION(5,1)|VENTING(5,1)|VIEWING CAPABILITY(5,1)|WORRY SIDE EFFECT(5,1)|COOLING WATER(4,3)|ELECTRICAL ENERGY(4,3)|HIGH ALTITUDE PLATFORM(3,10)|PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION(3,4)|TENSION CENTER(3,4)|ABRASION RESISTANT PLASTIC(3,1)|ACCIDENT(3,1)|ADDITIVE FEED PUMP(3,1)|AGGREGATION(3,1)|AGRICULTURE(3,1)|AIR BULB(3,1)|ALUMINATE(3,1)|ALUMINUM STRIP(3,1)|AMMONIUM SULFATE PARTICLE(3,1)|ARTIFICIAL PRECIPITATION(3,1)|BALLOON DIAMETER(3,1)|BUY(3,1)|CARRIER FLUID VAPOR EXPANSION(3,1)|CHANGING STRESS(3,1)|CHORD WIDTH(3,1)|COLLIMATOR(3,1)|CONDENSATION(3,1)|CONDUIT SUPPORTED LOAD(3,1)|CONDUIT WALL(3,1)|CONTINENT(3,1)|CROSSWIND FLOW PAST(3,1)|CYCLICAL PATTERN(3,1)|DEHUMIDIFIER(3,1)|DESCENDING AIR(3,1)|DIAMETER DIMENSION(3,1)|DIAMETER SPOOL(3,1)|DIFFRACTION GRATING(3,1)|DISLOCATION(3,1)|DISTINCTLY DEFINED BOUNDARY(3,1)|DOWNDRAFT(3,1)|DRY NITROGEN(3,1)|ELECTRICAL PATHWAY(3,1)|ELONGATED NATURE(3,1)|FIBER OPTIC RADIO(3,1)|FIBER OPTIC WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY(3,1)|FILLER(3,1)|FLASH(3,1)|FLOWING GAS STREAM(3,1)|HELICOPTER ROTOR(3,1)|HORIZONTAL ORIENTATION(3,1)|HYDRATION(3,1)|HYDROGEN GENERATION PLANT(3,1)|HYDROGEN LOSS(3,1)|INCREASED TURBULENCE(3,1)|INFORMATION SERVICE UNAVAILABILITY(3,1)||(CN102770014)|CONDUIT(100,56)|LOCATION ELEVATION(100,27)|SOLID PARTICLE(100,14)|ELEVATED SITE(100,12)|STRATOSPHERIC SITE(100,12)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(100,9)|GROUND LEVEL(100,9)|REFRACTIVE INDEX(100,9)|AIRCRAFT(100,5)|GLOBAL AVERAGE(100,2)|SOLAR RADIATION(100,2)|SOLID PARTICLE CLOUD(100,2)|SOLID PARTICLE TRANSPORT(100,2)|ATMOSPHERIC DELIVERY SYSTEM(100,1)|SOLAR RADIATION INCIDENCE(100,1)|DEAGGLOMERATION(68,14)|TRANSPORTING PARTICLE(43,6)|STRATOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL(43,3)|SUBMICRON SOLID PARTICLE(42,3)|KILO SQUARE KILOMETER(42,1)|DISPERSION(40,23)|STRATOSPHERE(39,35)|CLOUD(33,31)|SOLAR RADIATION ABSORPTION(32,2)|AIRSHIP(30,30)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH(29,3)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE(28,5)|VISIBLE WAVELENGTH(28,3)|CARRIER FLUID(26,17)|STABLE AEROSOL(26,1)|BALLOON(25,27)|PARTICLE TRANSPORTATION(25,2)|DRAMATIC REDUCTION(25,1)|SCHEDULE(24,1)|SULFATE AEROSOL(23,3)|DIOXOTITANIUM(22,8)|DIOXOTITANIUM PARTICLE(22,4)|LOWERING FACILITY(22,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(21,2)|SUBMICRON SOLID PARTICLE SOURCE(21,1)|VENTURI NOZZLE(20,2)|GLOBAL COOLING(19,3)|PARTICLE DIAMETER(17,1)|SILICON PARTICLE(17,1)|SQUARE KILOMETER(16,1)|SPOOL(15,9)|SUPPLY ANGLE(15,6)|POLAR MOLECULE(15,3)|CARRIER FLUID PRESSURIZATION(15,2)|SILANE(14,3)|GLOBAL WARMING(14,2)|SUPER SIX(13,1)|VELOCITY GAS STREAM(12,2)|PRECURSOR MATERIAL(12,1)|SODIUM CHLORIDE PARTICLE(12,1)|PULVERIZER(11,6)|HYDROXYL GROUP(11,5)|COASTAL BEACH IRRIGATION(11,1)|TURBINE(10,4)|INCIDENT LIGHT ABSORBING(10,3)|SULFUR DIOXIDE(10,2)|FIBROUS MATERIAL WOUND(10,1)|REINFORCING CABLE(9,5)|TORSIONAL STIFFNESS(9,3)|CHEMICAL REACTION(9,2)|OCEAN ACIDITY(9,2)|SOLID PARTICLE OVER(9,2)|INSURMOUNTABLE ENGINEERING CHALLENGE(9,1)|COOLING REGION(8,4)|CLOUD SHADOW(8,2)|COATING MATERIAL(8,2)|GROUND LEVEL LOCATION(7,19)|AVERAGE PARTICLE SIZE(7,3)|EQUIVALENT WEIGHT(7,2)|NATURAL(7,2)|COASTAL MUD FLAT IRRIGATION(7,1)|CONDUIT GRADUAL DESCENT(7,1)|RAINFOREST DISAPPEARANCE(7,1)|SPECTRATMAND DYNEEMATMOR(7,1)|COUPLER(6,6)|BIMODAL PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION(6,4)|LARGE WINDING(6,3)|REFLECTION CONE(6,2)|SMALL WINDING ANGLE(6,2)|TETHER MASS(6,2)|TETHER STABILITY(6,2)|TURBULENCE INTENSITY(6,2)|AERODYNAMIC INSTABILITY(6,1)|ARCTIC FROST(6,1)|ARCTIC PERMAFROST(6,1)|CLOUD LIFETIME(6,1)|CONDUIT OUTLET ALTITUDE(6,1)|CONVECTIVE CEILING(6,1)|DEAGGLOMERATED PARTICLE(6,1)|DEAGGLOMERATING OUTLET(6,1)|DYNAMIC STABILIZATION REGIME(6,1)|GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT SATELLITE(6,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION MIE SCATTERING(6,1)|NONCIRCULAR TETHER(6,1)|REAGGREGATION CHANCE(6,1)|STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY(6,1)|SUDDEN DISCONTINUITY(6,1)|TEFLON LINED KEVLAR(6,1)|TETHER DEFLECTION(6,1)|TETHER INTEGRITY(6,1)|AERODYNAMIC PRESSURE CENTER(5,9)|GROUND LEVEL SITE(5,8)|INFORMATION SERVICE APPLIANCE(5,5)|TROPOSPHERE(5,3)|AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(5,2)|CHANGING STEP(5,2)|HYDROPHOBIC COATING(5,2)|CO2THE EMISSION(5,1)|DIAMETERTMTHE CABLE(5,1)|EARTH CLIMATE(5,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSMITTER(5,1)|GPS TRANSMITTER(5,1)|HYDROGEN PRESSURIZATION(5,1)|LAND APPLIANCE(5,1)|LIFTING BLADE RING WOUND(5,1)|NONCONDUCTIVE ABRASION RESISTANT PLASTIC(5,1)|NONCONDUCTIVE PIPE(5,1)|OXYGEN POLARIZABILITY(5,1)|PARTICLE DEGRADATION ISSUE(5,1)|PAYLOAD ELECTRONICS(5,1)|PREDOMINANTLY GASEOUS CARRIER(5,1)|PROBLEMATICAL SITUATION(5,1)|REGIONAL CLOUD(5,1)|RUTILE CRYSTAL(5,1)|SHROUD BENEFIT(5,1)|SPREAD OVER(5,1)|STABILIZING PLATFORM(5,1)|SUPERCRITICAL NITROGEN CARRIER(5,1)|TETHER SHEAR(5,1)|AIR FLOW(4,14)|FLAG(4,6)|PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION(4,6)|REEL(4,6)|MOVEMENT ROTATION(4,4)|FUEL GAS(4,3)|CONVECTIVE LAYER(4,2)|ELECTRICITY GENERATION(4,2)|FIBER ELONGATION(4,2)|HYDROCARBON FLUID(4,2)|JET IMPACT MILL(4,2)|NITROGEN ENRICHED OXYGEN STREAM(4,2)|REFRACTIVE INDEX PARTICLE(4,2)|SOLAR RADIATION INCIDENT(4,2)|THIN CLOUD(4,2)|ALUMINUM STRIP(4,1)|ANATASE CRYSTAL(4,1)|BARIUM CARBIDE(4,1)|BUILDING PENETRATION(4,1)|DAMP VIBRATION(4,1)|DEICING CAPABILITY(4,1)|DELIVERY DIRECTION(4,1)|DOWNWARD AIRFLOW(4,1)|EMPTIED CONTAINER(4,1)|FREQUENCY UPCONVERSION(4,1)|GRINDING NOZZLE(4,1)|GROUND STATE(4,1)|HOOP WISE STRESS(4,1)|ICE TENDENCY(4,1)|IMPLEMENT TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENT(4,1)|LIGHTNING STRIKE PROTECTION(4,1)|LOCALIZED COOLING(4,1)|MONOMODAL DISTRIBUTION(4,1)|PARTICLE ACCUMULATION(4,1)|PIPE VIBRATION(4,1)|PRESSURIZING FLUID(4,1)|RAY SCATTERING(4,1)|SHIELD TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENT(4,1)|SLURRY MIXING(4,1)|SOLAR GENERATOR(4,1)|STABLE POSTURE(4,1)|STRATOSPHERE HEATING(4,1)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE HALF(4,1)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE REGION(4,1)|TECHNICAL CHALLENGE(4,1)|TELEVISION SERVICE(4,1)|ULTRAVIOLET ATMOSPHERE(4,1)|UV SCATTERING(4,1)|LIGHTNING ROD(3,5)|ELECTRICAL ENERGY(3,4)|LINE PARALLEL(3,4)|ARAMID FIBER(3,2)|CENTRAL FUEL FLUID(3,2)|CONSUMPTION RATE(3,2)|HORIZONTAL DRAG(3,2)|LIGHT DIVERSION(3,2)|MOVEABLE VEHICLE(3,2)|PADDLE(3,2)|PRESSURE AERODYNAMIC CENTER(3,2)|SETTLING RATE(3,2)|SLIDING SEAL(3,2)|TAIL(3,2)|000M3TOTAL VOLUME(3,1)|ABRASIVENESS(3,1)|ACCURATE DIRECTIONAL TRANSMISSION(3,1)|ACTIVE TENSIONER(3,1)|AIRSHIP REMAINS(3,1)|CALM AIR(3,1)|CARRIER FLUID VAPOR EXPANSION(3,1)|CHANGING PRECIPITATION PATTERN(3,1)|CHANGING STRESS(3,1)|CLOUD ACTION(3,1)|COMPOSITE PIPE(3,1)|CONDUCTIVE PATHWAY(3,1)|CONDUIT RELEASE(3,1)|DEPOLYMERIZATION(3,1)|DEPOLYMERIZING(3,1)|DISINTEGRATOR(3,1)|EVEN STRATOSPHERIC MODERATE WIND(3,1)|FIBER ORIENTATION(3,1)|GHZ FREQUENCY(3,1)|GRAVITY SYSTEM STABILIZATION(3,1)|HORN ANTENNA CELL SUPPLY(3,1)|HYDROGEN RESERVOIR(3,1)|INTERPARTICLE FORCE(3,1)|IRRAGTDUCINATION(3,1)|JET ENGINE EXHAUST(3,1)|KEY ISSUE(3,1)|METHANE RELEASE(3,1)|NATURAL TENDENCY(3,1)|NONINSULATED(3,1)|OCTYLCHLOROSILOXANE(3,1)|PARTICLE ABILITY(3,1)|PARTICLE CONE(3,1)|PARTICLE CONSUMPTION(3,1)|PARTICLE STREAM(3,1)|PERMEABILITY PLASTIC(3,1)|REAGGLOMERATION(3,1)|RISING COLUMN(3,1)|SHADING(3,1)|STRATOSPHERIC LOCATION(3,1)|TECHNICAL DIFFICULTY(3,1)|TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE TRANSMISSION(3,1)|TRANSMISSION DIRECTION(3,1)|TRANSPORTING HYDROGEN(3,1)|TUBING WEAR(3,1)|TWISTING ACTION(3,1)|UNDERSEA FIBER OPTIC CABLE(3,1)|WATER LADEN SHORE FORMATION(3,1)|WATER LADEN WIND FORMATION(3,1)|TETHER CROSS SECTION(2,10)|GROUND SURFACE(2,8)|COOLING WATER(2,3)|HOOP STRESS(2,3)|INFRARED RADIATION(2,3)|TEMPERATURE ELEVATION(2,3)|WIND LOAD(2,3)|ADDITIVE FEED PUMP(2,1)|AERIAL PLATFORM(2,1)|AGRICULTURE(2,1)|AIRCRAFT PILOT(2,1)|AIRPLANE(2,1)|ALUMINATE(2,1)|AMMONIUM SULFATE PARTICLE(2,1)|BEACON(2,1)|BOBBIN(2,1)|BRAIDING(2,1)|BUNDLE(2,1)|BUSINESS INFORMATION RELIABILITY SERVICE(2,1)|BUSINESS INFORMATION SERVICE(2,1)|CHORD WIDTH(2,1)|COILING(2,1)|COLLIMATOR(2,1)|COMPOSITE TUBE(2,1)|CONSTANT ALTITUDE(2,1)|CROSSWIND(2,1)|CYCLICAL PATTERN(2,1)|DEBACTEROL(2,1)|DEHUMIDIFIER(2,1)|DIFFRACTION GRATING(2,1)|DILUTION(2,1)|DISPENSATION(2,1)|DRY NITROGEN(2,1)|ELECTRICAL PATHWAY(2,1)|FILLER(2,1)|FLAPPING(2,1)|FLASHLIGHT(2,1)|FLOWING GAS STREAM(2,1)|GROUND SUBSTRATE(2,1)|HANDOVER FUNCTION(2,1)|HORIZONTAL WIND VELOCITY(2,1)|HYDROGEN GENERATION STATION(2,1)|HYDROGENATION(2,1)|ILLUMINATION(2,1)|INCREASED TURBULENCE(2,1)|INSULATOR(2,1)||(KR10-2012-0099121)|CONDUIT(100,98)|CLOUD(100,26)|SOLID PARTICLE(100,15)|REFRACTIVE INDEX(100,10)|STRATOSPHERIC LOCATION(100,9)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(100,7)|ELEVATED POSITION(100,5)|AIRCRAFT(100,4)|GROUND LEVEL(100,4)|SOLAR RADIATION(100,3)|SOLAR RADIATION INCIDENCE(100,3)|CONVEYING SOLID PARTICLE(100,2)|GLOBAL AVERAGE(100,2)|AIR DELIVERY SYSTEM(100,1)|ATOMIZATION(82,16)|ULTRAFINE SOLID PARTICLE(71,3)|ORBIT SATELLITE(70,1)|FLIGHT ELEVATION(69,1)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(65,2)|LOCATION ELEVATION(64,9)|DEAGGLOMERATION(64,2)|STATIONARY SATELLITE(54,1)|ALTITUDE(48,30)|ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH(47,3)|VISIBLE WAVELENGTH(46,3)|ABRUPT DECREASE(46,1)|TRANSPORTING PARTICLE(44,5)|CONVECTION(43,2)|ULTRAFINE SOLID PARTICLE SOURCE(36,1)|STRATOSPHERE(35,9)|GLOBAL WARMING(35,3)|VELOCITY AIRFLOW(35,2)|ULTRAFINE PARTICLE(34,6)|SOLAR ABSORPTION(33,2)|VENTURI NOZZLE(33,2)|SETTLING RATE(33,1)|TRANSMITTER(30,1)|DISPENSING(29,1)|KM2AND(29,1)|ROLLING(29,1)|FEED ANGLE(28,7)|FLIGHT(27,14)|DISPERSION(26,7)|BIMODAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION(26,3)|SILOXANE(26,3)|SPOOL(25,14)|CARRIER FLUID PRESSURIZATION(25,2)|PHOSPHATE GROUP(24,3)|SILANE(24,3)|KM2BASED(22,1)|TITANIUM DIOXIDE PARTICLE(20,4)|DIRIGIBLE(20,2)|AIRSHIP(19,2)|INCIDENT LIGHT ABSORBING(19,2)|FIBROUS REINFORCEMENT MATERIAL(19,1)|ATOMIZER(18,6)|ROLLING MILL(18,1)|PARTICULATE(17,3)|TORSIONAL STIFFNESS(17,3)|WATER ABSORPTION(17,2)|TURBINE(16,4)|GROUND LEVEL LOCATION(15,25)|REINFORCEMENT CABLE(15,5)|LARGE WINDING ANGLE(15,3)|ABRUPT DISCONTINUITY CHANCE(15,1)|GAS LEVEL(15,1)|PHILLIPIN PINATUBOIC ACID EXPLOSION(15,1)|AERODYNAMIC PRESSURE(14,11)|ELEVATION PLATFORM(14,4)|LET DOWN FACILITY(14,2)|SULFATE GROUP(14,2)|STRATOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL INJECTION(14,1)|FLIGHT LINE(13,6)|COOLING REGION(13,4)|POLAR MOLECULE(13,3)|CLOUD SHADOW(13,2)|DESCENDING AIRFLOW(13,2)|HYDROXYL GROUP(12,5)|SODIUM CHLORIDE(12,4)|AVERAGE PARTICLE SIZE(12,3)|METRIC TONE(12,3)|COATING MATERIAL SULFATE(12,1)|ELECTRICAL POWER(12,1)|FUEL PIPE(12,1)|MARINE ACIDITY ISSUE(12,1)|MEAN FLOW VELOCITY(12,1)|NORTH TOWN FUSION(12,1)|STRATIFIED SULFATE AEROSOL(12,1)|TETHER NET DEFLECTION(12,1)|AIRLINE(11,7)|FIBROUS MATERIAL(11,2)|PARTICLE ATOMIZATION(11,2)|INCIDENT RADIATION UNSCATTERING(11,1)|NONCIRCULAR TETHER(11,1)|TETHER CHORD(11,1)|UNDUE ENGINEERING CHALLENGE(11,1)|COUPLER(9,6)|ALTITUDE LOCATION(9,3)|BLUE CONDUCTOR(9,3)|JET IMPACT MILL(9,3)|LOCATION STRATIFICATION(9,3)|ANATASE CRYSTAL(9,2)|CONVEYING PARTICLE(9,2)|REINFORCING CABLE(9,2)|SMALL WINDING ANGLE(9,2)|TETHER MASS(9,2)|TETHER STABILITY(9,2)|CLOUD LIFETIME(9,1)|CONDUIT OUTLET ALTITUDE(9,1)|DAYTIME(9,1)|DELIVER INFORMATIONAL SERVICE(9,1)|EFFECTIVE SOLUTION(9,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION UNSCATTERING(9,1)|OPTO ELECTRONICS ENGINEER(9,1)|OZONE DESTRUCTION(9,1)|REGIONAL CLOUD STABLE(9,1)|STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY(9,1)|TETHER INTEGRITY(9,1)|HYDROPHOBIC COATING(8,2)|2PHOSPHORUS ALUMINUM STRIP(8,1)|CONDUIT DISASSEMBLY(8,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSMITTER(8,1)|FLESH CONDUCTOR(8,1)|GPS TRANSMITTER(8,1)|GRAVITY STABILIZATION(8,1)|HYDROGEN PRESSURIZATION(8,1)|INTERMEDIATE STRATOSPHERIC WIND(8,1)|LAND PLANET(8,1)|MOMENT HUE(8,1)|NONCONDUCTIVE CONDUIT(8,1)|PAYLOAD ELECTRONICS(8,1)|PIPELINE VIBRATION(8,1)|RUTILE CRYSTAL(8,1)|SHROUD TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENT(8,1)|SLURRY DEHYDRATION(8,1)|STABILIZING PLATFORM(8,1)|SUBSEA TOE(8,1)|TETHER EXTERIOR(8,1)|TETHER SHEAR(8,1)|UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION(8,1)|AIR FLOW(7,14)|FLEA(7,4)|FUEL GAS(7,3)|CHANGING STEP(7,2)|PARTICULATOR(7,2)|REFRACTIVE INDEX PARTICLE(7,2)|STRATOSPHEROID(7,2)|AIRFLOW FLOW(7,1)|ALTERED PRECIPITATION PATTERN(7,1)|COLUMNAR PARTICLE(7,1)|CONDUIT NARROW BORE(7,1)|CONDUIT VIBRATION(7,1)|EMISSION SUPPRESSION(7,1)|FATAL FAILURE(7,1)|FREQUENCY UPCONVERSION(7,1)|GROUND STATE(7,1)|ICE TENDENCY(7,1)|METHANE EMISSION(7,1)|OBSERVATION CAPABILITY(7,1)|OZONE LAYER DESTRUCTION(7,1)|PARTICLE DEGRADATION(7,1)|PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION(7,1)|PRESSURIZING FLUID(7,1)|PTFE LINER(7,1)|REFLECTIVE CONE(7,1)|SHOP PAPER IRRIGATION(7,1)|SHROUD BENEFIT(7,1)|SLURRY MIXING(7,1)|STABLE POSTURE(7,1)|STRATOSPHERIC INTERFACE(7,1)|SUPERCRITICAL NITROGEN CARRIER(7,1)|TECHNICAL CHALLENGE(7,1)|TELEVISION SERVICE(7,1)|TETHER CABLE(7,1)|TETHER CONCEPTUAL POWER(7,1)|TRANSLATIONAL MOTION(7,1)|TURBULENCE INTENSITY(7,1)|UV SCATTERING(7,1)|LIFT FORCE(6,8)|FAN(6,5)|FLAG(6,5)|HOOP STRESS(6,5)|CHEMICAL REACTION(6,2)|CONSTRUCTOR(6,2)|HYDROCARBON FLUID(6,2)|LIGHTING(6,2)|BRAID(5,4)|ELECTRICAL ENERGY(5,4)|LINE PARALLEL(5,4)|CENTRAL CONDUIT(5,2)|ELECTRICITY(5,2)|EQUIVALENT WEIGHT(5,2)|GYROSCOPE(5,2)|HORIZONTAL DRAG(5,2)|INTERNAL DIAMETER(5,2)|LIGHT CLOUD(5,2)|PARTICLE RELEASE(5,2)|TAIL(5,2)|TRANSIT RIGHT(5,2)|ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE(5,1)|CIRCULATION PATTERN(5,1)|CLOUD ACTION(5,1)|COMPOSITE PIPE(5,1)|CONTENT EXPULSION(5,1)|DEGASSING(5,1)|DESTINATION DIFFICULTY(5,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SPECTRUM(5,1)|EMPTY CONTAINER(5,1)|FIBER ORIENTATION(5,1)|FUEL CONDUIT(5,1)|FUEL CONVERTING ENERGY(5,1)|FULL SEABED FORMATION(5,1)|GARLIC(5,1)|GHZ FREQUENCY(5,1)|INCIDENT RADIATION REDUCTION(5,1)|INTERPARTICLE FORCE(5,1)|JET ENGINE EXHAUST(5,1)|MAINTAINING CONDUIT WEAR(5,1)|NATURAL TENDENCY(5,1)|OZONE GENERATION(5,1)|PARTICLE ABILITY(5,1)|PARTICLE COLLECTION(5,1)|PARTICLE IMPINGEMENT(5,1)|PARTICLE LOADING(5,1)|PARTICLE TRAVEL(5,1)|PARTICULARIZER(5,1)|PNEUMATIC TRANSPORT FACILITY(5,1)|POWER COMMUNICATION(5,1)|REAGGLOMERATION(5,1)|REFRACTIVE INDEX ULTRAFINE PARTICLE(5,1)|RELEVANT EQUIPMENT(5,1)|REPULSIVE FORCE(5,1)|SCINTILLATION(5,1)|SEAL ROTATION(5,1)|SLURRY PREPARATION EQUIPMENT(5,1)|STABLE AEROSOL(5,1)|STRUCTURAL ISSUE(5,1)|TECHNICAL DIFFICULTY(5,1)|TRANSIT INTERFACE(5,1)|TRANSMISSION DIRECTION(5,1)|TRANSMITTER SUPPLY(5,1)|TRANSPORTING HYDROGEN(5,1)|CHLORINE(4,3)|CLUMP(4,2)|MOVEMENT ROTATION(4,2)|PARTICLE DIAMETER(4,2)|ULTRAVIOLET(4,2)|ABSORBED CARBON DIOXIDE(4,1)|ACTIVE TENSIONING ARRANGEMENT(4,1)|ADDITIVE SUPPLY(4,1)|AIR DILUTION(4,1)|AIRFOIL(4,1)|AIRPLANE(4,1)|ALUMINATE(4,1)|AMMONIUM SULFATE PARTICLE(4,1)|AUTHOR(4,1)|CAPACITY ELLIPSOIDAL SHAPE(4,1)|CARRIER FLUID PH(4,1)|CARRIER FLUID SUPERCRITICAL FLUID(4,1)|CARRIER FLUID VAPOR EXPANSION(4,1)|CLOUDING(4,1)|COILING(4,1)|COLLIMATOR(4,1)|CONDUIT MAINTENANCE(4,1)|CONDUIT WALL(4,1)|CONVECTION RIGHT(4,1)|CONVERTED LIGHT EXIT GRATING(4,1)|DEHUMIDIFIER(4,1)|DEMOGRAPHIC AREA(4,1)|DIFFRACTION GRATING(4,1)|DISLOCATION(4,1)|DOOR LOSS(4,1)|DRY NITROGEN(4,1)|ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE PATHWAY(4,1)|FILLER(4,1)|FUEL FLUID PASS(4,1)|GAS STREAM(4,1)|GLOBAL CLIMATE(4,1)|GRADUAL(4,1)|GREENHOUSE GAS ATMOSPHERE(4,1)|GROUND EQUIPMENT(4,1)|GROUND EXPOSURE(4,1)|HELICOPTER ROTOR(4,1)|ILLUMINATION(4,1)|INCREASED TURBULENCE(4,1)|INDICATOR INFORMATION SERVICE(4,1)|INSTABILITY(4,1)|INTERNAL ANTENNA(4,1)|KEVLAR DIAMETER(4,1)|KM2WHICH(4,1)|LIGHT MODULATOR(4,1)|LIGHTWEIGHT(4,1)|LOCATION DETERMINATION SERVICE(4,1)| | (US9363954)|The invention claimed is:|1. An apparatus for transporting and dispersing solid particles into the earth's atmosphere, comprising a conduit connecting a substantially ground level location to an elevated location, a particle transport means for conveying solid particles through the conduit from the substantially ground level location to the elevated location, and a deagglomeration means coupled with a dispersal means, wherein the deagglomeration means and dispersal means are located at the elevated location, wherein the solid particles have a refractive index greater than 2.0, wherein substantially all of the solid particles are sub-micron particles, and wherein the elevated location is in the stratosphere.|2. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a source of the solid particles connected to the conduit for transportation through the conduit.|3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the solid particles include particles of titanium dioxide, sodium chloride, silicon or mixtures thereof.|4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the solid particles transported via the conduit have a mean particle size in the range of from 0.01 to 1.3 μm.|5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the solid particles have a bimodal size distribution with peaks in the visible and ultra violet wavelengths respectively.|6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the solid particles have a bimodal size distribution with peaks in the visible and ultra violet wavelengths respectively.|7. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the solid particles have been prepared by drying or chemical reaction or a combination thereof, to have a solar radiation absorption of at least 90% less than that produced by an equivalent weight of water with the same particle size distribution as the solid particles and at wavelengths of about 2 microns by removal of sufficient absorbed water, hydroxyl groups or polar molecules.|8. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the solid particles are coated with coating material.|9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the coating material is hydrophobic.|10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the coating material comprises materials selected from sulphate groups, phosphate groups, silanes, siloxanes, and mixtures thereof.|11. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the solid particles are in a carrier fluid.|12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the particle transport means comprises a carrier fluid pressurisation means.|13. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the solid particles are present in a concentration of from 5 to 50% by volume.|14. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the carrier fluid has a temperature of from −80 to 150° C. at an entry to the conduit.|15. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the carrier fluid has a pressure greater than 100 MPa at an entry to the conduit.|16. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the carrier fluid has a temperature of from −80 to 150° C. and a pressure greater than 100 MPa at an entry to the conduit, and wherein the carrier fluid is a supercritical fluid.|17. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the carrier fluid includes fuel gases.|18. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conduit is at least 5000 m to enable it to reach the elevated location.|19. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conduit has an internal diameter of from 1.0 to 30 cm.|20. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conduit comprises reinforcing elongate fibrous material, the fibrous material being wound at an angle to the central axis of the conduit, wherein the angle is greater at one end of the conduit than at the other end of the conduit.|21. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the end of the conduit having the greater angle of winding is at the substantially ground level location.|22. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the angle of winding at one end of the conduit is from 30 to 80° to a line parallel to the central axis of the conduit, and wherein the angle of winding at the other end of the conduit is less than 30° to a line parallel to the central axis of the conduit.|23. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the dispersal means includes a means for dispersing the solid particles into a high velocity air stream.|24. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising one or both of electrical power located at an elevated location and fuel lines along the conduit.|25. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a let-down facility at the elevated location.|26. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the particle transport means is configured to transport the solid particles through the conduit at least at 500 metric tonnes per 12 hours.|27. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the deagglomeration means comprises a microniser, a venturi nozzle, or a combination thereof.|28. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the dispersal means is close-coupled to the deagglomeration means.|29. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a balloon, dirigible, or airship, coupled to the conduit.|30. The apparatus according to claim 29, wherein the balloon, dirigible, or airship is configured to provide a lifting force of at least 15 metric tonnes.|31. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a ship at the substantially ground level location, wherein the conduit is coupled to the ship.|32. A method of transporting solid particles into the earth's atmosphere, the method comprising transporting the solid particles via a conduit from a substantially ground level location to an elevated location, deagglomerating the solid particles at the elevated location, and dispersing the solid particles into the atmosphere, wherein the solid particles have a refractive index greater than 2.0, wherein substantially all of the solid particles are sub-micron particles, and wherein the elevated location is in the stratosphere.|33. The method of claim 32, wherein the method results in a manmade cloud of solid particles located in the stratosphere, wherein the cloud comprises at least 1,000 tonnes of the solid particles over a region of at least a thousand square kilometers.|34. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the solid particles have a ratio of a real part of a complex refractive index at 500 nm to an imaginary part of the complex refractive index that is greater than 5.|35. The method of claim 32, wherein the solid particles have a ratio of a real part of a complex refractive index at 500 nm to an imaginary part of the complex refractive index that is greater than 5. | (US9363954)|TECHNICAL FIELD|[0001] The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for transporting and dispersing particles into the earth's stratosphere, particularly to achieve a global or local cooling effect.|BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION|[0002] Many authors now agree there is a significant possibility of abrupt discontinuities in the earth's climate, e.g. by global warming, through rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels which in turn may cause significant positive feedback, such as release of methane from melting arctic tundra or loss of rainforest through changed precipitation patterns. Such discontinuities might lead to a serious impact on ocean levels, and agriculture.|[0003] However, emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2, are intimately connected to the economies of the world. An abrupt reduction in the levels of these gases over effective timescales may be difficult to achieve.|[0004] Various methods of reducing the levels of solar radiation incident upon the earth have been proposed, for example, space minors, cloud seeding and stratospheric sulphate aerosols. The effects of significant stratospheric sulphate aerosol injection have been demonstrated to reduce mean global temperatures by around half a degree centigrade over a period of two years with the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991.|[0005] Reducing incident solar radiation to counteract the trapping of heat by rising greenhouse gas emissions leaves ocean acidities rising due to increased levels of absorbed carbon dioxide. However it may reduce rising temperatures generating more greenhouse gas emissions through the melting of arctic permafrost exacerbating the ocean acidity problem.|[0006] The particular method of stratospheric sulphate aerosols suffers from a number of drawbacks: the choice of particle diameter is determined by natural processes in the stratosphere if precursor materials such as Sulphur Dioxide or Hydrogen Sulphide are used, and the generation of stable aerosols with defined characteristics presents many difficulties. Furthermore their effect on stratospheric chemistry, particularly the ozone concentration may cause concern. In addition the possibility of generating local ‘shadows’ does not arise since it takes a significant time (days at least) after injection of Sulphur Dioxide for Sulphuric Acid or Ammonium Sulphate particles to be generated by the natural processes (hydration and reaction with UV atmospheric Nitrous Oxides), by which time any high local concentration will be well dispersed by even moderate stratospheric winds.|[0007] There is therefore a need for more effective solutions to the problem of global warming with less alarming side effects.|SUMMARY|[0008] Apparatuses, clouds, and methods associated with introducing solid particles into the earth's atmosphere are disclosed.|[0009] Apparatuses for transporting and dispersing solid particles into the earth's atmosphere may include a conduit connecting a substantially ground level location to an elevated location, a particle transport means, and a deagglomeration means coupled with a dispersal means. The deagglomeration means and dispersal means are located at the elevated location.|[0010] Clouds of solid particles located at an elevated location may include at least 1,000 tonnes of solid particles over a region of at least a thousand square kilometers.|[0011] Method of transporting solid particles having a refractive index of greater than 1.40 into the earth's atmosphere may include transporting the particles via a conduit from a substantially ground level location to an elevated location and dispersing the particles into the atmosphere.|(US9363954)|BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS|[0012] FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the effect of a cloud according to the present invention on incoming solar radiation to the earth's surface.|[0013] FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an apparatus according to the present invention.|[0014] FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the effect of a cloud according to the present invention on local weather conditions.|[0015] FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of three apparatuses according to the present invention working together to alter the local weather conditions.|[0016] FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the components of an apparatus according to the present invention located at a stratospheric location.|[0017] FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of the components of an apparatus according to the present invention located at a substantially ground-level location.|[0018] FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of the conduit construction according to the present invention.|[0019] FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of an apparatus according to the invention.|[0020] FIG. 9 is a sectional plan view through the cross-section of a tether for use with apparatus according to the present invention.|[0021] FIG. 10 is a sectional plan view through the cross-section of another tether for use with apparatus according to the present invention.|[0022] FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a section through another tether for use with apparatus according to the present invention.|[0023] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a section through another tether for use with apparatus according to the present invention.|[0024] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a section of another tether for use with apparatus according to the present invention.|[0025] FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a section of another tether for use with apparatus according to the present invention.|[0026] FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a section of another tether for use with apparatus according to the present invention.|[0027] FIG. 16 is a schematic representation of elements of an apparatus according to the present invention.|[0028] FIG. 17 is a sectional view through a cross-section of a tether according to the present invention.|[0029] FIG. 18 is a schematic representation of a further apparatus according to the present invention.|[0030] FIG. 19 is a schematic representation of a light emission means for use with a tether according to the present invention.|(US9363954)|DESCRIPTION|[0031] In a first aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for transporting and dispersing solid particles into the earth's atmosphere, comprising a conduit connecting a substantially ground level location to an elevated location, a particle transport means, and a deagglomeration means coupled to a dispersal means, wherein the deagglomeration means and dispersal means are located at the elevated location.|[0032] By transporting particles through a conduit into the earth's atmosphere, such particles can be deagglomerated and dispersed to influence the incident solar radiation and provide a local or regional cooling effect. If sufficient quantities of particles are dispersed, then a cloud of such particles can form, providing the local, regional or global cooling effect. Additionally, as the particles are solid their size can be controlled to provide optimum results.|[0033] The lifetime of such a cloud is largely determined by the rate of depletion of particles from the cloud.|[0034] The exact rate of depletion is influenced by several factors, including particularly the size of the particles. For sub micron particles in the stratosphere, when the settling rates are very low, the losses from the stratosphere to the troposphere are determined by the relatively small amount of mixing between the stratosphere and troposphere. It is estimated that in the region of half of the sub micron particles in the stratosphere may leave the stratosphere per year. In addition, particle-to-particle collision by Brownian motion will cause sub-micron particles to agglomerate and become larger particles, greatly increasing their settling rates.|[0035] Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to a cloud of solid particles located in the earth's atmosphere at an elevated location, wherein the cloud comprises at least 1,000 tonnes (preferably at least 5,000 tonnes, or even at least 10,000 tonnes) of solid particles over a region of at least 1,000 square kilometers, e.g. from 1,000 to 300,000 square kilometers. Such clouds will typically extend over a region of at least 3,000 square kilometers, preferably at least 30,000 square kilometers, e.g. from 50,000 to 300,000 square kilometers.|[0036] Depletion rates below the stratosphere will be significantly greater due to the increased turbulence and mixing in the tropopause and the troposphere. Thus, the elevated location is preferably at an altitude of at least 5,000 m, more preferably at least 10,000 m, and most preferably in the stratosphere, in order to minimise particle depletion rates.|[0037] For local or regional cooling such a cloud is typified by being able to scatter at least 10% of incident solar radiation, thus providing a local cooling effect.|[0038] In one arrangement the cloud may be generated during daylight hours to provide an effective local or regional cooling effect, but disperses over night.|[0039] Thus, the invention can provide local shade effects, which, if over a significant body of water can (a) cool the water surface by a few degrees centigrade thereby reducing the motive force of local tropical storms and (b) allow the creation of onshore winds laden with water to promote irrigation of coastal lands.|[0040] As discussed, over time the cloud will disperse, and if it was located in the stratosphere, will produce a rarefied cloud without clearly defined boundaries, extending over a significant fraction of the earth's surface. When quantities are sufficient, such a rarefied cloud may only scatter a few percent of incident solar radiation but may provide a global cooling effect.|[0041] Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to a method of influencing the global average level of incident solar radiation, the method comprising releasing at least 100,000 metric tonnes, preferably at least 200,000 metric tonnes, more preferably at least 500,000 metric tonnes of sub micron solid particles within a 12 month period, into the earth's stratosphere.|[0042] To maintain such a local or regional cloud in a steady state, emission rates of at least 500 metric tonnes of particles per 12 hours, preferably at least 1000 metric tonnes, more preferably at least 2000 metric tonnes, or more preferably at least 4000 metric tonnes, or most preferably at least 10,000 metric tonnes per 12 hours may be required.|[0043] Such throughputs may be provided by a single conduit or by a plurality of conduits. In the case where there is a plurality of conduits, each may be independent of the other or they may be combined into a single apparatus.|[0044] Releasing the solid particles into the stratosphere utilising a dispersal means will result in a cone of particles whose cross-section downstream of the injection point is very broad compared to it's vertical span, and from which a cloud according to the invention results. This is because the turbulent intensity in the vertical direction is less than in the horizontal direction in the stratosphere.|[0045] In another aspect, the invention relates to an aircraft, e.g. a plane, balloon or other vehicle, located at a stratospheric location, the aircraft comprising a source of solid particles, a deagglomeration means and a dispersal means.|[0046] It has been found that particles having a high refractive index, e.g. in excess of 1.40 are able to effectively scatter incoming solar radiation so that less radiation impinges on the earth.|[0047] Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to a method of transporting solid particles having a refractive index of greater than 1.40 into the earth's atmosphere, the method comprising transporting the particles via a conduit from a substantially ground level location to an elevated location and dispersing the particles into the atmosphere.|[0048] Preferably the particles have a refractive index of greater than 2.0, more preferably greater than 2.3. Suitable materials include titanium dioxide, sodium chloride, silica and silicon. A highly preferred material is titanium dioxide. However, sodium chloride may be preferred as it can be readily obtained from sea water.|[0049] Titanium dioxide exists in several material forms, the primary ones used for scattering being rutile and anatase. All of these forms have refractive indices in excess of 2.4 and so make excellent materials for use in the present invention. Additionally titanium dioxide is stable in air and not toxic. Anatase crystal may be preferred as it has relatively lower abrasion properties than the rutile crystal form.|[0050] The refractive index value defined herein refers to the real part of the complex refractive index, often referred to as n, and measured at the wavelength of 500 nm. This component is related to the ability of the material to scatter incident light.|[0051] However, the imaginary component, often referred to as k, is also important as it relates to the ability of the material to absorb incident light, and can also be measured at 500 nm.|[0052] The ability of a material to scatter incident light is greatly more advantageous than absorbing incident light. Absorption causes the material to heat up which can, in turn, cause heating of the stratosphere which could have a significant influence on weather patterns. Therefore the ratio n/k at 500 nm is preferably greater than 5, more preferably greater than 10, most preferably greater than 50.|[0053] In a preferred embodiment the present invention involves the Mie scattering of incident solar radiation. Mie scattering occurs when the size of the particles is comparable with that of the wavelength of incident light and preferably with the particle diameter being within a factor of 10, more preferably a factor of 3, of the wavelength of the incident light.|[0054] Thus, the particles are typically sub-micron and preferably the particles have a mean particle size in the range of from 0.01 to 1.3 μm, more preferably in the range of from 0.02 to 0.5 μm. This size range straddles the ultra violet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and therefore will be effective at scattering these dominant regions of the incident solar radiation.|[0055] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the particles may have a bimodal size distribution with peaks in the visible and ultra violet wavelengths respectively. For example peaks at from 0.1 to 0.3 μm and at from 0.02 to 0.06 μm are particularly effective, particularly if UV scattering is desirable to reduce ground based exposure to UV.|[0056] At such small particle sizes, agglomeration of the particles presents a significant difficulty. For titanium dioxide the interparticle forces are particularly high because of the high polarisability of oxygen in the particles. Agglomeration will inhibit the ability of the particles to be involved in Mie scattering of the incident radiation due to the increase in effective particle size that results from agglomeration. It is therefore highly desirable to be able to deagglomerate the particles at the stratospheric location.|[0057] In a preferred embodiment, the solid particles are coated with one or more materials, different to the material of the particles.|[0058] Coatings can be selected from a range of options, for example to reduce chlorine concentrations present in the stratosphere, to reduce the tendency of ice, nitrogen oxides or other polar molecules to coat the surface, to reduce ozone depletion, and promote ozone generation in the stratosphere, or to mitigate the possibility of electrical discharge near the dispersal means. For example, alkaline (metal and earth) coatings involving oxides, hydroxides, aluminates, silicas and combinations thereof can be used to scavenge chlorine from the stratosphere, thus preventing it from destroying ozone.|[0059] The presence of hydroxyl groups on the surface of the particles can increase their tendency to absorb incident light, which is undesirable, as discussed above. Therefore it may be beneficial to take steps to prevent the occurrence of hydroxyl groups. For example, the particles can be pre-treated by the use of very dry nitrogen or air at elevated temperatures of greater than 250° C. or greater than 300° C. Another possibility is to apply a chemical treatment which reacts with adsorbed hydroxyl groups, e.g. the use of octyl chlorosiloxanes.|[0060] Thus, the particulates, particularly titanium dioxide, which have been prepared by drying or chemical reaction or a combination thereof, to have a solar radiation absorption of at least 90% less than that produced by an equivalent weight of water with the same particle size distribution as the particulates and at wavelengths of about 2 microns by removal of sufficient absorbed water, hydroxyl groups or polar molecules, are desirable.|[0061] Hydrophobic coatings can also be chosen to reduce the tendency for water vapour to absorb or condense on the particles and form ice. Ice can have a highly deleterious effect on the destruction of ozone, particularly in the polar regions. In a preferred embodiment, the coatings comprise sulphate groups, phosphate groups, silanes and siloxanes or a variety of other hydrophobic coatings.|[0062] It is also possible to use a coating material to produce either a positive or a negative charge on each particle, leading to mutual repulsion of likely charged particles and reduced agglomeration.|[0063] Transporting particles through a conduit to the stratosphere presents a number of engineering challenges. However, delivery of particles into the stratosphere is believed to be particularly beneficial due to the poor mixing in the region, particularly with the troposphere below, allowing the particles to remain suspended in the stratosphere for extended periods of time.|[0064] The particles can be transported through the conduit in a number of different ways. For example, the particle transport means could comprise a pneumatic conveying arrangement, wherein containers carrying the particles are conveyed up a conduit to the stratospheric location with the return of emptied containers down a second conduit.|[0065] However, preferably the particles are dispersed in a fluid carrier material so that the carrier and particles can be pumped through the conduit in which case the particle transport means comprises a fluid pressurisation means.|[0066] Preferably, the carrier fluid is a supercritical fluid or a liquid, to enable the fluid to carry a greater density of particles per unit volume and consequently require a narrower bore of conduit. In a particularly preferred embodiment the particles are present as a slurry in a carrier fluid, at a concentration of from 5 to 50% by volume, more preferably from 10 to 30% by volume, e.g. about 15%.|[0067] Carrier fluid temperatures of from −80 to 150° C., preferably from −60 to 100° C. are beneficial. Preferred carrier fluids are nitrogen, air, mixtures of nitrogen-rich oxygen streams or water. Most preferred are nitrogen or nitrogen-rich oxygen streams. The carrier fluid pH and composition may be adjusted e.g. to enhance the surface properties of the carried particles, to protect the conduit or to facilitate dispersion at altitude.|[0068] It is also preferably for the carrier fluid to be essentially dry as introduction of water, particularly into the stratosphere, can be undesirable as water tends to absorb a wide range of incident light, thus potentially warming the stratosphere. Ideally, the carrier fluid introduces so little water that the resulting OH absorption is increased by less than 1% of that already present in the atmosphere where the particles are dispersed. For example it could contain less than 100 ppm water, more preferably less than 10 ppm water.|[0069] In order for a carrier fluid to flow along such a long length of conduit and against gravity, it must be raised to a very high pressure at the entry to the conduit. Pressures at the base of the conduit in excess of 100 MPa, preferably in excess of 200 MPa, more preferably in excess of 400 MPa and even in excess of 600 MPa might be necessary to achieve acceptable flow rates in the conduit. In order to achieve such high pressures, the supply of carrier fluid may be via a plurality of pressure vessels.|[0070] At such elevated temperatures and pressures the carrier fluid will become a supercritical fluid, which may be desirable, e.g. avoiding the need to de-water the slurry at altitude, for supplying power to the deagglomeration means and/or the dispersal means, as discussed below.|[0071] Liquid or supercritical fluid average flow velocities of from 1 to 20 m/s can provide an acceptable balance between keeping the conduit size to a minimum whilst maintaining pressure drop and conduit abrasion during flow to acceptable levels.|[0072] As the weight of the conduit added to the weight of the particles and any carrier material must be supported, the conduit is preferably at least 5000 m long, more preferably at least 10,000 m long, most preferably from 10,000 to 25,000 m long to enable it to reach the stratosphere, without being excessively long. Alternatively, it could be from 10,000 to 27,000 m long. The weight of the particles and carrier fluid may be partially or fully supported by the pressure provided at the entry to the conduit. The frictional pressure drop may also fully or partially support the weight of the conduit, thereby reducing the support load for the conduit.|[0073] Additionally, the conduit desirably has a cross-sectional area great enough to allow the flow of a fluid without an unworkable pressure drops but yet not so great that transverse wind loading present structural problems. Thus, the conduit preferably has an internal diameter of from 1.0 to 30 cm, more preferably from 2.0 to 10.0 cm.|[0074] The conduit may be made from a wide range of materials, but strong and light materials are preferred such as high strength carbon fibre, an aramid fibre or liquid crystal polymer such as Kevlar™, Technora™, Vectran™ or Twaron™ and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenes such as Spectra™ and Dyneema™ or PBO's such as Zylon™. The choice depends particularly on strength, conductivity, operating temperature and abrasion and corrosion resistance. For example, it may be necessary to ensure that the conduit is not conducting, to avoid problems associated with lightning strikes. As particles may be flowing through the conduit, the internal wall of the conduit may be coated with an abrasion-resistant material such as titanium carbide and the like.|[0075] The conduit must be designed to withstand extreme pressures, giving rise to very high hoop stresses and longitudinal stresses. It has been observed that the hoop stress at the base of the conduit will be far in excess of the hoop stress at the top of the conduit due to the drop in fluid pressure as it flows upwards through the conduit. In contrast, the longitudinal tensile stresses will be much greater at the top of the conduit than at the base because more weight of the conduit is supported at the top than at the bottom. Thus the nature of the stresses can vary along the length of the conduit.|[0076] Thus, preferably the conduit comprises reinforcing elongate fibrous material, the fibrous material being braided or wound at an angle to the central axis of the conduit, wherein the angle of winding is greater at one end of the conduit than at the other. The angle of winding can therefore be adjusted along the length of the conduit to account for the change in the nature of the stress encountered. This results in less material being required, reducing the size and cost of the conduit and supporting dirigible or balloon.|[0077] Thus, the end having the greater angle of winding or supply is typically at the substantially ground-level location. This provides greater support for the high hoop stress at the base, whist dealing with the high longitudinal tension forces at the top end.|[0078] In a preferred embodiment, the change in angle of winding or supply is gradual or occurs in a plurality of step changes. For example, the greater angle of winding or supply can be from 30 to 80°, preferably from 35 to 60°, to a line parallel to the axis of the conduit and the lesser angle of winding can be less than 30° to a line parallel to the axis of the conduit.|[0079] Once at the elevated location the particles, usually together with their carrier fluid such as nitrogen, are typically dispersed into the atmosphere by the dispersal means. Suitable dispersal means involves transporting the particles into a high velocity air stream and may be provided by a jet engine or one or more fans.|[0080] One difficulty with the operation of the dispersal means is providing power to drive it at the stratospheric location. In one embodiment, power is provided by providing electrical power or fuel lines along the conduit.|[0081] In another embodiment, fuel gases such as hydrogen and methane can be included in the carrier fluid for the particles. With an appropriate degassing stage, the fuel gases can be extracted for use at the stratospheric location.|[0082] In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus comprises a let-down facility at the stratospheric location, such as a turbine. Such a turbine can then provide power to the dispersal means and/or the deagglomeration means.|[0083] The deagglomeration means preferably comprises a microniser, a venturi nozzle or a combination thereof. Use of a single or a plurality of micronisers is possible. Such micronisers are preferably used in combination with a supercritical fluid, as described above. This can involve expansion through grinding jets. A suitable dimension for the microniser is in the region of 0.2-4 m in diameter. In a preferred embodiment the deagglomeration means includes a jet impact mill, preferably before the particles pass to a microniser.|[0084] Once the particles have been deagglomerated they are then dispersed into the stratosphere by the dispersal means. As the particles will typically tend to reagglomerate very rapidly, it is preferred that the dispersal means is close-coupled to the deagglomeration means. For example, the exit from the deagglomeration means can be directly in any gas flow generated by the dispersal means.|[0085] The dispersal means should encourage the rapid mixing of large quantities of diluent air to increase the distance between individual particles to reduce the chance of the particles colliding and reagglomerating and to prevent the cloud from sinking by too great an extent. Such systems typically include one or more nozzles situated in a fast flowing air stream provided by a combination of the motion of the apparatus, e.g. a fan or jet engine exhaust and/or ejection arrangements provided by the expansion of any carrier fluid vapour.|[0086] The apparatus desirably includes a balloon, dirigible, or airship, coupled to the conduit at the stratospheric location. Such a dirigible may be required to support the entire weight of the conduit and its contents, together with any associated equipment.|[0087] Such a balloon or dirigible is therefore preferably capable of providing a lifting force of at least 40 metric tonnes, more preferably at least 100 metric tonnes, and most preferably at least 200 metric tonnes. Large versions for providing a local shade effect might be as much as 2500 metric tonnes. Such lift values can be achieved with a balloon diameter of between 50 and 300 m, or alternatively with a dirigible comprising a lighter-than-air chamber with a length of 600 m and a width of 130 m, for example.|[0088] The conduit may be equipped with a parachute means to allow release of the conduit from the balloon or dirigible and a more gradual descent of the conduit.|[0089] Wind speeds in the stratosphere are generally much lower than those reached in the troposphere. The balloon or dirigible may therefore be located at a higher altitude than the elevated location to allow it to sit in relatively quiet air. For example, the elevated location could be below the stratosphere whilst the balloon or dirigible sits in the stratosphere.|[0090] In a preferred embodiment, the balloon or dirigible is capable of altering its altitude to alter the effective length of the conduit by altering the altitude of the conduit exit. For example, the dirigible preferably comprises a spool for the conduit to coil onto. Such a spool would need to be large enough to prevent stresses on the conduit wall becoming excessive due to coiling yet not so large that it becomes impractical. Thus a spool with a diameter of from 2 to 40 m is suitable, preferably from 5 to 20 m in diameter.|[0091] The spool may have an electric motor driven winding arrangement both to coil the conduit and to provide active damping of significant conduit oscillations.|[0092] Such a balloon or dirigible may conveniently be used to install the conduit in position. Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to a method of installing a conduit connecting a substantially ground-level location to an elevated location at an altitude of at least 10,000 m, the method comprising fixing one end of the conduit to the substantially ground-level location and coiling the conduit on a spool coupled to a balloon or dirigible, followed by increasing the altitude of the dirigible to thereby unravel the conduit until the conduit reaches the elevated location.|[0093] The apparatus according to the present invention may also comprise an active damping control means, to reduce any unwanted oscillating in the conduit.|[0094] The substantially ground-level location is typically at or very near to the land or sea surface of the planet e.g. within 1,000 m, preferably within 100 m of a land or sea surface. In one preferred embodiment, the apparatus comprises a ship, to which is coupled to the base of the conduit. A spool, with or without active damping means may also be provided on the ship. In one possible mode of operation, a plurality of ships may be employed, each with their own conduit and associated equipment. In this way, either one large cloud or a plurality of smaller clouds can be generated.|[0095] FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the effect of a cloud 100 according to the present invention located in the earth's stratosphere. The cloud 100 comprises titanium dioxide having a unimodal distribution with a peak at 0.25 micrometers particle diameter or a bimodal particle size distribution with peaks at 0.15 micrometers particle diameter and at 0.04 micrometers particle diameter.|[0096] Incoming solar radiation 102 impinges upon the cloud 100. Due to the particle size of the titanium dioxide particles in the cloud, Mie scattering of the incoming solar radiation occurs causing a proportion of the incoming solar radiation 102 to be reflected away from the earth as scattered radiation 104. Thus, a significant proportion of the ultra violet, visible and infra red light of the incoming solar radiation 102 is prevented from reaching the earth's surface. A reduced level of solar radiation 106 passes through the cloud to impinge upon the earth's surface.|[0097] Infrared radiation 108 is emitted from the earth's surface, which largely passes through the cloud 100 without being scattered due to the wavelength of the infrared radiation being very significantly greater than the particle size of the titanium dioxide particles. Thus, the cloud 100 according to the present invention is able to reduce the level of incoming solar radiation without significantly inhibiting the emission of infrared radiation to space, and thus is able to cause a local or regional cooling effect.|[0098] FIG. 2 shows an apparatus according to the present invention comprising a conduit 210 connecting a substantially ground-level location on a ship 200 to a stratospheric location at a dirigible 220. Dirigible 220 comprises a deagglomeration means (not shown) and a dispersal means (not shown). Also shown is the tropopause 240, signifying the boundary between the troposphere below and stratosphere above.|[0099] In use, particles typically of sub-micron high refractive index particles, such as titanium dioxide, are transported from the ship 200 by means of a particle transport means, such as a pressurisation of a carrier fluid, so that the particles travel along the conduit 210 to the stratospheric location 220. As the particles of the titanium dioxide are sub-micron, some agglomeration will have occurred during transport through the conduit, and so the particles are passed through a deagglomeration means (not shown) before passing to dispersal means (not shown) such as a fan or jet engine. Once the particles have passed through dispersal means, they begin to form a cloud 230 according to the present invention.|[0100] FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of how local weather patterns may be influenced by the action of a cloud 360 according to the present invention. Incoming solar radiation 370 is scattered by cloud 360, as discussed above, resulting in a region of cooled water surface 300 in the shadow of the cloud 360. The cooled water surface 300 has the effect of cooling the air above it, which has the effect of inducing a down draught of air 310 which is cooler and therefore denser than adjacent air. The down draught 310 causes an increase in horizontal wind speed at the water surface 320 which has the effect of increasing the water vapour uptake of the air 320 and cooling the water surface, before rising. The rising air column 330 results in the formation of clouds and ultimately precipitation. Rising air 330 is drawn back into the cloud's shadow by moving horizontally 340 and it begins its descent once more.|[0101] The formation of the clouds has the effect of further reducing incident radiation to extend the region of cooled water surface 300 to an extended cooled water region 380.|[0102] Thus, it can be seen that a cloud according to the present invention can be employed to cool the water surface by a few degrees and allow the creation of onshore winds laden with water to promote irrigation of coastal lands.|[0103] FIG. 4 shows the effect of using three apparatuses according to the present invention together to generate a more substantial cooling effect. In this embodiment, three ships 400 each with their own conduit 410 attached to dirigible 420 are employed. Three separate clouds of high refractive index particles are generated, having the effect of cooling an extended region of water surface 460.|[0104] In the embodiment shown, a significant spacing is left between the clouds, so that circulation patterns between the clouds are generated. Thus, cooled water causes a cooling of the air above resulting in descending air 440 and horizontal wind 430 picking up additional water vapour. Airstreams 430 rise 450 and form clouds and eventually precipitation to subsequently be drawn back into air stream 440. However, it can be advantageous to have multiple sources without a significant spacing.|[0105] FIG. 5 shows in more detail suitable equipment of an apparatus according to the present invention located at a stratospheric location, some of which may alternatively be a component of an aircraft according to the present invention. The equipment comprises the upper end of conduit 500 wound around spool 510 which is driven electrically by motor 526 with active damping control to dampen oscillating in the conduit 500, and connected to a pipeline via rotational seal 520. The particles in the conduit are carried by a supercritical nitrogen carrier and remain in a supercritical state at the stratospheric location, despite the loss in pressure head and frictional pressure drop during transport from a substantially ground-level location (not shown). The particles carried in this super critical water pass through a let-down facility 530, which may be a turbine and/or reducing valve, to flash-off nitrogen and bring the carrier fluid out of a supercritical state.|[0106] The particles, now carried in a largely gaseous carrier are then passed to a jet impact mill and microniser 540 via multiple entry points to a microniser of approximately 4 meters in diameter. The jet impact mill and microniser, constituting a deagglomeration means, breaks any agglomerates formed between the particles and ejects the individual particles via nozzle or nozzles 570. Also shown is a fan or jet engine 560 with air inlet 550. The fan or jet engine 560, constituting a dispersal means, generates a significant flow of air. As can be seen, nozzle 570 is located in the flowing gas stream, and the agglomeration means is therefore close-coupled to the dispersal means. This has the effect that the deagglomerated particles do not have an opportunity to reagglomerate and are dispersed into the stratosphere to form a cloud 580 according to the present invention. The particle stream can also be injected into the inlet of the jet, fan or gas turbine to aid dispension but can lead to particle build-up and particle degradation issues. Also shown is valve 525 which can be opened to allow the ingress of air when it is desired to drain the contents of the conduit 500.|[0107] FIG. 6 shows in more detail suitable equipment of an apparatus according to the present invention located at a substantially ground-level location. Shown is a portion of a slurry pipeline or conduit 600 attached to a spool 610 to take the tension force from the slurry pipeline 600. The spool 610 has active tensioning arrangements 625 to control pipeline oscillations. The pipeline 600 is secured by a pipe release restraint 690 which is secured by an anchor 695 to a ship or to the ground.|[0108] Also shown is suitable slurry preparation equipment. Separate streams of high refractive index particles and carrier fluid, e.g. nitrogen, are passed to slurry mixing vessels 650. Once mixed, the mixture is passed to pumps 640 which increase the pressure of the mixture to very high levels. Once at high pressure, the mixture is passed to pressure surge vessels 630 in order to smooth out any pressure impulses from pumps 640. As shown, a plurality of streams are employed and combined together to increase the pressure of the slurry still further before being passed to pipeline 600 for transmission to the stratosphere.|[0109] Additionally, additives may be included via additive feed pump 670 and a pipe dump tank 680 is conveniently to allow draining of the conduit when the dirigible needs to move location independently of the ground location. Typically, heating apparatus (not shown) may also be employed in order for the carrier fluid to become a supercritical fluid.|[0110] FIG. 7 shows in more detail the conduit construction and arrangement of its structure. Shown is a former 701, surrounded by a composite pipe 702, insulation 703 and surface protection 704. Fluid is pumped from a ship or ground station 709 via the conduit 708 to a dispersal arrangement 710 at an elevated location.|[0111] The former 701 is typically steel but can be a strong non-conducting abrasion-resistant plastic, typically from 0.2 to 2.0 mm thick, providing abrasion resistance and abase on which fibre is wound on or which a braid is stretched. An epoxy or other filler would provide some additional stability to the fibre orientation.|[0112] Close-up view 706 illustrates how the elongate fibres or braid are wound around the conduit at a very low angle with respect to a line passing through the fibre and parallel to the central axis. This helps to deal with the very high longitudinal tension forces encountered there due to the weight of the conduit being supported. At the base of the conduit in close-up view 705, it can be seen that the elongate fibres or braid are wound around the conduit at a greater angle with respect to a line passing through the fibre and parallel to the central axis. This is to provide greater protection for the high hoop stress encountered there due to the high fluid pressure. Although not shown, the angle of winding or braid alters gradually from the top to the bottom to account for the gradually changing nature of the stresses in the conduit. This provides for an efficient use of materials, reducing the size and cost of the conduit.|[0113] The following relates to high altitude platforms, particularly for delivering information services at altitude, including telecommunications, observation and positioning services.|[0114] High altitude platforms, e.g. situated from 10 to 25 km altitude, have been proposed for a wide variety of applications. One area of growing interest is in providing information services from such arrangements such as telecommunications, positioning and observation capabilities including high speed internet, e-mail, telephony, televisual services, video-on-demand, global positioning.|[0115] Compared with satellites, high altitude platforms have several advantages, primarily because the distance from a transmitter to a receiver on Earth can be much less, with geostationary satellites typically at 40,000 km altitude and around 1000 km altitude for a low Earth orbit satellite.|[0116] This relative nearness of high altitude platforms can result in much stronger signals and avoid the expense of rocket launches as well as providing shorter development times.|[0117] U.S. Pat. No. 7,046,934 discloses a high altitude balloon for delivering information services in conjunction with a satellite.|[0118] However, there are numerous and significant technical challenges to providing a reliable commercial information service from a high altitude platform. A key problem is maintaining the stability of such a platform, which will be subject to winds which can be highly fluctuating and of very high speeds. In particular, many information services require accurate directional transmissions which are difficult to deliver from a platform subject to the high winds present at such altitudes.|[0119] Furthermore the power available locally at altitude is generally restricted to a few kW, ruling out engineering solutions involving high powered devices.|[0120] Therefore, further improvements in this area would be highly desirable.|[0121] In another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for generating electrical energy at altitude, comprising a tether connecting a substantially ground level location to a platform at an elevated location, the tether comprising a conduit coupled to an electrical generator at the platform, the conduit arranged to allow the flow of a fuel fluid from the substantially ground level location to the elevated location, and the electrical generator being operable to convert energy in the fuel fluid to electrical energy at the elevated location.|[0122] It has been found that providing a high altitude platform which can generate electrical power from a fuel fluid can allow for orders of magnitude more power available than that available from in situ generation such as solar generators or fuel cells which extract their fuel from the atmosphere.|[0123] With large quantities of power available at altitude, options for solving a variety of technical hurdles related to such platforms become available, which were not previously possible.|[0124] The engineering challenges involved in such an arrangement are significant. However, with careful design of the apparatus it can be achieved, as will be discussed below.|[0125] Typically the elevated location will be at an altitude of from 5,000 m to 30,000 m, preferably from 10,000 m to 25,000 m, more preferably from 15,000 m to 25,000 m. This provides sufficient altitude to deliver information services over a wide area whilst not being so high as to present insurmountable engineering challenges. In a preferred embodiment, the elevated location is in the stratosphere, preferably just above or at the tropopause, where side winds are much less severe.|[0126] The substantially ground-level location is typically at or very near to the land or sea surface of Earth, e.g. within 1000 m, preferably within 100 m of a land or sea surface. In one preferred embodiment, the apparatus comprises a ship to which is coupled the tether.|[0127] In a preferred embodiment the apparatus comprises one or more balloons or dirigibles at the elevated location, to provide the lift necessary to keep the apparatus at the elevated location. Such a one or more balloon or dirigible is therefore preferably capable of providing a lifting force of at least 5.0 metric tonnes, more preferably at least 10.0 metric tonnes, and possibly at least 25 metric tonnes.|[0128] In order to provide such lift, any balloons preferably have a total volume of from 60,000 m3 to 2,000,000 m3.|[0129] Such a balloon or dirigible can be spherical but is preferably non-spherical or ellipsoidal in shape. This provides a more aerodynamic shape, which helps reduce wind forces.|[0130] The conduit is typically a pipe with a circular or near-circular cross-section, through which the fuel fluid flows.|[0131] Accordingly, the inside diameter, through which the fuel fluid flows, is preferably from 1.5 to 30 mm. This is sufficient to allow for practical flow rates of from 0.00005 to 3.0 kg/s, preferably from 0.00015 to 1.0 kg/s of fuel fluid.|[0132] In order for the fuel fluid to flow during such a long length of conduit, and against gravity, it must be raised to a high pressure at the entry to the conduit. Pressures in excess of 100 MPa, preferably in excess of 200 MPa, more preferably in excess of 400 MPa and even in excess of 600 MPa may be necessary to achieve acceptable flow rates in the conduit. However, if the fuel fluid is hydrogen then lower pressures are required, with pressures of from 1 to 100 MPa being appropriate. In order to achieve such high pressures the fuel fluid may be provided via a plurality of pressure vessels.|[0133] The fuel fluid preferably comprises hydrogen and/or a hydrocarbon fluid. Due to the high pressures necessary for transporting the fluid through the conduit, preferably the hydrocarbon fluid has an average molecular weight of less than 200, preferably less than 150, more preferably less than 100, most preferably less than 50 or even less than 20. In one preferred embodiment, the fuel fluid comprises at least 90 wt %, more preferably at least 99 wt %, most preferably at least 99.9 wt % hydrogen, or even at least 99.99 wt % hydrogen.|[0134] In one preferred embodiment the electrical generator comprises a combustion engine, generating electricity by combustion of the fuel fluid, e.g. with air taken from altitude. In another preferred embodiment, the electrical generator comprises a fuel cell, which can consume hydrogen, as the fuel fluid, generating electricity by reaction of hydrogen and air compressed and possibly dehumidified from air at altitude.|[0135] The generator is typically capable of generating a few kW up to a few MW. Thus, preferably the generator can produce from 3 to 60,000 kW, more preferably from 100 to 20,000 kW of electrical power.|[0136] The conduit may be made from a wide range of materials, but strong and light materials are preferred such as high strength carbon fibre, or aramid fibre such as Kevlar™, Technora™, Vectran™ or Thoron™ and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenes such as Spectra™ and Dyneema™ or PBO's such as Zylon™.|[0137] For hydrogen conveying, the conduit may comprise a composite pipe with a liner, such as metal or PTFE or other low permeabilty plastics, to carry the fuel fluid. This combination prevents diffusion of hydrogen and hydrogen loss.|[0138] The tether may comprise one or more reinforcing cables which travel along the outside of the conduit to provide strength. Thus the tether functions to bear the tensions necessary to support the apparatus, whilst the conduit functions to transport the fuel fluid, although it may also carry some tension.|[0139] It has been further discovered that such a tether may preferably have a non-circular cross-section to reduce horizontal drag whilst maintaining vertical strength and pressure containment for the conduit.|[0140] Horizontal drag on the tether is a significant problem as it could cause the tether to move to a more horizontal orientation, thus lowering the altitude of the platform to below that of the desired elevated location, a problem that can be described as blow-over. This can be exacerbated if the platform enters a region of higher wind speeds which could lead to a catastrophic failure due to excess wind loads.|[0141] Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for providing high altitude services, comprising a platform at an elevated location, the platform being tethered to a substantially ground level location, wherein the tether has a non-circular cross-section.|[0142] Such a tether can be characterised by the aspect ratio of the cross-section, i.e. the ratio of the length of sides of a rectangle which just contains the cross-section. Aspect ratios of from 1.5 to 20.0 are preferred.|[0143] As discussed above, the tether may comprise reinforcing cables so as to provide sufficient strength to the tether. In one preferred embodiment, the tether comprises more than one cable, each being parallel to each other. In this way cables with a circular cross-section can produce a tether according to the invention having a non-circular cross-section. Further cables can be included which may also be aligned with the other cables to produce an elongate cross-sectional tether. For example a tether comprising from 1 to 10 cables is preferred.|[0144] As is well-known in the art, a circular cross-section tether would always present the same area to the air irrespective of any twisting action in the tether. However a tether with a non-circular cross-section has the potential to expose a variable area to the flowing air according to the rotated state of the tether.|[0145] However, one problem with long non-circular cross-section tethers is that they tend to expose their maximum area to flowing air, rather than expose their minimum area. This is because such tethers will generally have a low torsional stiffness and align themselves in the flowing air with the minimum strain energy thereby putting the long axis at right angles to the flow direction unless regularly oriented by, for example, vanes.|[0146] Thus, their natural tendency to present an increased area can increase the forces on the tether due to flowing air. It is therefore desirable to take steps to ensure that the non-circular cross-section tether tends to expose a minimum area to flowing air.|[0147] It has now been surprisingly found that such non-circular cross-section tethers can be made to expose their minimum area to flowing air even though they may have low torsional stiffness.|[0148] Such tethers are thus typically elongate in their cross-section, having two well-defined ends to the elongate cross-section. The two ends can be referred to as the leading edge and trailing edge respectively. The leading edge is typically rounded and is intended to be at the most upstream point of air flowing over the tether. Likewise the trailing edge is intended to be the most downstream point of flowing air. The distance from the most upstream point of the tether to the most downstream point on the tether in a given cross-section, is referred to as the chord length of the tether at that cross-section.|[0149] When air flows over such a tether, it creates forces on the tether. At any given time there is a notional point within the cross-section of the tether about which the sum of all the moments induced by such forces, cancel each other out. Such a point is referred to herein as the centre of aerodynamic pressure.|[0150] Because of the length of the tether it will generally have a low torsional stiffness. It has been surprisingly found that if the centre of mass of the tether at a given cross-section is nearer to the leading edge of the tether than is the centre of aerodynamic pressure, then the tether will find its most stable arrangement to be when it exposes its minimum area to the flowing air, even though the stored strain energy may not be a minimum.|[0151] In other words, the centre of mass is preferably nearer to the leading edge than is the centre of aerodynamic pressure in use.|[0152] It is typically the case that for an elongate cross-section of tether positioned to expose its minimum area to the flowing air, the centre of aerodynamic pressure will be near to one-quarter the chord length from the leading edge. Thus, in order to ensure that the centre of mass is closer to the leading edge than is the centre of aerodynamic pressure, particular steps need to be taken.|[0153] For example, the shape of the tether cross-section is preferably a tear-drop shape, e.g. similar to a helicopter rotor cross-section. However, this alone will not ensure that the centre of mass is sufficiently close to the leading edge. Thus, typically the material density of the tether is greater near to the leading edge than it is in the centre and near to the trailing edge.|[0154] Such variation in material density may be gradual or sudden. It may even involve dislocations where other materials, such as optical fibre cables and reinforcing cables, pass through the tether. However, any variation in material density together with variations in shape together provide the centre of mass being suitably positioned within the tether.|[0155] Thus, preferably the centre of mass of the tether is less than 25% of the chord length from the leading edge. More preferably it is less than 24% of the chord length from the leading edge. Typically it will be from 10% to 24%, more preferably from 15% to 24% of chord length from the leading edge.|[0156] Naturally, as the tether connects the substantially ground-level location to the platform it will carry a tension force. It has been surprisingly found that improvements in tether stability can be achieved if the centre of tension is nearer to the leading edge than is the centre of aerodynamic pressure in use.|[0157] It has been found that if the centre of tension is downstream of the centre of aerodynamic pressure, the tether may be prone to twisting so that the longitudinal axis inclines at a large angle to any wind. Once this process begins, more and more of the length of the tether will assume this altitude, potentially giving higher wind loads than if the tether is pointed in the wind.|[0158] The centre of tension is that point in a cross-section of tether about which all the moments established by the tension forces (which are directed normal to the plane of the cross-section) carried by the tether in that cross-section add up to zero.|[0159] Thus preferably the centre of tension of the tether is less than 25% of the chord length from the leading edge. More preferably it is less than 24% of the chord length from the leading edge. Typically it will be from 10% to 24%, more preferably from 15 to 24% of chord length from the leading edge.|[0160] It has been surprisingly found that improvements in tether stability can be achieved if the centre of shear is nearer to the leading edge than is the centre of aerodynamic pressure in use.|[0161] The centre of shear is the point in the cross-section of the tether through which, if a notional force is applied in the plane of the cross-section, causes no rotational forces on the tether. In other words the force applied results in pure deflection of the tether without any rotation thereof.|[0162] Thus preferably the centre of shear of the tether is less than 25% of the chord length from the leading edge. More preferably it is less than 24% of the chord length from the leading edge. Typically it will be from 10% to 24%, more preferably from 15 to 24% of chord length from the leading edge.|[0163] It has also been found that is may be optimally desirable that that the centres of mass, tension and shear are in close proximity to each other, whilst remaining nearer to the leading edge than the centre of aerodynamic pressure. Thus the centres of mass, tension and shear are preferably within a region of less than 10% of the chord length, preferably less than 5%. On occasion it is possible that one or two of these centres may be further away from the leading edge than the centre of aerodynamic pressure, but not all three if a dynamically stable system with low drag is to be achieved.|[0164] In a preferred embodiment the tether may comprise a series of vanes or aerofoils to provide lift to the tether from horizontal or near horizontal winds. The tether may also comprise fins which may be powered to provide active control.|[0165] Alternatively or additionally, the tether may comprise a plurality of flags located along the length of the conduit. Such flags have been found to prevent flutter of the non-circular cross-sectional tether.|[0166] As discussed above, with so much power available, options for enhancing the performance of the information services provided not previously available become possible.|[0167] For example, in a preferred embodiment, the apparatus comprises a gyroscopic and/or gravitational stabilisation means. Such an apparatus can act to maintain a fixed attitude in the atmosphere. This enables transmissions directed from the apparatus through the atmosphere and to the Earth's surface. Without such a stabilisation means, the movement of the apparatus would make directional transmissions more difficult.|[0168] Increased power enables highly powered telecommunication signals to be transmitted to the Earth. This can provide several advantages. For example, the signals become capable of penetrating buildings or into underground installations. Another benefit is that ground-based equipment may be able to operate with smaller antennas which are more convenient and possibly portable.|[0169] Thus the platform typically comprises information services apparatus. For example, the apparatus may comprise electromagnetic transmitters and/or receivers for delivering telecommunication services to the surface of the Earth.|[0170] In a preferred embodiment, the tether also comprises an optic fibre cable from the substantially ground level location to the elevated location to transmit and receive high bit rates to transmitters/receivers at the elevated location. From the substantially ground level location the optical fibre can be linked to ground-based centres of communication by optical fibre. In the case when the substantially ground level location is a ship, then it is desirable to arrange for an optic fibre cable to travel from the mainland under the sea to a buoy, connected by an optical fibre or other means to the ship. Communication to and from the ship can then be transmitted by optic fibre via the sub-sea optic fibre cable.|[0171] In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus employs radio-over-fibre technology.|[0172] Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for providing information services at altitude, comprising a platform comprising information services apparatus at an elevated location, the platform being tethered to a substantially ground level location, the tether comprising an optic fibre cable connecting the information services apparatus to a base station in the vicinity of the substantially ground level location, wherein the base station comprises a means for modulating light by a radio signal, the information services apparatus comprising an optical-to-electronic conversion means and at least one antenna, the arrangement being operable to transmit the modulated light along the optic fibre cable to the information services apparatus where the signal is converted to electronic form and transmitted by the antenna.|[0173] Typically the radio signals will be wireless signals, e.g. of a few GHz frequency.|[0174] Radio-over-fibre is particularly advantageous because there is very low signal attenuation in transmission to the platform and most of the information processing apparatus can be located at the base station thus reducing the weight of the platform. An additional advantage is the possibility of developing the type of service without changing the equipment at altitude.|[0175] Thus, typically modulation and switching functions can be carried out at the base station. Other functions such as frequency up-conversion and multiplexing can also be performed at the base station. Thus some of the information services apparatus only require optoelectronics and amplification functions at the platform.|[0176] It has also been found that for many applications translational movement of any apparatus at altitude is much less problematic than rotational movement. For communication at large distances, even a small change in the direction of a directed transmission will result in the transmission or reception to and from the Earth being significantly off target. However, if the direction can be fixed or particularly the angular velocity minimised, then translational movements only result in relatively small deviations from the target. Thus, it has been found that translational movement due to winds can be more easily tolerated than rotational movement.|[0177] Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for providing information services at altitude comprising a platform comprising information services apparatus at an elevated location, the platform being tethered to a substantially ground level location, wherein the platform is contained within a shroud to which it is not rigidly connected. Typically the platform is connected to the tether by a bearing arrangement that allows free rotation with respect to the tether.|[0178] It has been found that the platform is protected from the high winds by being located within a shroud. Furthermore, as the platform is not rigidly connected to the shroud or the tether, any rotational movement experienced by the shroud or the tether is not transferred to the platform.|[0179] The shroud thus shields the platform from the winds and provides a volume of quiescent air or gas within which the platform is mounted. Thus, although translational movement of the shroud can be transferred, little or no rotational movement is transferred and directed information services are significantly improved.|[0180] In a preferred embodiment the shroud is a balloon and the platform can be suspended by the tether but free to rotate in all planes with respect to the tether. For example, the shroud may be a balloon suspended beneath a larger balloon or dirigible providing the lift for the platform.|[0181] Furthermore, the benefit of the shroud is further and significantly enhanced if it is combined with a gyroscopic and/or gravitational stabilisation means, as discussed above. In such an embodiment, a very stable attitude can be achieved, providing for significantly enhanced directed information services.|[0182] It is furthermore desirable if it is combined with the fuel fluid aspect of the invention discussed above.|[0183] The tether and platform according to the invention may also be susceptible to lightning strikes. Such strikes can be very hazardous, particularly if a fuel fluid is passing through a conduit in the tether. Thus, preferably the conduit is non-electrically conducting. This can be achieved, for example, by ensuring that any metal components of the tether are broken every so often, e.g. every few meters, to break any electrical pathway. Alternatively the conduit may be essentially free of electrically conductive elements.|[0184] Whilst the conduit is preferably non-electrically conductive, the tether itself may be non-electrically conductive too or alternatively may comprise a lightning strike conductor electrically connecting the substantially ground level location to the platform. Thus, any lightning strikes would be carried by the conductor and not influence the non-conductive conduit.|[0185] In another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for providing information services at altitude comprising a platform comprising information services apparatus at an elevated location, the platform being tethered to a substantially ground level location, wherein the tether comprises at least two electrical power cables operable to transport electrical power from the ground level location to the platform.|[0186] In this embodiment, it will not be possible to ensure that the tether is non-electrically conducting. Therefore, preferably the tether also comprises a lightning strike conductor electrically connecting the substantially ground level location to the platform. In one embodiment the lightning strike conductor may one of the electrical power cables in a non-insulated form. Thus, although lightning strikes may not be prevented, their effect can be greatly minimised by providing the electrically conductive path in the tether.|[0187] For example, the lightning strike conductor may comprise an aluminium strip or other conducting material, preferably with a cross-section of from 100-400 mm2 cross-section area.|[0188] It is also preferred that the power cable or cables are insulated. It has been found that high voltage cables from 3.3 kV to 330 kV are suitable.|[0189] It has also been found that there is a risk that water may form a conductive pathway on the outside of the tether. Thus, if it is non-conducting the water can nevertheless provide a conductive pathway and the problem of lightning strikes remains a problem.|[0190] Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for providing high altitude services, comprising a platform at an elevated location, the platform being tethered to a substantially ground level location, wherein the tether is coated with a hydrophobic material.|[0191] Thus, if any liquid forms on the surface of the tether it will generally not form continuous pathways, thus preventing the possibility of an electrical pathway forming. Additionally, other potentially problematic situations may be avoided by preventing the formation of ice on the tether which can promote aerodynamic instability in particular in the case of non-circular tethers.|[0192] It is also preferable if the tether comprises a moveable vehicle which is operable to inspect the tether for damage, possibly make minor repairs and providing a de-icing capability.|[0193] As such high altitude platforms will generally be located in the vicinity of human population areas, consideration with respect to aircraft safety and regulations must also be given. One such safety consideration is the requirement that the tether contain a multitude of lights which may operate continuously or intermittently, in order to alert aeroplane pilots of the presence of the tether.|[0194] However, providing lights and providing sufficient power along the length of the tether can involve significant weight increases, which in general are to be avoided. Thus, a system which can provide such lighting without significant additional weight would be highly desirable.|[0195] Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for providing high altitude services, comprising a platform at an elevated location, the platform being tethered to a substantially ground level location, wherein the tether comprises an optic fibre cable at least substantially from the substantially ground level location to the platform, the optic fibre cable comprising a plurality of couplers spaced along the length of the optic fibre cable, each coupler adapted to divert a fraction of the light in the optic fibre cable and direct it to a respective light emission means.|[0196] Typically the light emission means comprises a collimator and may, for example, comprise one or more lenses, some mirrors or diffraction gratings (either conventional or holographic).|[0197] The light transmitted along the optic fibre cable is preferably intermittent, in order to provide a flashing light effect at the respective light emissions means.|[0198] In a preferred embodiment the light emission means are evenly spaced apart. Spacing between the light emission means can be from 50 to 200 m.|[0199] Thus, such a tether may comprise from 20 to 200 such light emitting means. Thus, the amount of light diverted by each coupler is preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 5.0% of the light in the optic fibre at that point.|[0200] The optic fibre in this embodiment is typically a different optic fibre employed for conveying optical signals for use with information services apparatus according to other aspects of the invention.|[0201] Such an arrangement is low weight, compact, can present little additional wind resistance and involves no local power requirements, thus simplifying the apparatus required.|[0202] Any of the features disclosed herein in relation to the high altitude platform may be combined with any other feature to provide embodiments according to the invention.|[0203] The high altitude platform invention will now be illustrated, by way of example and with reference to the following figures, in which:|[0204] Turning to the figures, FIG. 8 shows an apparatus according to the invention comprising a high altitude platform 4 supported by a balloon 3 and a tether 2. The tether is attached to a ship 1 located at sea level, being a ground level location.|[0205] The platform 4 comprises an electrical generator in the form of a fuel cell, although it could be a gas engine, jet engine or a diesel engine and the like.|[0206] The platform 4 also comprises a variety of information services apparatus, such as internal antennas, multi networks for wireless internet, a 700 horn antennae to supply 1 to 20 km diameter cells, television transmitters, GPS transmitters, aircraft warning systems, e.g. radar reflectors and light strobes.|[0207] The tether 2 comprises a Kevlar™ pipe with a 15 mm outside diameter and 12 mm inside diameter made of composite material with a PTFE liner. The pipe is reinforced by four additional Kevlar™ cables of 15 mm diameter to provide a cross-section to the tether which is non-circular.|[0208] Balloon 3 is 600,000 cubic meters capacity of ellipsoid shape with a horizontal diameter of 158 m and a vertical height of 46 m and is filled with helium to support the platform 4 which weighs 8 metric tonnes.|[0209] The ship 1 comprises a store of hydrogen, and optionally a hydrogen generation plant, and can pressurise the hydrogen to 350 bar pressure by two high pressure compressors (not shown) so that it can flow up the tether to the platform 4. Once the hydrogen arrives at the platform it passes to the fuel cell, whereupon electrical energy is generated at altitude. The electrical energy produced is typically from 100 to 10,000 kW, e.g. 1000 kW, and is more than enough to provide high strength signals for use with the information services apparatus.|[0210] FIG. 9 shows a cross-section through a portion of the tether 2 used in FIG. 8. The tether 2 comprises a conduit 6 which carries the fuel fluid, e.g. hydrogen. It is strengthened by a wall 8 of composite material.|[0211] Also provided are four strengthening cables 10 which do not carry fuel fluid but are there to lend strength to the tether. Also provided is a tail portion 12 and a fin portion 14 attached to tail portion 12 by a ring or actuator 16. The tether is surrounded by a skin 18 to maintain integrity of the tether 2. The elongate nature of the cross-section helps to reduce horizontal drag induced by high cross-winds. The actuator 16 may be operable to provide active control to prevent adverse tether movement.|[0212] FIG. 10 shows a cross-section through a portion of another tether 20 for use with the present invention. Tether 20 comprises a fuel conduit 22 embedded in a non-circular composite material 24. Also provided is a fin 26 attached to tether 20 by ring or actuator 28. The actuator 28 may be operable to provide active control to prevent adverse tether movement.|[0213] FIG. 11 shows a view of a portion of another tether 30 for use with the present invention. Shown is a central conduit 32 carrying fuel fluid surrounded on each side by two strengthening cables 34.|[0214] Also provided is a vane 36 which acts to provide lift to the tether when high lateral winds flow past the tether. This helps to prevent blow over of the platform.|[0215] FIG. 12 shows a view of a portion of another tether 40 for use with the present invention. Shown is a central conduit 42 for carrying fuel fluid surrounded on each side by two strengthening cables 44.|[0216] Also provided is a vane 46 attached to a strengthening cable 44 by links 48 and spring 50. In use, vane 46 provides lift to the tether 40 when strong lateral winds flow past the tether.|[0217] FIG. 13 shows another form of lifting vanes being wound onto the tether. The diameter of the vanes 52 may be from 0.2 to 10 mm, but is typically around 1 mm, with 4 mm vertical spacing. The winding may or may not be continuous along the length of the tether. Preferably the winding is present between 7000 m and 13000 m altitude.|[0218] FIG. 14 shows a further means of construction with the vanes 55 being interlaced with the tether cables.|[0219] FIG. 15 shows a view of a portion of another tether 58 for use with the present invention. The tether comprises a flag 57 attached to the tether by a coil 59 and holes 60 in the flag. The flag could alternatively be a simple wire to prevent flutter of the non-circular cross-section of tether in high winds.|[0220] FIG. 16 shows more detail of the fuel management system and the platform shown in FIG. 1. Shown is a hydrogen pressurisation system within a spool 64 at the ground level location, conduit 65 and platform 79.|[0221] The pressurisation system within a spool 64 comprises a low pressure slip seal 62, through which the hydrogen passes to a compressor 63 prior to the hydrogen flowing up the conduit 65 in the tether.|[0222] Once at the platform 79, the conduit enters an upper spool 68 with a let down valve 66. In another embodiment the spool 68 may be omitted. The hydrogen then flows to past a slip seal 67 into the fuel cell made up of an anode 69, a membrane 70 and a cathode 71. Atmospheric air 73 is compressed in compressor 74 passed through dehumidifier 75 before entering the cathode 71. Water is expelled via outlet 72.|[0223] Power from the fuel cell drives a motor 78 which in turn drives the compressor 74. Other uses of the power are the payload electronics 76 supplying transmitters 77 as well as any platform stabilisers (not shown).|[0224] FIG. 17 shows a section through a tether according to the present invention. The tether comprises a skin 84 which contains two optical fibre cable bundles 86 and two conduits or cables 88. The cross-section is non-circular and elongate with an aspect ratio of about 4. In use, air flows from left to right, defining a leading edge 90 and a trailing edge 91. Also defined is the chord length 92 and the chord width 93. At 90 and 91 there are small optical fibres providing an external light source.|[0225] The cross-section is filled at the leading edge with aramid 94 and the remainder filled with low density foam 95. The relative densities of the elements of the cross-section through the tether are such that the centre of mass is provided along line 96, and being symmetric close to the chord line.|[0226] As air flows from the leading edge to the trailing edge, the centre of aerodynamic pressure is located on line 97. As the centre of mass 96 is nearer the leading edge 90 than is the centre of aerodynamic pressure 97, the arrangement shown is stable. Thus the design of tether exposes its minimum area to the flowing air and thus experiencing minimised wind resistance.|[0227] FIG. 18 shows an apparatus 100 according to the invention comprising a balloon or dirigible 102 connected to a base station (not shown) by a tether 106. The tether comprises an optic fibre cable 108 travelling from an intermittent light source 104 to the balloon or dirigible 102.|[0228] Spaced along the optic fibre 108 is a plurality of lights 110, 112 with lights 114 around the balloon or dirigible 102. As shown in more detail, optic fibre cable 108 enters a coupler 116 which diverts a fraction of the light in the optic fibre to light 110 and 112. The majority of the light remains in the optic fibre and travels to the next pair of lights, where the same process is carried out. At the balloon or dirigible 102 the remaining light is diverted equally to the lights 114.|[0229] Thus, safety lights are provided in a lightweight, compact and low wind resistance form.|[0230] FIG. 19 shows in detail the operation of a coupler 116 to provide light emission. Light from the optic cable 108 enters the coupler 116, whereupon a fraction of light 108a is diverted and directed to grating 118. The majority of the light passes through the coupler 116 and is not diverted. The diverted light exits the grating 118 and is directed onto reflective cone 120 which reflects the light in a wide angle to provide the light emission means. Other methods of distributing the diverted light to provide the light emission means can be readily conceived of. | (US9363954)|TECHNICAL FIELD|[0001] The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for transporting and dispersing particles into the earth's stratosphere, particularly to achieve a global or local cooling effect.|BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION|[0002] Many authors now agree there is a significant possibility of abrupt discontinuities in the earth's climate, e.g. by global warming, through rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels which in turn may cause significant positive feedback, such as release of methane from melting arctic tundra or loss of rainforest through changed precipitation patterns. Such discontinuities might lead to a serious impact on ocean levels, and agriculture.|[0003] However, emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2, are intimately connected to the economies of the world. An abrupt reduction in the levels of these gases over effective timescales may be difficult to achieve.|[0004] Various methods of reducing the levels of solar radiation incident upon the earth have been proposed, for example, space minors, cloud seeding and stratospheric sulphate aerosols. The effects of significant stratospheric sulphate aerosol injection have been demonstrated to reduce mean global temperatures by around half a degree centigrade over a period of two years with the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991.|[0005] Reducing incident solar radiation to counteract the trapping of heat by rising greenhouse gas emissions leaves ocean acidities rising due to increased levels of absorbed carbon dioxide. However it may reduce rising temperatures generating more greenhouse gas emissions through the melting of arctic permafrost exacerbating the ocean acidity problem.|[0006] The particular method of stratospheric sulphate aerosols suffers from a number of drawbacks: the choice of particle diameter is determined by natural processes in the stratosphere if precursor materials such as Sulphur Dioxide or Hydrogen Sulphide are used, and the generation of stable aerosols with defined characteristics presents many difficulties. Furthermore their effect on stratospheric chemistry, particularly the ozone concentration may cause concern. In addition the possibility of generating local ‘shadows’ does not arise since it takes a significant time (days at least) after injection of Sulphur Dioxide for Sulphuric Acid or Ammonium Sulphate particles to be generated by the natural processes (hydration and reaction with UV atmospheric Nitrous Oxides), by which time any high local concentration will be well dispersed by even moderate stratospheric winds.|[0007] There is therefore a need for more effective solutions to the problem of global warming with less alarming side effects.|SUMMARY|[0008] Apparatuses, clouds, and methods associated with introducing solid particles into the earth's atmosphere are disclosed.|[0009] Apparatuses for transporting and dispersing solid particles into the earth's atmosphere may include a conduit connecting a substantially ground level location to an elevated location, a particle transport means, and a deagglomeration means coupled with a dispersal means. The deagglomeration means and dispersal means are located at the elevated location.|[0010] Clouds of solid particles located at an elevated location may include at least 1,000 tonnes of solid particles over a region of at least a thousand square kilometers.|[0011] Method of transporting solid particles having a refractive index of greater than 1.40 into the earth's atmosphere may include transporting the particles via a conduit from a substantially ground level location to an elevated location and dispersing the particles into the atmosphere.|(US9363954)|BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS|[0012] FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the effect of a cloud according to the present invention on incoming solar radiation to the earth's surface.|[0013] FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an apparatus according to the present invention.|[0014] FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the effect of a cloud according to the present invention on local weather conditions.|[0015] FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of three apparatuses according to the present invention working together to alter the local weather conditions.|[0016] FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the components of an apparatus according to the present invention located at a stratospheric location.|[0017] FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of the components of an apparatus according to the present invention located at a substantially ground-level location.|[0018] FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of the conduit construction according to the present invention.|[0019] FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of an apparatus according to the invention.|[0020] FIG. 9 is a sectional plan view through the cross-section of a tether for use with apparatus according to the present invention.|[0021] FIG. 10 is a sectional plan view through the cross-section of another tether for use with apparatus according to the present invention.|[0022] FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a section through another tether for use with apparatus according to the present invention.|[0023] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a section through another tether for use with apparatus according to the present invention.|[0024] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a section of another tether for use with apparatus according to the present invention.|[0025] FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a section of another tether for use with apparatus according to the present invention.|[0026] FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a section of another tether for use with apparatus according to the present invention.|[0027] FIG. 16 is a schematic representation of elements of an apparatus according to the present invention.|[0028] FIG. 17 is a sectional view through a cross-section of a tether according to the present invention.|[0029] FIG. 18 is a schematic representation of a further apparatus according to the present invention.|[0030] FIG. 19 is a schematic representation of a light emission means for use with a tether according to the present invention.|(US9363954)|DESCRIPTION|[0031] In a first aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for transporting and dispersing solid particles into the earth's atmosphere, comprising a conduit connecting a substantially ground level location to an elevated location, a particle transport means, and a deagglomeration means coupled to a dispersal means, wherein the deagglomeration means and dispersal means are located at the elevated location.|[0032] By transporting particles through a conduit into the earth's atmosphere, such particles can be deagglomerated and dispersed to influence the incident solar radiation and provide a local or regional cooling effect. If sufficient quantities of particles are dispersed, then a cloud of such particles can form, providing the local, regional or global cooling effect. Additionally, as the particles are solid their size can be controlled to provide optimum results.|[0033] The lifetime of such a cloud is largely determined by the rate of depletion of particles from the cloud.|[0034] The exact rate of depletion is influenced by several factors, including particularly the size of the particles. For sub micron particles in the stratosphere, when the settling rates are very low, the losses from the stratosphere to the troposphere are determined by the relatively small amount of mixing between the stratosphere and troposphere. It is estimated that in the region of half of the sub micron particles in the stratosphere may leave the stratosphere per year. In addition, particle-to-particle collision by Brownian motion will cause sub-micron particles to agglomerate and become larger particles, greatly increasing their settling rates.|[0035] Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to a cloud of solid particles located in the earth's atmosphere at an elevated location, wherein the cloud comprises at least 1,000 tonnes (preferably at least 5,000 tonnes, or even at least 10,000 tonnes) of solid particles over a region of at least 1,000 square kilometers, e.g. from 1,000 to 300,000 square kilometers. Such clouds will typically extend over a region of at least 3,000 square kilometers, preferably at least 30,000 square kilometers, e.g. from 50,000 to 300,000 square kilometers.|[0036] Depletion rates below the stratosphere will be significantly greater due to the increased turbulence and mixing in the tropopause and the troposphere. Thus, the elevated location is preferably at an altitude of at least 5,000 m, more preferably at least 10,000 m, and most preferably in the stratosphere, in order to minimise particle depletion rates.|[0037] For local or regional cooling such a cloud is typified by being able to scatter at least 10% of incident solar radiation, thus providing a local cooling effect.|[0038] In one arrangement the cloud may be generated during daylight hours to provide an effective local or regional cooling effect, but disperses over night.|[0039] Thus, the invention can provide local shade effects, which, if over a significant body of water can (a) cool the water surface by a few degrees centigrade thereby reducing the motive force of local tropical storms and (b) allow the creation of onshore winds laden with water to promote irrigation of coastal lands.|[0040] As discussed, over time the cloud will disperse, and if it was located in the stratosphere, will produce a rarefied cloud without clearly defined boundaries, extending over a significant fraction of the earth's surface. When quantities are sufficient, such a rarefied cloud may only scatter a few percent of incident solar radiation but may provide a global cooling effect.|[0041] Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to a method of influencing the global average level of incident solar radiation, the method comprising releasing at least 100,000 metric tonnes, preferably at least 200,000 metric tonnes, more preferably at least 500,000 metric tonnes of sub micron solid particles within a 12 month period, into the earth's stratosphere.|[0042] To maintain such a local or regional cloud in a steady state, emission rates of at least 500 metric tonnes of particles per 12 hours, preferably at least 1000 metric tonnes, more preferably at least 2000 metric tonnes, or more preferably at least 4000 metric tonnes, or most preferably at least 10,000 metric tonnes per 12 hours may be required.|[0043] Such throughputs may be provided by a single conduit or by a plurality of conduits. In the case where there is a plurality of conduits, each may be independent of the other or they may be combined into a single apparatus.|[0044] Releasing the solid particles into the stratosphere utilising a dispersal means will result in a cone of particles whose cross-section downstream of the injection point is very broad compared to it's vertical span, and from which a cloud according to the invention results. This is because the turbulent intensity in the vertical direction is less than in the horizontal direction in the stratosphere.|[0045] In another aspect, the invention relates to an aircraft, e.g. a plane, balloon or other vehicle, located at a stratospheric location, the aircraft comprising a source of solid particles, a deagglomeration means and a dispersal means.|[0046] It has been found that particles having a high refractive index, e.g. in excess of 1.40 are able to effectively scatter incoming solar radiation so that less radiation impinges on the earth.|[0047] Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to a method of transporting solid particles having a refractive index of greater than 1.40 into the earth's atmosphere, the method comprising transporting the particles via a conduit from a substantially ground level location to an elevated location and dispersing the particles into the atmosphere.|[0048] Preferably the particles have a refractive index of greater than 2.0, more preferably greater than 2.3. Suitable materials include titanium dioxide, sodium chloride, silica and silicon. A highly preferred material is titanium dioxide. However, sodium chloride may be preferred as it can be readily obtained from sea water.|[0049] Titanium dioxide exists in several material forms, the primary ones used for scattering being rutile and anatase. All of these forms have refractive indices in excess of 2.4 and so make excellent materials for use in the present invention. Additionally titanium dioxide is stable in air and not toxic. Anatase crystal may be preferred as it has relatively lower abrasion properties than the rutile crystal form.|[0050] The refractive index value defined herein refers to the real part of the complex refractive index, often referred to as n, and measured at the wavelength of 500 nm. This component is related to the ability of the material to scatter incident light.|[0051] However, the imaginary component, often referred to as k, is also important as it relates to the ability of the material to absorb incident light, and can also be measured at 500 nm.|[0052] The ability of a material to scatter incident light is greatly more advantageous than absorbing incident light. Absorption causes the material to heat up which can, in turn, cause heating of the stratosphere which could have a significant influence on weather patterns. Therefore the ratio n/k at 500 nm is preferably greater than 5, more preferably greater than 10, most preferably greater than 50.|[0053] In a preferred embodiment the present invention involves the Mie scattering of incident solar radiation. Mie scattering occurs when the size of the particles is comparable with that of the wavelength of incident light and preferably with the particle diameter being within a factor of 10, more preferably a factor of 3, of the wavelength of the incident light.|[0054] Thus, the particles are typically sub-micron and preferably the particles have a mean particle size in the range of from 0.01 to 1.3 μm, more preferably in the range of from 0.02 to 0.5 μm. This size range straddles the ultra violet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and therefore will be effective at scattering these dominant regions of the incident solar radiation.|[0055] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the particles may have a bimodal size distribution with peaks in the visible and ultra violet wavelengths respectively. For example peaks at from 0.1 to 0.3 μm and at from 0.02 to 0.06 μm are particularly effective, particularly if UV scattering is desirable to reduce ground based exposure to UV.|[0056] At such small particle sizes, agglomeration of the particles presents a significant difficulty. For titanium dioxide the interparticle forces are particularly high because of the high polarisability of oxygen in the particles. Agglomeration will inhibit the ability of the particles to be involved in Mie scattering of the incident radiation due to the increase in effective particle size that results from agglomeration. It is therefore highly desirable to be able to deagglomerate the particles at the stratospheric location.|[0057] In a preferred embodiment, the solid particles are coated with one or more materials, different to the material of the particles.|[0058] Coatings can be selected from a range of options, for example to reduce chlorine concentrations present in the stratosphere, to reduce the tendency of ice, nitrogen oxides or other polar molecules to coat the surface, to reduce ozone depletion, and promote ozone generation in the stratosphere, or to mitigate the possibility of electrical discharge near the dispersal means. For example, alkaline (metal and earth) coatings involving oxides, hydroxides, aluminates, silicas and combinations thereof can be used to scavenge chlorine from the stratosphere, thus preventing it from destroying ozone.|[0059] The presence of hydroxyl groups on the surface of the particles can increase their tendency to absorb incident light, which is undesirable, as discussed above. Therefore it may be beneficial to take steps to prevent the occurrence of hydroxyl groups. For example, the particles can be pre-treated by the use of very dry nitrogen or air at elevated temperatures of greater than 250° C. or greater than 300° C. Another possibility is to apply a chemical treatment which reacts with adsorbed hydroxyl groups, e.g. the use of octyl chlorosiloxanes.|[0060] Thus, the particulates, particularly titanium dioxide, which have been prepared by drying or chemical reaction or a combination thereof, to have a solar radiation absorption of at least 90% less than that produced by an equivalent weight of water with the same particle size distribution as the particulates and at wavelengths of about 2 microns by removal of sufficient absorbed water, hydroxyl groups or polar molecules, are desirable.|[0061] Hydrophobic coatings can also be chosen to reduce the tendency for water vapour to absorb or condense on the particles and form ice. Ice can have a highly deleterious effect on the destruction of ozone, particularly in the polar regions. In a preferred embodiment, the coatings comprise sulphate groups, phosphate groups, silanes and siloxanes or a variety of other hydrophobic coatings.|[0062] It is also possible to use a coating material to produce either a positive or a negative charge on each particle, leading to mutual repulsion of likely charged particles and reduced agglomeration.|[0063] Transporting particles through a conduit to the stratosphere presents a number of engineering challenges. However, delivery of particles into the stratosphere is believed to be particularly beneficial due to the poor mixing in the region, particularly with the troposphere below, allowing the particles to remain suspended in the stratosphere for extended periods of time.|[0064] The particles can be transported through the conduit in a number of different ways. For example, the particle transport means could comprise a pneumatic conveying arrangement, wherein containers carrying the particles are conveyed up a conduit to the stratospheric location with the return of emptied containers down a second conduit.|[0065] However, preferably the particles are dispersed in a fluid carrier material so that the carrier and particles can be pumped through the conduit in which case the particle transport means comprises a fluid pressurisation means.|[0066] Preferably, the carrier fluid is a supercritical fluid or a liquid, to enable the fluid to carry a greater density of particles per unit volume and consequently require a narrower bore of conduit. In a particularly preferred embodiment the particles are present as a slurry in a carrier fluid, at a concentration of from 5 to 50% by volume, more preferably from 10 to 30% by volume, e.g. about 15%.|[0067] Carrier fluid temperatures of from −80 to 150° C., preferably from −60 to 100° C. are beneficial. Preferred carrier fluids are nitrogen, air, mixtures of nitrogen-rich oxygen streams or water. Most preferred are nitrogen or nitrogen-rich oxygen streams. The carrier fluid pH and composition may be adjusted e.g. to enhance the surface properties of the carried particles, to protect the conduit or to facilitate dispersion at altitude.|[0068] It is also preferably for the carrier fluid to be essentially dry as introduction of water, particularly into the stratosphere, can be undesirable as water tends to absorb a wide range of incident light, thus potentially warming the stratosphere. Ideally, the carrier fluid introduces so little water that the resulting OH absorption is increased by less than 1% of that already present in the atmosphere where the particles are dispersed. For example it could contain less than 100 ppm water, more preferably less than 10 ppm water.|[0069] In order for a carrier fluid to flow along such a long length of conduit and against gravity, it must be raised to a very high pressure at the entry to the conduit. Pressures at the base of the conduit in excess of 100 MPa, preferably in excess of 200 MPa, more preferably in excess of 400 MPa and even in excess of 600 MPa might be necessary to achieve acceptable flow rates in the conduit. In order to achieve such high pressures, the supply of carrier fluid may be via a plurality of pressure vessels.|[0070] At such elevated temperatures and pressures the carrier fluid will become a supercritical fluid, which may be desirable, e.g. avoiding the need to de-water the slurry at altitude, for supplying power to the deagglomeration means and/or the dispersal means, as discussed below.|[0071] Liquid or supercritical fluid average flow velocities of from 1 to 20 m/s can provide an acceptable balance between keeping the conduit size to a minimum whilst maintaining pressure drop and conduit abrasion during flow to acceptable levels.|[0072] As the weight of the conduit added to the weight of the particles and any carrier material must be supported, the conduit is preferably at least 5000 m long, more preferably at least 10,000 m long, most preferably from 10,000 to 25,000 m long to enable it to reach the stratosphere, without being excessively long. Alternatively, it could be from 10,000 to 27,000 m long. The weight of the particles and carrier fluid may be partially or fully supported by the pressure provided at the entry to the conduit. The frictional pressure drop may also fully or partially support the weight of the conduit, thereby reducing the support load for the conduit.|[0073] Additionally, the conduit desirably has a cross-sectional area great enough to allow the flow of a fluid without an unworkable pressure drops but yet not so great that transverse wind loading present structural problems. Thus, the conduit preferably has an internal diameter of from 1.0 to 30 cm, more preferably from 2.0 to 10.0 cm.|[0074] The conduit may be made from a wide range of materials, but strong and light materials are preferred such as high strength carbon fibre, an aramid fibre or liquid crystal polymer such as Kevlar™, Technora™, Vectran™ or Twaron™ and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenes such as Spectra™ and Dyneema™ or PBO's such as Zylon™. The choice depends particularly on strength, conductivity, operating temperature and abrasion and corrosion resistance. For example, it may be necessary to ensure that the conduit is not conducting, to avoid problems associated with lightning strikes. As particles may be flowing through the conduit, the internal wall of the conduit may be coated with an abrasion-resistant material such as titanium carbide and the like.|[0075] The conduit must be designed to withstand extreme pressures, giving rise to very high hoop stresses and longitudinal stresses. It has been observed that the hoop stress at the base of the conduit will be far in excess of the hoop stress at the top of the conduit due to the drop in fluid pressure as it flows upwards through the conduit. In contrast, the longitudinal tensile stresses will be much greater at the top of the conduit than at the base because more weight of the conduit is supported at the top than at the bottom. Thus the nature of the stresses can vary along the length of the conduit.|[0076] Thus, preferably the conduit comprises reinforcing elongate fibrous material, the fibrous material being braided or wound at an angle to the central axis of the conduit, wherein the angle of winding is greater at one end of the conduit than at the other. The angle of winding can therefore be adjusted along the length of the conduit to account for the change in the nature of the stress encountered. This results in less material being required, reducing the size and cost of the conduit and supporting dirigible or balloon.|[0077] Thus, the end having the greater angle of winding or supply is typically at the substantially ground-level location. This provides greater support for the high hoop stress at the base, whist dealing with the high longitudinal tension forces at the top end.|[0078] In a preferred embodiment, the change in angle of winding or supply is gradual or occurs in a plurality of step changes. For example, the greater angle of winding or supply can be from 30 to 80°, preferably from 35 to 60°, to a line parallel to the axis of the conduit and the lesser angle of winding can be less than 30° to a line parallel to the axis of the conduit.|[0079] Once at the elevated location the particles, usually together with their carrier fluid such as nitrogen, are typically dispersed into the atmosphere by the dispersal means. Suitable dispersal means involves transporting the particles into a high velocity air stream and may be provided by a jet engine or one or more fans.|[0080] One difficulty with the operation of the dispersal means is providing power to drive it at the stratospheric location. In one embodiment, power is provided by providing electrical power or fuel lines along the conduit.|[0081] In another embodiment, fuel gases such as hydrogen and methane can be included in the carrier fluid for the particles. With an appropriate degassing stage, the fuel gases can be extracted for use at the stratospheric location.|[0082] In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus comprises a let-down facility at the stratospheric location, such as a turbine. Such a turbine can then provide power to the dispersal means and/or the deagglomeration means.|[0083] The deagglomeration means preferably comprises a microniser, a venturi nozzle or a combination thereof. Use of a single or a plurality of micronisers is possible. Such micronisers are preferably used in combination with a supercritical fluid, as described above. This can involve expansion through grinding jets. A suitable dimension for the microniser is in the region of 0.2-4 m in diameter. In a preferred embodiment the deagglomeration means includes a jet impact mill, preferably before the particles pass to a microniser.|[0084] Once the particles have been deagglomerated they are then dispersed into the stratosphere by the dispersal means. As the particles will typically tend to reagglomerate very rapidly, it is preferred that the dispersal means is close-coupled to the deagglomeration means. For example, the exit from the deagglomeration means can be directly in any gas flow generated by the dispersal means.|[0085] The dispersal means should encourage the rapid mixing of large quantities of diluent air to increase the distance between individual particles to reduce the chance of the particles colliding and reagglomerating and to prevent the cloud from sinking by too great an extent. Such systems typically include one or more nozzles situated in a fast flowing air stream provided by a combination of the motion of the apparatus, e.g. a fan or jet engine exhaust and/or ejection arrangements provided by the expansion of any carrier fluid vapour.|[0086] The apparatus desirably includes a balloon, dirigible, or airship, coupled to the conduit at the stratospheric location. Such a dirigible may be required to support the entire weight of the conduit and its contents, together with any associated equipment.|[0087] Such a balloon or dirigible is therefore preferably capable of providing a lifting force of at least 40 metric tonnes, more preferably at least 100 metric tonnes, and most preferably at least 200 metric tonnes. Large versions for providing a local shade effect might be as much as 2500 metric tonnes. Such lift values can be achieved with a balloon diameter of between 50 and 300 m, or alternatively with a dirigible comprising a lighter-than-air chamber with a length of 600 m and a width of 130 m, for example.|[0088] The conduit may be equipped with a parachute means to allow release of the conduit from the balloon or dirigible and a more gradual descent of the conduit.|[0089] Wind speeds in the stratosphere are generally much lower than those reached in the troposphere. The balloon or dirigible may therefore be located at a higher altitude than the elevated location to allow it to sit in relatively quiet air. For example, the elevated location could be below the stratosphere whilst the balloon or dirigible sits in the stratosphere.|[0090] In a preferred embodiment, the balloon or dirigible is capable of altering its altitude to alter the effective length of the conduit by altering the altitude of the conduit exit. For example, the dirigible preferably comprises a spool for the conduit to coil onto. Such a spool would need to be large enough to prevent stresses on the conduit wall becoming excessive due to coiling yet not so large that it becomes impractical. Thus a spool with a diameter of from 2 to 40 m is suitable, preferably from 5 to 20 m in diameter.|[0091] The spool may have an electric motor driven winding arrangement both to coil the conduit and to provide active damping of significant conduit oscillations.|[0092] Such a balloon or dirigible may conveniently be used to install the conduit in position. Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to a method of installing a conduit connecting a substantially ground-level location to an elevated location at an altitude of at least 10,000 m, the method comprising fixing one end of the conduit to the substantially ground-level location and coiling the conduit on a spool coupled to a balloon or dirigible, followed by increasing the altitude of the dirigible to thereby unravel the conduit until the conduit reaches the elevated location.|[0093] The apparatus according to the present invention may also comprise an active damping control means, to reduce any unwanted oscillating in the conduit.|[0094] The substantially ground-level location is typically at or very near to the land or sea surface of the planet e.g. within 1,000 m, preferably within 100 m of a land or sea surface. In one preferred embodiment, the apparatus comprises a ship, to which is coupled to the base of the conduit. A spool, with or without active damping means may also be provided on the ship. In one possible mode of operation, a plurality of ships may be employed, each with their own conduit and associated equipment. In this way, either one large cloud or a plurality of smaller clouds can be generated.|[0095] FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the effect of a cloud 100 according to the present invention located in the earth's stratosphere. The cloud 100 comprises titanium dioxide having a unimodal distribution with a peak at 0.25 micrometers particle diameter or a bimodal particle size distribution with peaks at 0.15 micrometers particle diameter and at 0.04 micrometers particle diameter.|[0096] Incoming solar radiation 102 impinges upon the cloud 100. Due to the particle size of the titanium dioxide particles in the cloud, Mie scattering of the incoming solar radiation occurs causing a proportion of the incoming solar radiation 102 to be reflected away from the earth as scattered radiation 104. Thus, a significant proportion of the ultra violet, visible and infra red light of the incoming solar radiation 102 is prevented from reaching the earth's surface. A reduced level of solar radiation 106 passes through the cloud to impinge upon the earth's surface.|[0097] Infrared radiation 108 is emitted from the earth's surface, which largely passes through the cloud 100 without being scattered due to the wavelength of the infrared radiation being very significantly greater than the particle size of the titanium dioxide particles. Thus, the cloud 100 according to the present invention is able to reduce the level of incoming solar radiation without significantly inhibiting the emission of infrared radiation to space, and thus is able to cause a local or regional cooling effect.|[0098] FIG. 2 shows an apparatus according to the present invention comprising a conduit 210 connecting a substantially ground-level location on a ship 200 to a stratospheric location at a dirigible 220. Dirigible 220 comprises a deagglomeration means (not shown) and a dispersal means (not shown). Also shown is the tropopause 240, signifying the boundary between the troposphere below and stratosphere above.|[0099] In use, particles typically of sub-micron high refractive index particles, such as titanium dioxide, are transported from the ship 200 by means of a particle transport means, such as a pressurisation of a carrier fluid, so that the particles travel along the conduit 210 to the stratospheric location 220. As the particles of the titanium dioxide are sub-micron, some agglomeration will have occurred during transport through the conduit, and so the particles are passed through a deagglomeration means (not shown) before passing to dispersal means (not shown) such as a fan or jet engine. Once the particles have passed through dispersal means, they begin to form a cloud 230 according to the present invention.|[0100] FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of how local weather patterns may be influenced by the action of a cloud 360 according to the present invention. Incoming solar radiation 370 is scattered by cloud 360, as discussed above, resulting in a region of cooled water surface 300 in the shadow of the cloud 360. The cooled water surface 300 has the effect of cooling the air above it, which has the effect of inducing a down draught of air 310 which is cooler and therefore denser than adjacent air. The down draught 310 causes an increase in horizontal wind speed at the water surface 320 which has the effect of increasing the water vapour uptake of the air 320 and cooling the water surface, before rising. The rising air column 330 results in the formation of clouds and ultimately precipitation. Rising air 330 is drawn back into the cloud's shadow by moving horizontally 340 and it begins its descent once more.|[0101] The formation of the clouds has the effect of further reducing incident radiation to extend the region of cooled water surface 300 to an extended cooled water region 380.|[0102] Thus, it can be seen that a cloud according to the present invention can be employed to cool the water surface by a few degrees and allow the creation of onshore winds laden with water to promote irrigation of coastal lands.|[0103] FIG. 4 shows the effect of using three apparatuses according to the present invention together to generate a more substantial cooling effect. In this embodiment, three ships 400 each with their own conduit 410 attached to dirigible 420 are employed. Three separate clouds of high refractive index particles are generated, having the effect of cooling an extended region of water surface 460.|[0104] In the embodiment shown, a significant spacing is left between the clouds, so that circulation patterns between the clouds are generated. Thus, cooled water causes a cooling of the air above resulting in descending air 440 and horizontal wind 430 picking up additional water vapour. Airstreams 430 rise 450 and form clouds and eventually precipitation to subsequently be drawn back into air stream 440. However, it can be advantageous to have multiple sources without a significant spacing.|[0105] FIG. 5 shows in more detail suitable equipment of an apparatus according to the present invention located at a stratospheric location, some of which may alternatively be a component of an aircraft according to the present invention. The equipment comprises the upper end of conduit 500 wound around spool 510 which is driven electrically by motor 526 with active damping control to dampen oscillating in the conduit 500, and connected to a pipeline via rotational seal 520. The particles in the conduit are carried by a supercritical nitrogen carrier and remain in a supercritical state at the stratospheric location, despite the loss in pressure head and frictional pressure drop during transport from a substantially ground-level location (not shown). The particles carried in this super critical water pass through a let-down facility 530, which may be a turbine and/or reducing valve, to flash-off nitrogen and bring the carrier fluid out of a supercritical state.|[0106] The particles, now carried in a largely gaseous carrier are then passed to a jet impact mill and microniser 540 via multiple entry points to a microniser of approximately 4 meters in diameter. The jet impact mill and microniser, constituting a deagglomeration means, breaks any agglomerates formed between the particles and ejects the individual particles via nozzle or nozzles 570. Also shown is a fan or jet engine 560 with air inlet 550. The fan or jet engine 560, constituting a dispersal means, generates a significant flow of air. As can be seen, nozzle 570 is located in the flowing gas stream, and the agglomeration means is therefore close-coupled to the dispersal means. This has the effect that the deagglomerated particles do not have an opportunity to reagglomerate and are dispersed into the stratosphere to form a cloud 580 according to the present invention. The particle stream can also be injected into the inlet of the jet, fan or gas turbine to aid dispension but can lead to particle build-up and particle degradation issues. Also shown is valve 525 which can be opened to allow the ingress of air when it is desired to drain the contents of the conduit 500.|[0107] FIG. 6 shows in more detail suitable equipment of an apparatus according to the present invention located at a substantially ground-level location. Shown is a portion of a slurry pipeline or conduit 600 attached to a spool 610 to take the tension force from the slurry pipeline 600. The spool 610 has active tensioning arrangements 625 to control pipeline oscillations. The pipeline 600 is secured by a pipe release restraint 690 which is secured by an anchor 695 to a ship or to the ground.|[0108] Also shown is suitable slurry preparation equipment. Separate streams of high refractive index particles and carrier fluid, e.g. nitrogen, are passed to slurry mixing vessels 650. Once mixed, the mixture is passed to pumps 640 which increase the pressure of the mixture to very high levels. Once at high pressure, the mixture is passed to pressure surge vessels 630 in order to smooth out any pressure impulses from pumps 640. As shown, a plurality of streams are employed and combined together to increase the pressure of the slurry still further before being passed to pipeline 600 for transmission to the stratosphere.|[0109] Additionally, additives may be included via additive feed pump 670 and a pipe dump tank 680 is conveniently to allow draining of the conduit when the dirigible needs to move location independently of the ground location. Typically, heating apparatus (not shown) may also be employed in order for the carrier fluid to become a supercritical fluid.|[0110] FIG. 7 shows in more detail the conduit construction and arrangement of its structure. Shown is a former 701, surrounded by a composite pipe 702, insulation 703 and surface protection 704. Fluid is pumped from a ship or ground station 709 via the conduit 708 to a dispersal arrangement 710 at an elevated location.|[0111] The former 701 is typically steel but can be a strong non-conducting abrasion-resistant plastic, typically from 0.2 to 2.0 mm thick, providing abrasion resistance and abase on which fibre is wound on or which a braid is stretched. An epoxy or other filler would provide some additional stability to the fibre orientation.|[0112] Close-up view 706 illustrates how the elongate fibres or braid are wound around the conduit at a very low angle with respect to a line passing through the fibre and parallel to the central axis. This helps to deal with the very high longitudinal tension forces encountered there due to the weight of the conduit being supported. At the base of the conduit in close-up view 705, it can be seen that the elongate fibres or braid are wound around the conduit at a greater angle with respect to a line passing through the fibre and parallel to the central axis. This is to provide greater protection for the high hoop stress encountered there due to the high fluid pressure. Although not shown, the angle of winding or braid alters gradually from the top to the bottom to account for the gradually changing nature of the stresses in the conduit. This provides for an efficient use of materials, reducing the size and cost of the conduit.|[0113] The following relates to high altitude platforms, particularly for delivering information services at altitude, including telecommunications, observation and positioning services.|[0114] High altitude platforms, e.g. situated from 10 to 25 km altitude, have been proposed for a wide variety of applications. One area of growing interest is in providing information services from such arrangements such as telecommunications, positioning and observation capabilities including high speed internet, e-mail, telephony, televisual services, video-on-demand, global positioning.|[0115] Compared with satellites, high altitude platforms have several advantages, primarily because the distance from a transmitter to a receiver on Earth can be much less, with geostationary satellites typically at 40,000 km altitude and around 1000 km altitude for a low Earth orbit satellite.|[0116] This relative nearness of high altitude platforms can result in much stronger signals and avoid the expense of rocket launches as well as providing shorter development times.|[0117] U.S. Pat. No. 7,046,934 discloses a high altitude balloon for delivering information services in conjunction with a satellite.|[0118] However, there are numerous and significant technical challenges to providing a reliable commercial information service from a high altitude platform. A key problem is maintaining the stability of such a platform, which will be subject to winds which can be highly fluctuating and of very high speeds. In particular, many information services require accurate directional transmissions which are difficult to deliver from a platform subject to the high winds present at such altitudes.|[0119] Furthermore the power available locally at altitude is generally restricted to a few kW, ruling out engineering solutions involving high powered devices.|[0120] Therefore, further improvements in this area would be highly desirable.|[0121] In another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for generating electrical energy at altitude, comprising a tether connecting a substantially ground level location to a platform at an elevated location, the tether comprising a conduit coupled to an electrical generator at the platform, the conduit arranged to allow the flow of a fuel fluid from the substantially ground level location to the elevated location, and the electrical generator being operable to convert energy in the fuel fluid to electrical energy at the elevated location.|[0122] It has been found that providing a high altitude platform which can generate electrical power from a fuel fluid can allow for orders of magnitude more power available than that available from in situ generation such as solar generators or fuel cells which extract their fuel from the atmosphere.|[0123] With large quantities of power available at altitude, options for solving a variety of technical hurdles related to such platforms become available, which were not previously possible.|[0124] The engineering challenges involved in such an arrangement are significant. However, with careful design of the apparatus it can be achieved, as will be discussed below.|[0125] Typically the elevated location will be at an altitude of from 5,000 m to 30,000 m, preferably from 10,000 m to 25,000 m, more preferably from 15,000 m to 25,000 m. This provides sufficient altitude to deliver information services over a wide area whilst not being so high as to present insurmountable engineering challenges. In a preferred embodiment, the elevated location is in the stratosphere, preferably just above or at the tropopause, where side winds are much less severe.|[0126] The substantially ground-level location is typically at or very near to the land or sea surface of Earth, e.g. within 1000 m, preferably within 100 m of a land or sea surface. In one preferred embodiment, the apparatus comprises a ship to which is coupled the tether.|[0127] In a preferred embodiment the apparatus comprises one or more balloons or dirigibles at the elevated location, to provide the lift necessary to keep the apparatus at the elevated location. Such a one or more balloon or dirigible is therefore preferably capable of providing a lifting force of at least 5.0 metric tonnes, more preferably at least 10.0 metric tonnes, and possibly at least 25 metric tonnes.|[0128] In order to provide such lift, any balloons preferably have a total volume of from 60,000 m3 to 2,000,000 m3.|[0129] Such a balloon or dirigible can be spherical but is preferably non-spherical or ellipsoidal in shape. This provides a more aerodynamic shape, which helps reduce wind forces.|[0130] The conduit is typically a pipe with a circular or near-circular cross-section, through which the fuel fluid flows.|[0131] Accordingly, the inside diameter, through which the fuel fluid flows, is preferably from 1.5 to 30 mm. This is sufficient to allow for practical flow rates of from 0.00005 to 3.0 kg/s, preferably from 0.00015 to 1.0 kg/s of fuel fluid.|[0132] In order for the fuel fluid to flow during such a long length of conduit, and against gravity, it must be raised to a high pressure at the entry to the conduit. Pressures in excess of 100 MPa, preferably in excess of 200 MPa, more preferably in excess of 400 MPa and even in excess of 600 MPa may be necessary to achieve acceptable flow rates in the conduit. However, if the fuel fluid is hydrogen then lower pressures are required, with pressures of from 1 to 100 MPa being appropriate. In order to achieve such high pressures the fuel fluid may be provided via a plurality of pressure vessels.|[0133] The fuel fluid preferably comprises hydrogen and/or a hydrocarbon fluid. Due to the high pressures necessary for transporting the fluid through the conduit, preferably the hydrocarbon fluid has an average molecular weight of less than 200, preferably less than 150, more preferably less than 100, most preferably less than 50 or even less than 20. In one preferred embodiment, the fuel fluid comprises at least 90 wt %, more preferably at least 99 wt %, most preferably at least 99.9 wt % hydrogen, or even at least 99.99 wt % hydrogen.|[0134] In one preferred embodiment the electrical generator comprises a combustion engine, generating electricity by combustion of the fuel fluid, e.g. with air taken from altitude. In another preferred embodiment, the electrical generator comprises a fuel cell, which can consume hydrogen, as the fuel fluid, generating electricity by reaction of hydrogen and air compressed and possibly dehumidified from air at altitude.|[0135] The generator is typically capable of generating a few kW up to a few MW. Thus, preferably the generator can produce from 3 to 60,000 kW, more preferably from 100 to 20,000 kW of electrical power.|[0136] The conduit may be made from a wide range of materials, but strong and light materials are preferred such as high strength carbon fibre, or aramid fibre such as Kevlar™, Technora™, Vectran™ or Thoron™ and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenes such as Spectra™ and Dyneema™ or PBO's such as Zylon™.|[0137] For hydrogen conveying, the conduit may comprise a composite pipe with a liner, such as metal or PTFE or other low permeabilty plastics, to carry the fuel fluid. This combination prevents diffusion of hydrogen and hydrogen loss.|[0138] The tether may comprise one or more reinforcing cables which travel along the outside of the conduit to provide strength. Thus the tether functions to bear the tensions necessary to support the apparatus, whilst the conduit functions to transport the fuel fluid, although it may also carry some tension.|[0139] It has been further discovered that such a tether may preferably have a non-circular cross-section to reduce horizontal drag whilst maintaining vertical strength and pressure containment for the conduit.|[0140] Horizontal drag on the tether is a significant problem as it could cause the tether to move to a more horizontal orientation, thus lowering the altitude of the platform to below that of the desired elevated location, a problem that can be described as blow-over. This can be exacerbated if the platform enters a region of higher wind speeds which could lead to a catastrophic failure due to excess wind loads.|[0141] Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for providing high altitude services, comprising a platform at an elevated location, the platform being tethered to a substantially ground level location, wherein the tether has a non-circular cross-section.|[0142] Such a tether can be characterised by the aspect ratio of the cross-section, i.e. the ratio of the length of sides of a rectangle which just contains the cross-section. Aspect ratios of from 1.5 to 20.0 are preferred.|[0143] As discussed above, the tether may comprise reinforcing cables so as to provide sufficient strength to the tether. In one preferred embodiment, the tether comprises more than one cable, each being parallel to each other. In this way cables with a circular cross-section can produce a tether according to the invention having a non-circular cross-section. Further cables can be included which may also be aligned with the other cables to produce an elongate cross-sectional tether. For example a tether comprising from 1 to 10 cables is preferred.|[0144] As is well-known in the art, a circular cross-section tether would always present the same area to the air irrespective of any twisting action in the tether. However a tether with a non-circular cross-section has the potential to expose a variable area to the flowing air according to the rotated state of the tether.|[0145] However, one problem with long non-circular cross-section tethers is that they tend to expose their maximum area to flowing air, rather than expose their minimum area. This is because such tethers will generally have a low torsional stiffness and align themselves in the flowing air with the minimum strain energy thereby putting the long axis at right angles to the flow direction unless regularly oriented by, for example, vanes.|[0146] Thus, their natural tendency to present an increased area can increase the forces on the tether due to flowing air. It is therefore desirable to take steps to ensure that the non-circular cross-section tether tends to expose a minimum area to flowing air.|[0147] It has now been surprisingly found that such non-circular cross-section tethers can be made to expose their minimum area to flowing air even though they may have low torsional stiffness.|[0148] Such tethers are thus typically elongate in their cross-section, having two well-defined ends to the elongate cross-section. The two ends can be referred to as the leading edge and trailing edge respectively. The leading edge is typically rounded and is intended to be at the most upstream point of air flowing over the tether. Likewise the trailing edge is intended to be the most downstream point of flowing air. The distance from the most upstream point of the tether to the most downstream point on the tether in a given cross-section, is referred to as the chord length of the tether at that cross-section.|[0149] When air flows over such a tether, it creates forces on the tether. At any given time there is a notional point within the cross-section of the tether about which the sum of all the moments induced by such forces, cancel each other out. Such a point is referred to herein as the centre of aerodynamic pressure.|[0150] Because of the length of the tether it will generally have a low torsional stiffness. It has been surprisingly found that if the centre of mass of the tether at a given cross-section is nearer to the leading edge of the tether than is the centre of aerodynamic pressure, then the tether will find its most stable arrangement to be when it exposes its minimum area to the flowing air, even though the stored strain energy may not be a minimum.|[0151] In other words, the centre of mass is preferably nearer to the leading edge than is the centre of aerodynamic pressure in use.|[0152] It is typically the case that for an elongate cross-section of tether positioned to expose its minimum area to the flowing air, the centre of aerodynamic pressure will be near to one-quarter the chord length from the leading edge. Thus, in order to ensure that the centre of mass is closer to the leading edge than is the centre of aerodynamic pressure, particular steps need to be taken.|[0153] For example, the shape of the tether cross-section is preferably a tear-drop shape, e.g. similar to a helicopter rotor cross-section. However, this alone will not ensure that the centre of mass is sufficiently close to the leading edge. Thus, typically the material density of the tether is greater near to the leading edge than it is in the centre and near to the trailing edge.|[0154] Such variation in material density may be gradual or sudden. It may even involve dislocations where other materials, such as optical fibre cables and reinforcing cables, pass through the tether. However, any variation in material density together with variations in shape together provide the centre of mass being suitably positioned within the tether.|[0155] Thus, preferably the centre of mass of the tether is less than 25% of the chord length from the leading edge. More preferably it is less than 24% of the chord length from the leading edge. Typically it will be from 10% to 24%, more preferably from 15% to 24% of chord length from the leading edge.|[0156] Naturally, as the tether connects the substantially ground-level location to the platform it will carry a tension force. It has been surprisingly found that improvements in tether stability can be achieved if the centre of tension is nearer to the leading edge than is the centre of aerodynamic pressure in use.|[0157] It has been found that if the centre of tension is downstream of the centre of aerodynamic pressure, the tether may be prone to twisting so that the longitudinal axis inclines at a large angle to any wind. Once this process begins, more and more of the length of the tether will assume this altitude, potentially giving higher wind loads than if the tether is pointed in the wind.|[0158] The centre of tension is that point in a cross-section of tether about which all the moments established by the tension forces (which are directed normal to the plane of the cross-section) carried by the tether in that cross-section add up to zero.|[0159] Thus preferably the centre of tension of the tether is less than 25% of the chord length from the leading edge. More preferably it is less than 24% of the chord length from the leading edge. Typically it will be from 10% to 24%, more preferably from 15 to 24% of chord length from the leading edge.|[0160] It has been surprisingly found that improvements in tether stability can be achieved if the centre of shear is nearer to the leading edge than is the centre of aerodynamic pressure in use.|[0161] The centre of shear is the point in the cross-section of the tether through which, if a notional force is applied in the plane of the cross-section, causes no rotational forces on the tether. In other words the force applied results in pure deflection of the tether without any rotation thereof.|[0162] Thus preferably the centre of shear of the tether is less than 25% of the chord length from the leading edge. More preferably it is less than 24% of the chord length from the leading edge. Typically it will be from 10% to 24%, more preferably from 15 to 24% of chord length from the leading edge.|[0163] It has also been found that is may be optimally desirable that that the centres of mass, tension and shear are in close proximity to each other, whilst remaining nearer to the leading edge than the centre of aerodynamic pressure. Thus the centres of mass, tension and shear are preferably within a region of less than 10% of the chord length, preferably less than 5%. On occasion it is possible that one or two of these centres may be further away from the leading edge than the centre of aerodynamic pressure, but not all three if a dynamically stable system with low drag is to be achieved.|[0164] In a preferred embodiment the tether may comprise a series of vanes or aerofoils to provide lift to the tether from horizontal or near horizontal winds. The tether may also comprise fins which may be powered to provide active control.|[0165] Alternatively or additionally, the tether may comprise a plurality of flags located along the length of the conduit. Such flags have been found to prevent flutter of the non-circular cross-sectional tether.|[0166] As discussed above, with so much power available, options for enhancing the performance of the information services provided not previously available become possible.|[0167] For example, in a preferred embodiment, the apparatus comprises a gyroscopic and/or gravitational stabilisation means. Such an apparatus can act to maintain a fixed attitude in the atmosphere. This enables transmissions directed from the apparatus through the atmosphere and to the Earth's surface. Without such a stabilisation means, the movement of the apparatus would make directional transmissions more difficult.|[0168] Increased power enables highly powered telecommunication signals to be transmitted to the Earth. This can provide several advantages. For example, the signals become capable of penetrating buildings or into underground installations. Another benefit is that ground-based equipment may be able to operate with smaller antennas which are more convenient and possibly portable.|[0169] Thus the platform typically comprises information services apparatus. For example, the apparatus may comprise electromagnetic transmitters and/or receivers for delivering telecommunication services to the surface of the Earth.|[0170] In a preferred embodiment, the tether also comprises an optic fibre cable from the substantially ground level location to the elevated location to transmit and receive high bit rates to transmitters/receivers at the elevated location. From the substantially ground level location the optical fibre can be linked to ground-based centres of communication by optical fibre. In the case when the substantially ground level location is a ship, then it is desirable to arrange for an optic fibre cable to travel from the mainland under the sea to a buoy, connected by an optical fibre or other means to the ship. Communication to and from the ship can then be transmitted by optic fibre via the sub-sea optic fibre cable.|[0171] In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus employs radio-over-fibre technology.|[0172] Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for providing information services at altitude, comprising a platform comprising information services apparatus at an elevated location, the platform being tethered to a substantially ground level location, the tether comprising an optic fibre cable connecting the information services apparatus to a base station in the vicinity of the substantially ground level location, wherein the base station comprises a means for modulating light by a radio signal, the information services apparatus comprising an optical-to-electronic conversion means and at least one antenna, the arrangement being operable to transmit the modulated light along the optic fibre cable to the information services apparatus where the signal is converted to electronic form and transmitted by the antenna.|[0173] Typically the radio signals will be wireless signals, e.g. of a few GHz frequency.|[0174] Radio-over-fibre is particularly advantageous because there is very low signal attenuation in transmission to the platform and most of the information processing apparatus can be located at the base station thus reducing the weight of the platform. An additional advantage is the possibility of developing the type of service without changing the equipment at altitude.|[0175] Thus, typically modulation and switching functions can be carried out at the base station. Other functions such as frequency up-conversion and multiplexing can also be performed at the base station. Thus some of the information services apparatus only require optoelectronics and amplification functions at the platform.|[0176] It has also been found that for many applications translational movement of any apparatus at altitude is much less problematic than rotational movement. For communication at large distances, even a small change in the direction of a directed transmission will result in the transmission or reception to and from the Earth being significantly off target. However, if the direction can be fixed or particularly the angular velocity minimised, then translational movements only result in relatively small deviations from the target. Thus, it has been found that translational movement due to winds can be more easily tolerated than rotational movement.|[0177] Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for providing information services at altitude comprising a platform comprising information services apparatus at an elevated location, the platform being tethered to a substantially ground level location, wherein the platform is contained within a shroud to which it is not rigidly connected. Typically the platform is connected to the tether by a bearing arrangement that allows free rotation with respect to the tether.|[0178] It has been found that the platform is protected from the high winds by being located within a shroud. Furthermore, as the platform is not rigidly connected to the shroud or the tether, any rotational movement experienced by the shroud or the tether is not transferred to the platform.|[0179] The shroud thus shields the platform from the winds and provides a volume of quiescent air or gas within which the platform is mounted. Thus, although translational movement of the shroud can be transferred, little or no rotational movement is transferred and directed information services are significantly improved.|[0180] In a preferred embodiment the shroud is a balloon and the platform can be suspended by the tether but free to rotate in all planes with respect to the tether. For example, the shroud may be a balloon suspended beneath a larger balloon or dirigible providing the lift for the platform.|[0181] Furthermore, the benefit of the shroud is further and significantly enhanced if it is combined with a gyroscopic and/or gravitational stabilisation means, as discussed above. In such an embodiment, a very stable attitude can be achieved, providing for significantly enhanced directed information services.|[0182] It is furthermore desirable if it is combined with the fuel fluid aspect of the invention discussed above.|[0183] The tether and platform according to the invention may also be susceptible to lightning strikes. Such strikes can be very hazardous, particularly if a fuel fluid is passing through a conduit in the tether. Thus, preferably the conduit is non-electrically conducting. This can be achieved, for example, by ensuring that any metal components of the tether are broken every so often, e.g. every few meters, to break any electrical pathway. Alternatively the conduit may be essentially free of electrically conductive elements.|[0184] Whilst the conduit is preferably non-electrically conductive, the tether itself may be non-electrically conductive too or alternatively may comprise a lightning strike conductor electrically connecting the substantially ground level location to the platform. Thus, any lightning strikes would be carried by the conductor and not influence the non-conductive conduit.|[0185] In another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for providing information services at altitude comprising a platform comprising information services apparatus at an elevated location, the platform being tethered to a substantially ground level location, wherein the tether comprises at least two electrical power cables operable to transport electrical power from the ground level location to the platform.|[0186] In this embodiment, it will not be possible to ensure that the tether is non-electrically conducting. Therefore, preferably the tether also comprises a lightning strike conductor electrically connecting the substantially ground level location to the platform. In one embodiment the lightning strike conductor may one of the electrical power cables in a non-insulated form. Thus, although lightning strikes may not be prevented, their effect can be greatly minimised by providing the electrically conductive path in the tether.|[0187] For example, the lightning strike conductor may comprise an aluminium strip or other conducting material, preferably with a cross-section of from 100-400 mm2 cross-section area.|[0188] It is also preferred that the power cable or cables are insulated. It has been found that high voltage cables from 3.3 kV to 330 kV are suitable.|[0189] It has also been found that there is a risk that water may form a conductive pathway on the outside of the tether. Thus, if it is non-conducting the water can nevertheless provide a conductive pathway and the problem of lightning strikes remains a problem.|[0190] Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for providing high altitude services, comprising a platform at an elevated location, the platform being tethered to a substantially ground level location, wherein the tether is coated with a hydrophobic material.|[0191] Thus, if any liquid forms on the surface of the tether it will generally not form continuous pathways, thus preventing the possibility of an electrical pathway forming. Additionally, other potentially problematic situations may be avoided by preventing the formation of ice on the tether which can promote aerodynamic instability in particular in the case of non-circular tethers.|[0192] It is also preferable if the tether comprises a moveable vehicle which is operable to inspect the tether for damage, possibly make minor repairs and providing a de-icing capability.|[0193] As such high altitude platforms will generally be located in the vicinity of human population areas, consideration with respect to aircraft safety and regulations must also be given. One such safety consideration is the requirement that the tether contain a multitude of lights which may operate continuously or intermittently, in order to alert aeroplane pilots of the presence of the tether.|[0194] However, providing lights and providing sufficient power along the length of the tether can involve significant weight increases, which in general are to be avoided. Thus, a system which can provide such lighting without significant additional weight would be highly desirable.|[0195] Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for providing high altitude services, comprising a platform at an elevated location, the platform being tethered to a substantially ground level location, wherein the tether comprises an optic fibre cable at least substantially from the substantially ground level location to the platform, the optic fibre cable comprising a plurality of couplers spaced along the length of the optic fibre cable, each coupler adapted to divert a fraction of the light in the optic fibre cable and direct it to a respective light emission means.|[0196] Typically the light emission means comprises a collimator and may, for example, comprise one or more lenses, some mirrors or diffraction gratings (either conventional or holographic).|[0197] The light transmitted along the optic fibre cable is preferably intermittent, in order to provide a flashing light effect at the respective light emissions means.|[0198] In a preferred embodiment the light emission means are evenly spaced apart. Spacing between the light emission means can be from 50 to 200 m.|[0199] Thus, such a tether may comprise from 20 to 200 such light emitting means. Thus, the amount of light diverted by each coupler is preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 5.0% of the light in the optic fibre at that point.|[0200] The optic fibre in this embodiment is typically a different optic fibre employed for conveying optical signals for use with information services apparatus according to other aspects of the invention.|[0201] Such an arrangement is low weight, compact, can present little additional wind resistance and involves no local power requirements, thus simplifying the apparatus required.|[0202] Any of the features disclosed herein in relation to the high altitude platform may be combined with any other feature to provide embodiments according to the invention.|[0203] The high altitude platform invention will now be illustrated, by way of example and with reference to the following figures, in which:|[0204] Turning to the figures, FIG. 8 shows an apparatus according to the invention comprising a high altitude platform 4 supported by a balloon 3 and a tether 2. The tether is attached to a ship 1 located at sea level, being a ground level location.|[0205] The platform 4 comprises an electrical generator in the form of a fuel cell, although it could be a gas engine, jet engine or a diesel engine and the like.|[0206] The platform 4 also comprises a variety of information services apparatus, such as internal antennas, multi networks for wireless internet, a 700 horn antennae to supply 1 to 20 km diameter cells, television transmitters, GPS transmitters, aircraft warning systems, e.g. radar reflectors and light strobes.|[0207] The tether 2 comprises a Kevlar™ pipe with a 15 mm outside diameter and 12 mm inside diameter made of composite material with a PTFE liner. The pipe is reinforced by four additional Kevlar™ cables of 15 mm diameter to provide a cross-section to the tether which is non-circular.|[0208] Balloon 3 is 600,000 cubic meters capacity of ellipsoid shape with a horizontal diameter of 158 m and a vertical height of 46 m and is filled with helium to support the platform 4 which weighs 8 metric tonnes.|[0209] The ship 1 comprises a store of hydrogen, and optionally a hydrogen generation plant, and can pressurise the hydrogen to 350 bar pressure by two high pressure compressors (not shown) so that it can flow up the tether to the platform 4. Once the hydrogen arrives at the platform it passes to the fuel cell, whereupon electrical energy is generated at altitude. The electrical energy produced is typically from 100 to 10,000 kW, e.g. 1000 kW, and is more than enough to provide high strength signals for use with the information services apparatus.|[0210] FIG. 9 shows a cross-section through a portion of the tether 2 used in FIG. 8. The tether 2 comprises a conduit 6 which carries the fuel fluid, e.g. hydrogen. It is strengthened by a wall 8 of composite material.|[0211] Also provided are four strengthening cables 10 which do not carry fuel fluid but are there to lend strength to the tether. Also provided is a tail portion 12 and a fin portion 14 attached to tail portion 12 by a ring or actuator 16. The tether is surrounded by a skin 18 to maintain integrity of the tether 2. The elongate nature of the cross-section helps to reduce horizontal drag induced by high cross-winds. The actuator 16 may be operable to provide active control to prevent adverse tether movement.|[0212] FIG. 10 shows a cross-section through a portion of another tether 20 for use with the present invention. Tether 20 comprises a fuel conduit 22 embedded in a non-circular composite material 24. Also provided is a fin 26 attached to tether 20 by ring or actuator 28. The actuator 28 may be operable to provide active control to prevent adverse tether movement.|[0213] FIG. 11 shows a view of a portion of another tether 30 for use with the present invention. Shown is a central conduit 32 carrying fuel fluid surrounded on each side by two strengthening cables 34.|[0214] Also provided is a vane 36 which acts to provide lift to the tether when high lateral winds flow past the tether. This helps to prevent blow over of the platform.|[0215] FIG. 12 shows a view of a portion of another tether 40 for use with the present invention. Shown is a central conduit 42 for carrying fuel fluid surrounded on each side by two strengthening cables 44.|[0216] Also provided is a vane 46 attached to a strengthening cable 44 by links 48 and spring 50. In use, vane 46 provides lift to the tether 40 when strong lateral winds flow past the tether.|[0217] FIG. 13 shows another form of lifting vanes being wound onto the tether. The diameter of the vanes 52 may be from 0.2 to 10 mm, but is typically around 1 mm, with 4 mm vertical spacing. The winding may or may not be continuous along the length of the tether. Preferably the winding is present between 7000 m and 13000 m altitude.|[0218] FIG. 14 shows a further means of construction with the vanes 55 being interlaced with the tether cables.|[0219] FIG. 15 shows a view of a portion of another tether 58 for use with the present invention. The tether comprises a flag 57 attached to the tether by a coil 59 and holes 60 in the flag. The flag could alternatively be a simple wire to prevent flutter of the non-circular cross-section of tether in high winds.|[0220] FIG. 16 shows more detail of the fuel management system and the platform shown in FIG. 1. Shown is a hydrogen pressurisation system within a spool 64 at the ground level location, conduit 65 and platform 79.|[0221] The pressurisation system within a spool 64 comprises a low pressure slip seal 62, through which the hydrogen passes to a compressor 63 prior to the hydrogen flowing up the conduit 65 in the tether.|[0222] Once at the platform 79, the conduit enters an upper spool 68 with a let down valve 66. In another embodiment the spool 68 may be omitted. The hydrogen then flows to past a slip seal 67 into the fuel cell made up of an anode 69, a membrane 70 and a cathode 71. Atmospheric air 73 is compressed in compressor 74 passed through dehumidifier 75 before entering the cathode 71. Water is expelled via outlet 72.|[0223] Power from the fuel cell drives a motor 78 which in turn drives the compressor 74. Other uses of the power are the payload electronics 76 supplying transmitters 77 as well as any platform stabilisers (not shown).|[0224] FIG. 17 shows a section through a tether according to the present invention. The tether comprises a skin 84 which contains two optical fibre cable bundles 86 and two conduits or cables 88. The cross-section is non-circular and elongate with an aspect ratio of about 4. In use, air flows from left to right, defining a leading edge 90 and a trailing edge 91. Also defined is the chord length 92 and the chord width 93. At 90 and 91 there are small optical fibres providing an external light source.|[0225] The cross-section is filled at the leading edge with aramid 94 and the remainder filled with low density foam 95. The relative densities of the elements of the cross-section through the tether are such that the centre of mass is provided along line 96, and being symmetric close to the chord line.|[0226] As air flows from the leading edge to the trailing edge, the centre of aerodynamic pressure is located on line 97. As the centre of mass 96 is nearer the leading edge 90 than is the centre of aerodynamic pressure 97, the arrangement shown is stable. Thus the design of tether exposes its minimum area to the flowing air and thus experiencing minimised wind resistance.|[0227] FIG. 18 shows an apparatus 100 according to the invention comprising a balloon or dirigible 102 connected to a base station (not shown) by a tether 106. The tether comprises an optic fibre cable 108 travelling from an intermittent light source 104 to the balloon or dirigible 102.|[0228] Spaced along the optic fibre 108 is a plurality of lights 110, 112 with lights 114 around the balloon or dirigible 102. As shown in more detail, optic fibre cable 108 enters a coupler 116 which diverts a fraction of the light in the optic fibre to light 110 and 112. The majority of the light remains in the optic fibre and travels to the next pair of lights, where the same process is carried out. At the balloon or dirigible 102 the remaining light is diverted equally to the lights 114.|[0229] Thus, safety lights are provided in a lightweight, compact and low wind resistance form.|[0230] FIG. 19 shows in detail the operation of a coupler 116 to provide light emission. Light from the optic cable 108 enters the coupler 116, whereupon a fraction of light 108a is diverted and directed to grating 118. The majority of the light passes through the coupler 116 and is not diverted. The diverted light exits the grating 118 and is directed onto reflective cone 120 which reflects the light in a wide angle to provide the light emission means. 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X,Y) | GB2448591; US5003186; US20080265086; US5322219; XP002630824; US3899144; US7046934|US1426338; US3381922; US3700172; US3748867; US4092827; US4126850; US4166596; US4486669; US4560107; US4842219; US5295625; US6074722; US6422506; US7503681; US20100252648; US20100071771; US5322219; US3899144; US3784099; US3899144; US4997632; US5003186; US5322219; US20080203328; US20080265086; US20090255999; US20100071771; US20100127224; DE19518471; GB2446250; GB2448591; WO9419239||US5003186; US3899144; US20080265086; US5322219; GB2448591|GB2448591; US5003186; US20080265086; US5322219; US3899144; US7046934||GB2448591; WO201075856; US5003186; US3899144|GB1403677; US5003186; US3899144; US20090255999|GB2448591; WO9419239; DE19518471; US3899144; US3748867; US2954932|GB2482340; GB2448591; US5003186; US3899144; US20090255999|GB2448591; GB2446250; US5003186; US20100127224; US20090032214| | (EP2512216)|Search Report references [Examiner]|-See references of WO 2011073650A1||(US9363954)|Pre-Search references [Examiner]|-Volcanoes and Climate Change by Jason Wolfe September 5, 2000|-Volcanoes and Climate Change by Jason Wolfe Sep. 5, 2000.|-English-language abstract of German Patent No. DE 19518471 A1, European Patent Office, Jul. 18, 1996.|-Olmo, F. J., et al., "Pinatubo eruption effects on solar radiation at Almeria (36.83° N, 2.41° W)," Group of Atmospheric Physics, Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain, retrieved from the Internet, URL: http://hera.ugr.es/doi/15024775.pdf, pp. 602-606, Dec. 6, 1994.|-Hansen, J., et al., "Pinatubo Climate Investigation," NASA, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, retrieved from the Internet, URL: http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/hansen-02/, 1 page, Jan. 1997.|-Wolfe, Jason, "Volcanoes and Climate Change," NASA's Distributed Active Archive Centers, retrieved from the Internet, URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Volcano/, 3 pages, Sep. 5, 2000.|-International Search Report and Written Opinion, PCT Patent Application No. PCT/GB2010/052090, 12 pages, European Patent Office, Apr. 20, 2011.|-Search Report issued in connection with United Kingdom Patent Application No. GB0921879.3, 1 page, United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office, Apr. 12, 2010.|-Search Report issued in connection with United Kingdom Patent Application No. GB0921879.3, 2 pages, United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office, Aug. 26, 2010.||(WO2011/073650)|International Search Report [Examiner]|-HANSEN: "Pinatubo Climate Investigation", 12 January 2005 (2005-01-12), XP002630824, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/hansen_02/> [retrieved on 20110330]|||||(GB2487289)|Search Report references [Examiner]|-http://www.rense.com/general18/scatteringEdTellerwithnotes.pdf||(GB2487286)|Search Report references [Examiner]|-http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/volcanoes/vclimate.html|-http://geography.about.com/od/globalproblemsandissues/a/pinatubo.htm||||| | LAPSED | (EP2512216)|LAPSED|(US9363954)|LAPSED|(WO2011/073650)|LAPSED|(GB2487627)|LAPSED|(GB2487287)|LAPSED|(GB2476518)|LAPSED|(GB2487289)|LAPSED|(GB2487286)|LAPSED|(GB0921879)|LAPSED|(JP2013513396)|LAPSED|(CN102770014)|LAPSED|(KR10-2012-0099121)|LAPSED | DEAD | 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publication date=2016-11-23|Event code=EP/17Q|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|First examination report|Erster pruefungsbescheid|Effective date of the event=2016-10-25|Event publication date=2017-07-14|Event code=EP/STAAABN|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Event indicating Not In Force|The application is deemed to be withdrawn|Original code: STAA|Event publication date=2017-08-16|Event code=EP/18D|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Event indicating Not In Force|Application deemed to be withdrawn|Effective date of the event=2017-03-07|(US9363954)|LEGAL DETAILS FOR US9363954|Actual or expected expiration date=2024-07-22|Legal state=DEAD|Status=LAPSED|Event publication date=2010-12-15|Event code=US/APP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Application details|Application country=US US13514508|Application date=2010-12-15|Standardized application number=2010US-13514508|Event publication date=2010-12-15|Event code=US/EXMR|Event group=Administrative notifications|USPTO Examiner Name|PRIMARY EXAMINER:WONG, JESSICA BOWEN|Event publication date=2010-12-15|Event code=US/ART|Event group=Administrative notifications|USPTO Art Group|ART=3644|Event publication date=2010-12-15|Event code=US/DK|Event group=Examination events|Attorney Docket Number|Docket Nbr: NMT 312US|Event publication date=2010-12-15|Event code=US/CUST|Event group=Examination events|Attorney/Agent Customer Number|Customer Nbr: 78569|Event publication date=2010-12-15|Event code=US/SMALL|Event group=Administrative notifications|Appl Has Filed a Verified Statement of Micro to Small Entity Status|Business Entity Status: Small|Event publication date=2010-12-15|Event code=US/AIA|Event group=Administrative notifications|First Inventor File Indicated:|AIA=No|Event publication date=2012-06-07|Event code=US/APE|Event group=Corrections|Preliminary amendments|Event publication date=2012-06-07|Event code=US/IDS|Event group=Examination events OAI|Information Disclosure Statement Filed|Event publication date=2012-06-19|Event code=US/APPFILEREC|Event group=Administrative notifications OAO|Filing Receipt|Event publication date=2012-06-19|Event code=US/M903|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events OAO|Notice of DO/EO Acceptance Mailed|Event publication date=2012-09-27|Event code=US/A1|Event group=Examination events|Application published|Publication country=US|Publication number=US20120241554|Publication stage code=A1|Publication date=2012-09-27|Standardized publication number=US20120241554|Event publication date=2012-09-27|Event code=US/PGPUBN|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events OAO|PG-Pub Issue Notification|Event publication date=2013-05-14|Event code=US/AS|Event group=Change of name or address Reassignment|Assignment|ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST|Assignors:DAVIDSON, PETER;HUNT, HUGH EDMUND MURRAY;BURGOYNE, CHRISTOPHER JOHN;SIGNING DATES FROM 20130222 TO 20130425|Reel/frame:030411/0184|OWNER:DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED, ISLE OF MAN|Event publication date=2013-05-23|Event code=US/POAC|Event group=Change of name or address|Change in Power of Attorney (May Include Associate POA)|Event publication date=2013-06-03|Event code=US/DOCK|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Case Docketed to Examiner|Event publication date=2013-06-26|Event code=US/DOCK|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Case Docketed to Examiner|Event publication date=2014-06-18|Event code=US/DOCK|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Case Docketed to Examiner|Event publication date=2014-07-10|Event code=US/CTNF|Event group=Examination events OA OAO|Non-Final Rejection|Event publication date=2014-07-11|Event code=US/112NF|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Non-final rejection reason 112 - subject matter in claims not properly defined|RJD=2014-07-11|R4R=112b|RJST=non-final|Rejected claims 56 and 70|Event publication date=2014-07-11|Event code=US/101MMNF|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Non-final rejection reason 101 - subject matter not patentable under Myriad/Mayo (law of nature)|RJD=2014-07-11|R4R=101MM|RJST=non-final|Rejected claims 91|Event publication date=2014-07-11|Event code=US/103NF|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Non-final rejection reason 103 - obvious subject matter in claims|RJD=2014-07-11|R4R=103a|RJST=non-final|Rejected claims 56-82 and 85-90; 83; 84; 92|RJCT=US5322219|RJCT=US3899144|RJCT=US7503681|RJCT=US4486669|Event publication date=2014-10-10|Event code=US/CTNFR|Event group=Examination events OAI|Response after Non-Final Action|Event publication date=2014-12-10|Event code=US/CTFR|Event group=Examination events OA OAO|Final Rejection|Event publication date=2014-12-11|Event code=US/112FR|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Final rejection reason 112 - subject matter in claims not properly defined|RJD=2014-12-11|R4R=112b|RJST=final|Rejected claims 64 and 82|Event publication date=2014-12-11|Event code=US/101MMFR|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Final rejection reason 101 - subject matter not patentable under Myriad/Mayo (law of nature)|RJD=2014-12-11|R4R=101MM|RJST=final|Rejected claims 91|Event publication date=2014-12-11|Event code=US/102FR|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Final rejection reason 102 - non-novel subject matter in claims|RJD=2014-12-11|R4R=102b|RJST=final|Rejected claims 91|Event publication date=2014-12-11|Event code=US/103FR|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Final rejection reason 103 - obvious subject matter in claims|RJD=2014-12-11|R4R=103a|RJST=final|Rejected claims 56, 57, 59-62, 64-75, 77-82, 85-90, and 92; 83; 84|RJCT=US5322219|RJCT=US3899144|RJCT=US7503681|RJCT=US4486669|Event publication date=2015-04-10|Event code=US/CTFAR|Event group=Examination events OAI|Response after Final Action|Event publication date=2015-04-10|Event code=US/136G|Event group=OAO|Request for Extension of Time - Granted|Event publication date=2015-04-23|Event code=US/CTAV|Event group=OAO|Advisory Action (PTOL-303)|Event publication date=2015-05-07|Event code=US/RCEX|Event group=Examination events RCE OAI|Request for Continued Examination (RCE)|Event publication date=2015-05-07|Event code=US/136G|Event group=OAO|Request for Extension of Time - Granted|Event publication date=2015-05-07|Event code=US/RCEX|Event group=Examination events RCE OAI|Request for Continued Examination (RCE)|Action Recorded:|RECD=2015-05-07|Event publication date=2015-05-09|Event code=US/DRCECAP|Event group=RCE OAO|Disposal for a RCE / CPA / R129|Event publication date=2015-06-04|Event code=US/RESTREQ|Event group=Examination events Corrections OAO|Restriction/Election Requirement|Event publication date=2015-07-30|Event code=US/ELC|Event group=Examination events OAI|Response to Election / Restriction Filed|Event publication date=2015-09-02|Event code=US/CTNF|Event group=Examination events OA OAO|Non-Final Rejection|Event publication date=2015-09-09|Event code=US/112NF|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Non-final rejection reason 112 - subject matter in claims not properly defined|RJD=2015-09-09|R4R=112b|RJST=non-final|Rejected claims 83 and 84|Event publication date=2015-09-09|Event code=US/103NF|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Non-final rejection reason 103 - obvious subject matter in claims|RJD=2015-09-09|R4R=103a|RJST=non-final|Rejected claims 56, 57, 60-62, 64-75, 77-90, and 92; 83|RJCT=US20100071771|RJCT=US7503681|Event publication date=2016-01-06|Event code=US/136G|Event group=OAO|Request for Extension of Time - Granted|Event publication date=2016-01-06|Event code=US/CTNFR|Event group=Examination events OAI|Response after Non-Final Action|Action Recorded:|RECD=2016-01-06|Event publication date=2016-03-09|Event code=US/NOAV|Event group=Examination events OAO|Notice of Allowance Data Verification Completed|Event publication date=2016-03-10|Event code=US/NOAM|Event 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event=2014-03-04|(CN102770014)|LEGAL DETAILS FOR CN102770014|Actual or expected expiration date=2015-04-29|Legal state=DEAD|Status=LAPSED|Event publication date=2010-12-15|Event code=CN/APP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Application details|Application country=CN CN201080057529|Application date=2010-12-15|Standardized application number=2010CN-80057529|Event publication date=2012-11-07|Event code=CN/A|Event group=Examination events|Published application|Publication country=CN|Publication number=CN102770014|Publication stage code=A|Publication date=2012-11-07|Standardized publication number=CN102770014|Event publication date=2012-11-07|Event code=CN/PB01|Event group=Examination events|Publication|Event publication date=2013-01-23|Event code=CN/SE01|Event group=Examination events|Entry into substantive examination|Event publication date=2015-04-29|Event code=CN/WD01|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Event indicating Not In Force|Patent application deemed withdrawn after publication|(KR10-2012-0099121)|LEGAL DETAILS FOR KR10-2012-0099121|Actual or expected expiration date=2016-01-16|Legal state=DEAD|Status=LAPSED|Event publication date=2010-12-15|Event code=KR/APP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Application details|Application country=KR KR20127018203|Application date=2010-12-15|Standardized application number=2012KR-7018203|Event publication date=2012-09-06|Event code=KR/A|Event group=Examination events|Published application|Publication country=KR|Publication number=KR10-2012-0099121|Publication stage code=A|Publication date=2012-09-06|Standardized publication number=KR20120099121|Event publication date=2016-01-16|Event code=KR/WITN|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Event indicating Not In Force|Withdrawal due to no request for examination | (EP2512216)|Contracting States: DE, NO, RS, BE, FI, PT, BG, DK, LT, LU, HR, LV, FR, HU, SE, MC, SI, SK, SM, GB, IE, MK, EE, CH, MT, IS, AL, GR, IT, ES, AT, CY, CZ, PL, LI, RO, NL, TR|(WO2011/073650)|ARIPO: GH, GM, LR, TZ, LS, SZ, MW, MZ, SD, UG, NA, ZM, BW, SL, KE, ZW|(WO2011/073650)|EAPO: RU, TJ, BY, MD, AZ, TM, AM, KG, KZ|(WO2011/073650)|EPO: DE, NO, RS, BE, FI, PT, BG, DK, LT, LU, HR, LV, FR, HU, SE, MC, SI, SK, SM, GB, IE, MK, EE, CH, MT, IS, AL, GR, IT, ES, AT, CY, CZ, PL, RO, NL, TR|(WO2011/073650)|OAPI: CF, BF, CG, MR, CI, GN, BJ, CM, GQ, GW, TD, TG, NE, GA, SN, ML|(WO2011/073650)|National States: PT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, AE, IN, AG, ZA, IS, AL, AM, AO, AT, ZM, AU, AZ, RO, ZW, BA, BB, RS, RU, BG, BH, JP, BR, SC, SD, SE, SG, BW, BY, BZ, SK, SL, KE, SM, KG, CA, ST, KM, KN, SV, CH, KP, SY, KR, CL, CN, CO, CR, KZ, CU, TH, LA, TJ, CZ, LC, TM, TN, TR, LK, TT, DE, LR, TZ, DK, LS, LT, DM, LU, DO, UA, LY, UG, MA, DZ, MD, ME, MG, EC, MK, US, EE, MN, EG, UZ, MW, MX, MY, MZ, VC, ES, NA, VN, NG, NI, NO, FI, NZ, GB, GD, GE, OM, GH, GM, GT, PE, PG, PH, PL | https://www.orbit.com/GetPDF?gui=crypt&callingapp=EDOFF&key=MOptU6owRDM7Fkpg3tHwkqCa4vFyxJplNoC7YXsv59YGnqhCiah71aMBN8cII1otJsj+r4XrQ7A=&n=1 | https://sobj.orbit.com/sobj/getMosaic?bdi=na&userid=ZIBNDZZF&key=US9363954&ekey=986&xpn=EP2512216&kind=A1 | https://register.epo.org/application?number=EP10796124 | https://permalink.orbit.com/RenderStaticFirstPage?XPN=AFSQVB9uLVnWqxLm4QBXD3fDUqlXTJ5uwQdFuycu4uk%3D%26n%3D1&id=0&base=FAMPAT | GB | (WO2011/073650)|GB | (WO2011/073650)|NAME=DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY LIMITED 8A Village Walk Onchan Isle of Man IM3 4EA , COUNTRY=GB | (EP2512216)|GB||(WO2011/073650)|GB||| | (EP2512216)|NAME=Willett, Christopher David;Nash Matthews 90-92 Regent Street , CITY=CambridgeCB2 1DP , COUNTRY=GB , REG=100826506|(US9363954)|NAME=DASCENZO Intellectual Property Law, P.C.|(WO2011/073650)|NAME=WILLETT, Christopher et al. Nash Matthews 90-92 Regent Street Cambridge Cambridgeshire CB2 1DP , COUNTRY=GB|(JP2013513396)|NAME=FUKAMI PATENT OFFICE PC , REG=110001195|(CN102770014)|NAME=LI CHEN;CHINA PATENT AGENT (H.K.) LTD. , REG=72001NAME=TAN YOUXIANG;CHINA PATENT AGENT (H.K.) LTD. , REG=72001|(KR10-2012-0099121)|NAME=NAM & NAM WORLD PATENT & LAW FIRM , REG=920121001826 | (EP2512216)|GB; GB; GB|(US9363954)|IM; GB; GB|(US20120241554)|IM; GB; GB|(WO2011/073650)|GB; GB; GB||||||||||||| | (EP2512216)|NAME=DAVIDSON, Peter 8A Village Walk Onchan, CITY=Isle of Man IM3 4EA, COUNTRY=GB |NAME=HUNT, Hugh, Edmund, Murray 35 Alpha Road, CITY=Cambridge CB4 3DQ, COUNTRY=GB |NAME=BURGOYNE, Christopher, John 2 Knapp Rise Haslingfield, CITY=Cambridge CB23 1LQ, COUNTRY=GB|(US9363954)|NAME=Davidson Peter, CITY=Onchan, COUNTRY=IM |NAME=Hunt Hugh Edmund Murray, CITY=Cambridge, COUNTRY=GB |NAME=Burgoyne Christopher John, CITY=Cambridge, COUNTRY=GB|(US20120241554)|NAME=Davidson Peter, CITY=Onchan, COUNTRY=IM |NAME=Hunt Hugh Edmund Murray, CITY=Cambridge, COUNTRY=GB |NAME=Burgoyne Christopher John, CITY=Cambridge, COUNTRY=GB|(WO2011/073650)|NAME=DAVIDSON, Peter 8A Village Walk Onchan Isle of Man IM3 4EA, COUNTRY=GB |NAME=HUNT, Hugh, Edmund, Murray 35 Alpha Road Cambridge CB4 3DQ, COUNTRY=GB |NAME=BURGOYNE, Christopher, John 2 Knapp Rise Haslingfield Cambridge CB23 1LQ, COUNTRY=GB|(GB2487627)|NAME=PETER DAVIDSON|NAME=HUGH EDMUND MURRAY HUNT|NAME=CHRISTOPHER JOHN BURGOYNE|(GB2487627)|NAME=PETER DAVIDSON|NAME=HUGH EDMUND MURRAY HUNT|NAME=CHRISTOPHER JOHN BURGOYNE|(GB2487287)|NAME=PETER DAVIDSON|NAME=HUGH EDMUND MURRAY HUNT|NAME=CHRISTOPHER JOHN BURGOYNE|(GB2487287)|NAME=PETER DAVIDSON|NAME=HUGH EDMUND MURRAY HUNT|NAME=CHRISTOPHER JOHN BURGOYNE|(GB2476518)|NAME=PETER DAVIDSON|NAME=HUGH EDMUND MURRAY HUNT|NAME=CHRISTOPHER JOHN BURGOYNE|(GB2476518)|NAME=PETER DAVIDSON|NAME=HUGH EDMUND MURRAY HUNT|NAME=CHRISTOPHER JOHN BURGOYNE|(GB2487289)|NAME=PETER DAVIDSON|NAME=HUGH EDMUND MURRAY HUNT|NAME=CHRISTOPHER JOHN BURGOYNE|(GB2487289)|NAME=PETER DAVIDSON|NAME=HUGH EDMUND MURRAY HUNT|NAME=CHRISTOPHER JOHN BURGOYNE|(GB2487286)|NAME=PETER DAVIDSON|NAME=HUGH EDMUND MURRAY HUNT|NAME=CHRISTOPHER JOHN BURGOYNE|(GB2487286)|NAME=PETER DAVIDSON|NAME=HUGH EDMUND MURRAY HUNT|NAME=CHRISTOPHER JOHN BURGOYNE|(JP2013513396)|NAME=Davidson, Peter|NAME=Hunt, Hugh Edmund Murray|NAME=Bargoin, Christopher John|(CN102770014)|NAME=DAVIDSON PETER|NAME=HUNT HUGH EDMUND MURRAY|NAME=BURGOYNE CHRISTOPHER JOHN|(KR10-2012-0099121)|NAME=DAVIDSON PETER|NAME=HUNT HUGH EDMUND MURRAY|NAME=BURGOYNE CHRISTOPHER JOHN | 34 | 20 | (WO2011/073650)|3|(US9363954)|2|(JP2013513396)|7|(CN102770014)|6||(KR10-2012-0099121)|6|(GB2487627)|1|(GB2487287)|2|(GB2476518)|1|(GB2487289)|1|(GB2487286)|1 | (WO2011/073650)|47|(US9363954)|33|(JP2013513396)|48|(CN102770014)|49||(KR10-2012-0099121)|49|(GB2487627)|32|(GB2487287)|10|(GB2476518)|36|(GB2487289)|35|(GB2487286)|6 | (US9363954)|35|(US20120241554)|37|(WO2011/073650)|50|(GB2487627)|25|(GB2487627)|38||(GB2487287)|12|(GB2487287)|11||(GB2476518)|30|(GB2476518)|47||(GB2487289)|20|(GB2487289)|36||(GB2487286)|7|(GB2487286)|11|||(JP2013513396)|55|(CN102770014)|55|(KR10-2012-0099121)|55 | 1 | 12 | 7 | (WO2011/073650)|19|(US9363954)|19|(JP2013513396)|19|(CN102770014)|19||(KR10-2012-0099121)|19|(GB2487627)|7|(GB2487287)|7|(GB2476518)|7|(GB2487289)|7|(GB2487286)|7 | 3 | 12 | (EP2512216)|WO2011/073650|(US9363954)|WO2011/073650|(JP2013513396)|WO2011/073650|(CN102770014)|WO2011/073650|(KR10-2012-0099121)|WO2011/073650 | (US9363954)|Number of Claims: NCL=35|Number of Drawings: NDR=19|Number of Figures: NFG=19|Independent Claim Number: ICL=1,32|Number of Independent Claims: NICL=2|Exemplary Claim Number: ECL=1|Extended under 35 USC 154(b) the following days: EXTD=301|Primary examiner: Ellis Christopher P|Art Unit.: ART =3644||(US20120241554)|Number of Claims: NCL=37|Number of Drawings: NDR=19|Number of Figures: NFG=7|Independent Claim Number: ICL=56,61,91,92|Number of Independent Claims: NICL=4|Exemplary Claim Number: ECL=56|Primary examiner: Ellis Christopher P|Art Unit.: ART =3644||(WO2011/073650)|Number of Claims: NCL=50|Extended kind: EXTK=xc||(GB2487627)|Number of Claims: NCL=25||(GB2487627)|Number of Claims: NCL=38||(GB201200234)|Gazette date: GAZDATE=2012-02-22||(GB2487287)|Number of Claims: NCL=12||(GB2487287)|Number of Claims: NCL=11||(GB201200256)|Gazette date: GAZDATE=2012-02-22||(GB2476518)|Number of Claims: NCL=30||(GB2476518)|Number of Claims: NCL=47||(GB201004146)|Gazette date: GAZDATE=2010-04-28||(GB2487289)|Number of Claims: NCL=20||(GB2487289)|Number of Claims: NCL=36||(GB201200266)|Gazette date: GAZDATE=2012-02-22||(GB2487286)|Number of Claims: NCL=7||(GB2487286)|Number of Claims: NCL=11||(GB201200231)|Gazette date: GAZDATE=2012-02-22||(GB0921879)|Gazette date: GAZDATE=2010-01-27||(JP2013513396)|Number of Claims: NCL=55|Number of Pages: NPAGES=40|Request for examination: REQEXA=false||(CN102770014)|Number of Claims: NCL=55|Gazette date: GAZDATE=2012-11-07|Gazette number: GAZNUM=28-45|Substantial examination effective date: 20130123|Number of Pages: NPAGES=39||(KR10-2012-0099121)|Number of Claims: NCL=55|Number of Pages: NPAGES=48| | (US9363954)|Previous publication: US20120241554 A1 2012-09-27 [US20120241554]|(GB2487627)|Division of: GB201004146 FDD=2010-03-12 [2010GB-0004146] | (EP2512216)|ENGLISH (ENG) | (US9363954)|Patent|(GB2487627)|Patent|(GB2487287)|Patent|(GB2476518)|Patent|(JP2013513396)|Patent|(GB2487289)|Patent|(GB2487286)|Patent|(CN102770014)|Patent|(EP2512216)|Patent|(US20120241554)|Patent|(KR20120099121)|Patent|(GB2487627)|Patent|(GB2487286)|Patent|(GB2487287)|Patent|(GB2487289)|Patent|(GB201200231)|Patent|(GB201200234)|Patent|(GB201200256)|Patent|(GB201200266)|Patent|(GB2476518)|Patent|(WO201173650)|Patent|(GB201004146)|Patent|(GB200921879)|Patent | Titre: (EP2512216)|Atmospheric delivery system Résumé: (EP2512216)|The invention relates to an apparatus for transporting and dispersing solid particles into the earth's stratosphere, comprising a conduit connecting a substantially ground level location to an elevated location, a particle transport means, and a deagglomeration means coupled with a dispersal means, wherein the deagglomeration means and dispersal means are located at an elevated location, and to a method of transporting particles of high refractive index into the stratosphere as well as to an aircraft and to a cloud thus formed. Autre: (US9363954)|The invention claimed is:|1. An apparatus for transporting and dispersing solid particles into the earth's atmosphere, comprising a conduit connecting a substantially ground level location to an elevated location, a particle transport means for conveying solid particles through the conduit from the substantially ground level location to the elevated location, and a deagglomeration means coupled with a dispersal means, wherein the deagglomeration means and dispersal means are located at the elevated location, wherein the solid particles have a refractive index greater than 2.0, wherein substantially all of the solid particles are sub-micron particles, and wherein the elevated location is in the stratosphere.|2. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a source of the solid particles connected to the conduit for transportation through the conduit.|3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the solid particles include particles of titanium dioxide, sodium chloride, silicon or mixtures thereof.|4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the solid particles transported via the conduit have a mean particle size in the range of from 0.01 to 1.3 μm.|5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the solid particles have a bimodal size distribution with peaks in the visible and ultra violet wavelengths respectively.|6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the solid particles have a bimodal size distribution with peaks in the visible and ultra violet wavelengths respectively.|7. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the solid particles have been prepared by drying or chemical reaction or a combination thereof, to have a solar radiation absorption of at least 90% less than that produced by an equivalent weight of water with the same particle size distribution as the solid particles and at wavelengths of about 2 microns by removal of sufficient absorbed water, hydroxyl groups or polar molecules.|8. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the solid particles are coated with coating material.|9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the coating material is hydrophobic.|10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the coating material comprises materials selected from sulphate groups, phosphate groups, silanes, siloxanes, and mixtures thereof.|11. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the solid particles are in a carrier fluid.|12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the particle transport means comprises a carrier fluid pressurisation means.|13. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the solid particles are present in a concentration of from 5 to 50% by volume.|14. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the carrier fluid has a temperature of from −80 to 150° C. at an entry to the conduit.|15. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the carrier fluid has a pressure greater than 100 MPa at an entry to the conduit.|16. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the carrier fluid has a temperature of from −80 to 150° C. and a pressure greater than 100 MPa at an entry to the conduit, and wherein the carrier fluid is a supercritical fluid.|17. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the carrier fluid includes fuel gases.|18. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conduit is at least 5000 m to enable it to reach the elevated location.|19. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conduit has an internal diameter of from 1.0 to 30 cm.|20. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conduit comprises reinforcing elongate fibrous material, the fibrous material being wound at an angle to the central axis of the conduit, wherein the angle is greater at one end of the conduit than at the other end of the conduit.|21. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the end of the conduit having the greater angle of winding is at the substantially ground level location.|22. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the angle of winding at one end of the conduit is from 30 to 80° to a line parallel to the central axis of the conduit, and wherein the angle of winding at the other end of the conduit is less than 30° to a line parallel to the central axis of the conduit.|23. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the dispersal means includes a means for dispersing the solid particles into a high velocity air stream.|24. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising one or both of electrical power located at an elevated location and fuel lines along the conduit.|25. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a let-down facility at the elevated location.|26. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the particle transport means is configured to transport the solid particles through the conduit at least at 500 metric tonnes per 12 hours.|27. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the deagglomeration means comprises a microniser, a venturi nozzle, or a combination thereof.|28. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the dispersal means is close-coupled to the deagglomeration means.|29. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a balloon, dirigible, or airship, coupled to the conduit.|30. The apparatus according to claim 29, wherein the balloon, dirigible, or airship is configured to provide a lifting force of at least 15 metric tonnes.|31. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a ship at the substantially ground level location, wherein the conduit is coupled to the ship.|32. A method of transporting solid particles into the earth's atmosphere, the method comprising transporting the solid particles via a conduit from a substantially ground level location to an elevated location, deagglomerating the solid particles at the elevated location, and dispersing the solid particles into the atmosphere, wherein the solid particles have a refractive index greater than 2.0, wherein substantially all of the solid particles are sub-micron particles, and wherein the elevated location is in the stratosphere.|33. The method of claim 32, wherein the method results in a manmade cloud of solid particles located in the stratosphere, wherein the cloud comprises at least 1,000 tonnes of the solid particles over a region of at least a thousand square kilometers.|34. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the solid particles have a ratio of a real part of a complex refractive index at 500 nm to an imaginary part of the complex refractive index that is greater than 5.|35. The method of claim 32, wherein the solid particles have a ratio of a real part of a complex refractive index at 500 nm to an imaginary part of the complex refractive index that is greater than 5. | 4 | Abstract | gpt-4o-mini | yes | The patent describes a system for transporting and dispersing solid particles into the stratosphere, which aligns with the goal of reducing solar radiation and cooling the climate. | |||||||||||||
| 3 | US61/194,709P|US12/587,015 | US12/587,015 | US20100127224 | 44274298 | US20100127224 A1 2010-05-27 [US20100127224] | 2008-09-30|2009-09-30 | 2009-09-30 | 2010-05-27 | (US20100127224)|2012-03-05 | (US20100127224)|Atmospheric injection of reflective aerosol for mitigating global warming | (US20100127224)|A method is provided for mitigating global warming. In such method, fine particles can be injected or dispersed into the stratosphere. The particles can be characterized by relatively low emissivity in the visible spectrum and relatively high emissivity at thermal infrared wavelengths. In a particular embodiment, the fine particles can consist predominantly of silica. In a particular embodiment, the fine silica particles can include diatomaceous earth (DE), which may or may not be heat treated before injection and dispersal within the stratosphere. In one embodiment, the fine silica particles can include at least one of silica fume, fumed silica, or powdered quartz. The fine silica particles may have an average diameter ranging between 5 nanometers and 100 microns. | NEFF RYAN | (US20100127224)|NEFF RYAN | NEFF RYAN | (US20100127224)|Neff Ryan | (US20100127224)|Daryl Neff ([US]) | (US20100127224)|Amorphous silica is an efficient absorber of liquids, and for this reason, can be used as a drying agent.|The process could be conducted in a way that makes the particles more spherical and standardized, and possibly even more standardize in size.|Thus, it may be desirable to inject particles having these sizes into the stratosphere to achieve a desirable residence time.|Finally, silica aerosols such as DE do not react with many naturally-occurring chemicals and do not break down when exposed to UV radiation.|The breakdown of the ozone layer caused by this type of a reaction in undesirable because of its effects in shielding the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation that exists in outer space and the upper atmosphere.|While other factors cannot be definitively ruled out, increased global warming since 1980 has occurred simultaneously with global reductions in air pollution during this period, particularly in sulfuric aerosol pollution.| | (US20100127224)|1 . A method of mitigating global warming comprising injecting fine particles in the stratosphere, the particles characterized by relatively low emissivity in the visible spectrum and relatively high emissivity at thermal infrared wavelengths.|11 . A method of mitigating global warming comprising dispersing fine silica particles in the stratosphere.|21 . A method of mitigating global warming comprising dispersing fine particles in the stratosphere, the particles having spectral properties similar to at least one material selected from the group consisting of sulfate aerosols or sulfuric aerosols.| | (US20100127224)|GLOBAL WARMING(100,25)|STRATOSPHERE WARMING(100,12)|REFLECTIVE AEROSOL(100,2)|ATMOSPHERIC INJECTION(100,1)|REFLECTIVE AEROSOL ATMOSPHERIC INJECTION(100,1)|STRATOSPHERE(56,55)|SULFURIC AEROSOL POLLUTION(44,1)|TROPOSPHERE(42,15)|STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT(35,24)|DISPERSING FINE SILICA PARTICLE(35,1)|INFRARED WAVELENGTH(29,4)|SILICA PARTICLE(28,17)|SULFURIC AEROSOL(27,23)|FUMED SILICA(27,6)|SILICA FUME(26,8)|POWDERED SILICA(25,9)|SULFATE AEROSOL(23,3)|HARMFUL ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION(23,1)|DISPERSING FINE PARTICLE(22,1)|EMISSIVITY(21,8)|SILICA AEROSOL(20,18)|AMORPHOUS SILICA(19,2)|CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEUS FORMATION(19,1)|GLOBAL REDUCTION(19,1)|UV RADIATION(17,2)|FINE PARTICLE(16,11)|INCREASED GLOBAL WARMING(14,1)|NATURALLY OCCURRING CHEMICAL(13,1)|LAYER PROTECTION(12,3)|VISIBLE SPECTRUM(11,5)|DELIQUESCENCE(11,2)|SPECTRAL PROPERTY(9,5)|LIME(9,2)|STRATOSPHERIC CLOUD FORMATION(8,3)|DRYING AGENT(8,1)|DIATOMACEOUS EARTH(7,15)|TRANSMITTANCE PLOT(7,3)|PLANETARY ALBEDO(7,2)|MOUNT SAINT ERUPTION(7,1)|MEDIAN DIAMETER(6,4)|CALCIUM HYDROXIDE(6,2)|SULFURIC AEROSOL CAUTION(6,1)|SULFURIC AEROSOL FINE MIST(6,1)|DEBACTEROL(5,8)|LOW EMISSIVITY(5,5)|AIR POLLUTION(5,3)|ARCTIC PERMAFROST(5,1)|CLOUD ALBEDO(5,1)|DIATOM FOSSILIZED REMAINS(5,1)|HURRICANE DEVASTATION(5,1)|MT VOLCANIC ERUPTION(5,1)|NASA ASTROPHYSICS(5,1)|VOLCANIC ASH MASSIVE INJECTION(5,1)|GROUND SURFACE(4,8)|PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION(4,3)|INHIBITING GLOBAL WARMING(4,2)|VISIBLE WAVELENGTH(4,2)|BLEAK PREDICTION(4,1)|CANDIDATE AEROSOL(4,1)|CLEANUP PROJECT(4,1)|COMPARABLE EMISSIVITY(4,1)|DELIQUESCENT PARTICLE(4,1)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(4,1)|EMISSIVITY PLOT(4,1)|EMITTANCE PLOT(4,1)|FINE SILICA AEROSOL INJECTION(4,1)|GLOBAL ALBEDO(4,1)|GLOBAL BRIGHTENING(4,1)|INCOMING SUNLIGHT(4,1)|JAGGED POCKET(4,1)|METHANEDIONE EMISSION(4,1)|MT ERUPTION(4,1)|POWDERED SILICA AEROSOL(4,1)|REFLECTANCE PLOT(4,1)|ROUGH POCKET(4,1)|RUNAWAY GLOBAL WARMING(4,1)|SILICA TINY PARTICLE(4,1)|SMOG CONTAMINATION(4,1)|STRATOSPHERIC PARTICLE(4,1)|STRATOSPHERIC WIND(4,1)|SULFURIC AEROSOL INJECTION(4,1)|VOLCANIC ASH PARTICLE(4,1)|WORLD CLIMATE(4,1)|WORLD METHANEDIONE(4,1)|H2SO(3,5)|CHEMICAL REACTION(3,3)|SOLAR ENERGY ABSORPTION(3,3)|ATMOSPHERIC SAMPLE(3,2)|SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSION(3,2)|UPPER ATMOSPHERE(3,2)|CATASTROPHIC DAMAGE(3,1)|CAUSED INCALCULABLE DAMAGE(3,1)|CRYSTALLINE SILICA CONTENT(3,1)|DECREASED ALBEDO(3,1)|DECREASED WARMING(3,1)|DESIRABLE RESIDENCE TIME(3,1)|DISPERSING FINE SILICA(3,1)|FINE PARTICLE STRATOSPHERIC INJECTION(3,1)|FOSSIL FUEL COLLECTION(3,1)|FUEL COMBUSTION(3,1)|GLOBAL WARMING INHIBITOR(3,1)|HARD SHELLED ALGAE(3,1)|HARMFUL IMPACT(3,1)|METHANEDIONE PRODUCTION(3,1)|OUTER SPACE(3,1)|OXYGEN ATOM(3,1)|POWER MEASUREMENT(3,1)|SOLAR ENERGY OCEAN ABSORPTION(3,1)|SULFUR EMISSION(3,1)|PARTICLE SIZE(2,5)|SULFUR DIOXIDE PRODUCTION(2,2)|SUMMER(2,2)|AEROSOL SOLUTION(2,1)|ANTARCTIC CIRCLE(2,1)|ARCTIC CLIMATE(2,1)|ATMOSPHERIC LOCATION(2,1)|AVERAGE PARTICLE WIDTH(2,1)|CALCINATION(2,1)|CHLORINE COMPOUND INACTIVATION(2,1)|CLIMATE CHANGE CORRECTION(2,1)|COMPOUND ABILITY(2,1)|CONFIDENCE(2,1)|CRYSTALLINE CONTENT(2,1)|DEDICATED EQUIPMENT(2,1)|DEMONSTRABLE CHANGE(2,1)|DEMONSTRATION(2,1)|DROUGHT(2,1)|ECONOMY(2,1)|ECOSYSTEM(2,1)|EFFLORESCENCE(2,1)|EXPERIMENTAL WORK(2,1)|EXPERIMENTATION(2,1)|FARTHEST EXTENT(2,1)|FINE DISPERSION(2,1)|FINE POWDER(2,1)|HARMLESS COMPOUND(2,1)|HURRICANE KATRINA(2,1)|INACTIVATED CHLORINE COMPOUND CONVERSION(2,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(2,1)|METHANEDIONE RATIO(2,1)|MINIMAL IMPACT(2,1)|NOTICEABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT(2,1)|OBSERVED CORRELATION(2,1)|PARTICLE EMISSION(2,1)|PARTICLE INJECTION(2,1)|PLANETARY SCALE(2,1)|SEASONAL WEATHER PATTERN(2,1)|SULFUR LADEN ATMOSPHERE(2,1)|TOTAL EMITTANCE(2,1)| | (US20100127224)|1. A method of mitigating global warming comprising injecting fine particles in the stratosphere, the particles characterized by relatively low emissivity in the visible spectrum and relatively high emissivity at thermal infrared wavelengths.|2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fine particles consist predominantly of silica.|3. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fine silica particles include diatomaceous earth.|4. A method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the diatomaceous earth contains greater than 50% crystalline silica at time of the injection into the atmosphere.|5. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fine silica particles include at least one of silica fume, fumed silica, or powdered quartz.|6. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fine silica particles have average diameter ranging between 0.01 and 10 microns.|7. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composition of the fine particles closely resembles a composition of volcanic ash.|8. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the particles are designed in such a way that the particle size maximizes their residence time aloft in the stratosphere.|9. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the particles have average sizes of 0.2 microns and 4 microns.|10. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composition of the fine particles closely resembles a composition of volcanic ash injected into the stratosphere by the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines.|11. A method of mitigating global warming comprising dispersing fine silica particles in the stratosphere.|12. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|13. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the fine silica particles include diatomaceous earth.|14. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the fine silica particles are heated as to lower their surface area.|15. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the fine silica particles are coated by a chemical protective layer that inhibits chemical reactions along the surface of each particle in the stratosphere.|16. A method as claimed in claim 15, wherein the chemical protective layer includes at least one of calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide.|17. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the fine silica particles include at least one of silica fume, fumed silica, or powdered quartz.|18. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the fine silica particles have average diameter ranging between 0.01 microns and 10 microns.|19. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the fine silica particles are treated so that they can effloresce readily and have no more than low deliquescence, such that the particles inhibit the formation of cloud condensation nuclei.|20. (canceled)|21. A method of mitigating global warming comprising dispersing fine particles in the stratosphere, the particles having spectral properties similar to at least one material selected from the group consisting of sulfate aerosols or sulfuric aerosols.|22. A method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|23. A method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|24. A method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|25. A method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|26. A method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|27. A method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|28. A method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|29. A method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|30. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|31. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere. | (US20100127224)|CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION|[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 61/194,709 filed Sep. 30, 2008 entitled “APPLICATIONS OF STRATOSPHERIC LEVEL REFLECTIVE AEROSOL DEPOSITION IN MITIGATING THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING”, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.|(US20100127224)|BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION|[0002] 1. Field of the Invention|[0003] The present invention relates to geoengineering and more specifically to a method for mitigating global warming through injection of an aerosol such as particles into the atmosphere.|[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art|[0005] The recent increase in global temperatures is changing the world's climate in unpredictable and damaging ways. No matter what the cause, whether it is because of natural factors or just simply a man-made consequence of an industrial society, the one degree Fahrenheit observed increase in global temperature has already caused incalculable damages to tropical and Arctic climates. Since 1980, the Sahara has expanded over a hundred miles. (Tucker) In summer 2007, Arctic sea ice retreated from land to its farthest extent ever; by 2020 the ice may completely disappear each summer. Tropical cyclones are becoming stronger and more frequent. In 2008, 100,000 perished from the cyclone in Myanmar. It may take a lifetime for New Orleans to recover from 2005's Hurricane Katrina. Once growing plentiful harvests, farmers are now impacted more frequently by both severe droughts and flooding.|[0006] Bleak predictions from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) point to dangerous consequences for inaction. An estimated three to eight degree increase in mean global temperature will cause a rise in sea level that inundates and displaces hundreds of millions worldwide, melt remaining Arctic permafrost, intensify hurricane devastation, and disrupt weather patterns. (Spotts) Moreover, a relatively small change in global temperature might provoke much greater changes, known as runaway global warming, due to positive feedback events. For example, the rapid melting of Arctic sea ice wipes out reflective ice cover above ocean waters, thus increasing the ocean absorption of solar energy by the Arctic Ocean on a planetary scale. The thawing of permafrost regions releases unfathomable quantities of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere and could greatly amplify global warming. (Yarris)|[0007] International agreements such as the Kyoto protocol seek to reduce man-made carbon dioxide emissions, but it is doubtful whether such measures will suffice. Scientists today suggest that only reducing fossil fuel use will not prevent catastrophic damage to global climates. (Joyce) Others warn that unless carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere, the warming will not stop. (Yarris) However, such a cleanup project to reclaim unfathomable amounts of carbon dioxide would be energy-demanding and almost double current energy costs. (Thambimuthu)|[0008] Recent scientific studies have demonstrated that there might be a secondary cause to global warming separate and apart from increased greenhouse gas emissions. In 2005, an article in Science cited surface observations from the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) showing that solar radiation observed at the Earth's surface increased by 6.6 W/m−2 between 1985 and 2000. (Wild, 849) In other words, this period has been marked by “global brightening.” Since, on average, light emitted from the sun does not increase, the planetary albedo, or the overall reflectivity of the Earth, must have decreased during this period. (Wild, 848) With decreased albedo, the Earth absorbs more solar energy. Greater absorbed solar energy has caused the mean global temperature to rise rapidly since 1985.|[0009] At the same time, temperatures in the Earth's stratosphere are proven to have actually decreased between 1980 and 2000 by an unprecedented 0.7 degree Celsius. (USGCRP) It is likely that the two events are related. Lower temperatures in the stratosphere signals lower solar energy absorption there. As the stratosphere absorbs less solar energy, more solar energy reaches the Earth's surface to cause global warming. This observed correlation is a starting point for this study.|[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 5,003,186 to Chang et al. (the Chang patent) discusses a method of depositing fine particles in the stratosphere to reduce global temperatures. The Chang patent describes seeding the stratosphere with particles that have relatively low emissivity in the near-infrared spectrum and high emissivity in the far infrared and visible spectrums. “Emissivity” is a measure of how much light energy an object absorbs. Because the particles have high emissivity in the visible spectrum, the method proposed by the Chang patent could decrease the amount of visible light reaching the Earth's surface. This, in turn, would be undesirable if found to affect fundamental ecological processes such as chemical cycling, energy flow, and photosynthesis.|SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION|[0011] According to an aspect of the invention, a method is provided for mitigating global warming. In such method, fine particles can be injected or dispersed into the stratosphere. The particles can be characterized by relatively low emissivity in the visible spectrum and relatively high emissivity at thermal infrared wavelengths.|[0012] In a particular embodiment, the fine particles can consist predominantly of silica. In a particular embodiment, the fine silica particles can include diatomaceous earth (DE), which may or may not be heat treated before injection and dispersal within the stratosphere. Heat treatment can affect the content of crystalline silica in the DE. Typically, with treatment by high heat, the DE may contain greater than 50% crystalline silica at time of the injection into the atmosphere.|[0013] In one embodiment, the fine silica particles can include at least one of silica fume, fumed silica, or powdered quartz. The fine silica particles may have an average diameter ranging between 5 nanometers and 10 microns. The fine particles may closely resemble a composition of volcanic ash, such that they have optical and physical properties similar to volcanic ash.|[0014] A method is provided for mitigating global warming in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Such method can include injecting or dispersing fine silica particles into the stratosphere. The particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere. A statistically significant cooling of the troposphere can also occur simultaneously with the warming of the stratosphere.|[0015] In another embodiment of the invention, the fine silica particles may be heated so as to lower the surface area of each particle. This heating would occur in such a way as to limit the amount of surface area that the particles would add to the stratosphere. The particles would be treated so as to limit the addition of surface area available for surface-based chemical reactions, including limiting the surface area available on each particle for conversion of chlorine compounds into activated chlorine. In such way, possible effects of the particles on the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere would be limited.|[0016] In another embodiment of the invention, the fine silica particles are coated by a chemical protective layer that inhibits chemical reactions from occurring at surfaces of the particles in the stratosphere.|[0017] The fine silica particles may have an average diameter ranging between 5 nanometers and 10 microns. In a particular embodiment, the average diameter may be below 5 microns.|[0018] In a particular embodiment, the fine silica particles can include diatomaceous earth. In another embodiment, the fine silica particles include at least one of silica fume, fumed silica, or powdered quartz.|[0019] A particular embodiment provides for injecting or dispersing fine particles in the stratosphere, the particles having spectral properties similar to at least one material selected from the group consisting of sulfate aerosols or sulfuric aerosols.|(US20100127224)|BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS|[0020] FIG. 1 is a graph comparing the world carbon dioxide production with global sulfur dioxide emissions.|[0021] FIG. 2 is a graph of the global temperature anomaly since 1880.|[0022] FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating a transmittance, emissivity plot for sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aerosols.|[0023] FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating a transmittance plot for diatomaceous earth.|[0024] FIG. 5 is a graph overlaying a transmittance plot for sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aerosols with a transmittance plot for diatomaceous earth.|[0025] FIG. 6 is a graph showing particle distributions in atmospheric samples.|[0026] FIG. 7 is a reflectance plot for powdered quartz aerosols between 0 and 75 microns.|(US20100127224)|DETAILED DESCRIPTION|[0027] More powerful measures may be needed than simply switching to alternative fuels to actively combat global warming without harming the environment or the economy. Herein, a geo-engineering solution is proposed for addressing the current global warming crisis. Abrupt global temperature decreases following the eruptions of Mount Saint Helens in 1980 and Mount Pinatubo in 1991 suggest that the presence of reflective aerosols in the stratosphere could reduce global warming. Different candidate aerosols are available for injection into the stratosphere which can be demonstrated to reflect visible and infrared wavelengths of light. A suitable aerosol material is in relative abundance on Earth and can be obtained relatively inexpensively and have minimal impacts on ecosystems worldwide.|[0028] An agent capable of inhibiting global warming may have already been identified and may have already been responsible for keeping global temperatures from increasing during much of the period before the present. However, the agent that may have been at work was sulfuric aerosols which are a component of air pollution. Their effect as an agent in inhibiting global warming may be lessening now. While other factors cannot be definitively ruled out, increased global warming since 1980 has occurred simultaneously with global reductions in air pollution during this period, particularly in sulfuric aerosol pollution. The atmospheric concentration of sulfuric aerosols shows a decrease of up to 50% in urban areas between 1980 and 1999, particularly in North America and Europe.|[0029] Sulfuric acid, or H2SO4, is produced when burning fossil fuels and can be found in smog, or a type of air pollution sometimes seen at lower levels of the atmosphere. Smog pollution can sometimes be found at ground level or not far above ground level in large cities or other areas where large amounts of fossil fuels are burned. Sulfuric acid is a clear liquid in dilute solutions and is tinged with yellow in concentrated solutions. When sulfuric acid is exposed to air, it makes a fine mist of sulfuric aerosols. Onions are one example where sulfuric acids can make sulfuric aerosols.|[0030] While dilute sulfuric acid is a clear liquid, sulfuric aerosols have spectral properties different from the acid itself: they absorb wavelengths of far-infrared light. Far infrared light, defined as light of wavelengths between 8 to 14 μm, is primarily responsible for thermal radiation. When far-infrared light strikes the Earth's surface, it is absorbed and converted into thermal energy which heats the Earth's atmosphere. Since sulfuric aerosols absorb far-infrared light, they prevent some of the far-infrared light from reaching the surface. Because they absorb thermal energy from far-infrared light before it can reach the Earth's surface, sulfuric aerosols also raise the temperature of the surrounding medium in accordance with the law of Conservation of Energy.|[0031] For sulfuric aerosols to decrease global temperatures, a few conditions must be met. First, the sulfuric aerosols must be present in the stratosphere, a layer of the atmosphere above the lowest atmosphere layer, the troposphere, so that the absorbed solar energy can be directed away from the surface. Already, sulfuric aerosols emitted by volcanoes and fossil fuels collect in the troposphere, but some amount makes its way to the stratosphere. Second, the sulfuric aerosols must be relatively abundant in order to absorb enough thermal energy to make a difference.|[0032] By this process, sulfuric aerosols are capable of increasing planetary albedo by absorbing far-infrared energy in the stratosphere and reradiating it back into space. The lack of a significant global temperature rise in the sulfur-laden atmosphere prior to 1980 suggests that the injection of sulfuric aerosols into the stratosphere could mitigate the effects of global warming. FIG. 1 shows that sulfur dioxide production stayed at close to a 1:1 ratio with carbon dioxide production until about 1980, when the ratio of carbon dioxide to sulfur dioxide increased. FIG. 2 shows that global temperatures remained close to long-term average (such average being indicated at 0.0° C. on the vertical scale) until about 1980, when the global temperature began to rise steadily and rapidly. One interpretation of the data would lend to the conclusion that sulfur dioxide production before 1980 shielded the earth from global warming, and that the reduction in sulfur emissions relative to carbon emissions led to an increase in the global temperature above the average. This would suggest that climate change correction would entail simply the addition of sulfur dioxide, in large quantities, to the atmosphere. However, harmful impacts upon environmental and human health from sulfuric aerosols caution against their purposeful injection into the atmosphere for mitigating global warming. Furthermore, a more precise, controlled injection of particles that can initiate global cooling can be performed with effects 100 times or more above than the cooling effects of untargeted sulfur dioxide emissions.|[0033] By simulating an atmosphere similar to that of Earth, experimentation demonstrates that the dispersion of certain types of particles could cause a change in mean atmospheric temperatures. Silica is a type of material which has been identified as a candidate for injection into the atmosphere to decrease global albedo, and hence, reduce global warming.|[0034] Silica is among the most common minerals on Earth. Silica, an oxide of silicon, is commonly found in sand and glass. Silica is also found naturally in very small particles in form of diatomaceous earth (DE). DE earth includes fossilized remains of diatoms, a type of hard-shelled algae. Particles can range from 1 to 100 microns in width. As found in nature, diatomaceous earth contains mostly amorphous silica. Amorphous silica is an efficient absorber of liquids, and for this reason, can be used as a drying agent. In some cases, DE can be obtained in which the average particle width is less than or equal to about 10 microns. When treated by high heat in a “calcining” process, DE can become mostly crystalline in form, having a crystalline content of greater than 50%, and typically 60% or more. Heat treated DE is commonly used as a water filtering agent. Among other silicates which can have fine particles are fumed silica, silica fume, and powdered quartz. Silica has spectral properties close to those of sulfuric aerosols, which, in previous abundance, appear to have inhibited global warming. Silica particles, including diatomaceous earth, have particle sizes which are capable of remaining suspended in the atmosphere for a number of years without causing noticeable environmental impact.|[0035] NASA studies following the June 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo observed a global temperature decrease of 0.6 degrees Celsius (one degree Fahrenheit) between 1991 and 1992. (Ritchie, 178) The eruption involved a massive injection of volcanic ash in the atmosphere. A common component of volcanic ash, silica aerosols, are microscopic (usually having particles from 0.01 to 10 microns in diameter). The eruption may have provided sufficient energy to inject fine silica aerosols into the stratosphere. The fine silica aerosols included particles having a size small enough to be suspended by stratospheric winds for an extended period of time. Thus, the injection of fine silica aerosols into the stratosphere may be the reason for the global cooling event following the eruption.|[0036] The possibility of reversing global temperature increases by stratospheric injection of fine particles having spectral properties similar to sulfuric aerosols can be demonstrated. Silica, such as fumed silica, silica fume, powdered quartz, or diatomaceous earth, among others, can have the correct properties. Such materials are extremely fine powders that are in relative abundance on Earth. Silica absorbs the same frequencies of light as sulfuric aerosols do.|[0037] FIGS. 3 and 4 are plots of transmittance for each of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and DE. Each shows similar thermal emissivity. As demonstrated by a combination of the data from each plot (FIG. 5) it is clear that H2SO4 aerosols and diatomaceous earth (a form of silica) have similar emissivity in the thermal range. FIG. 5 shows an emittance plot of 75% H2SO4 in Aerosol Solution and Diatomaceous Earth comparing the far-infrared wavelength (8 to 20 μm) to the total emittance (or absorption). Emittance is a measure of how much light energy an object absorbs. DE exhibits properties very similar to sulfuric aerosols in the far-infrared range: for instance, both have relatively high emittance near 9 μm and low emittance near 14 μm. Data shown on FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 are found in external references: De Freitas, and NASA Astrophysics.|[0038] This means that silica aerosols can be used to mimic the cooling effects of sulfuric aerosols in the stratosphere. Silica aerosols such as DE can also increase cloud albedo by acting as a nucleation site for water droplet formation. By increasing cloud albedo, more solar energy will be radiated into space. Finally, silica aerosols such as DE do not react with many naturally-occurring chemicals and do not break down when exposed to UV radiation. Since silica aerosols are made up of tiny particles of silicon dioxide, the aerosol is indistinguishable with sand when it falls back to the Earth.|[0039] Silica aerosols have relatively low emissivities in the visible and near infrared spectrum and comparable emissivity in the far infrared spectrum to sulfate aerosols. Therefore, silica aerosols could be used to remove “thermal” far infrared light in a targeted way to cause global cooling without substantially impacting the amount of visible light that reaches the surface of the Earth.|[0040] U.S. Provisional Application 61/194,709, incorporated by reference herein, demonstrates that a suspension of DE in a medium can decrease a rate at which a surface disposed below the medium warms in response to light of visible and thermal wavelengths. The experimental work demonstrates with confidence that diatomaceous earth can cause a decrease in mean surface temperatures for time periods equal to and beyond the testing period. In light of this demonstration, silica aerosols, when dispersed in sufficient quantity into the stratosphere can be expected to cause demonstrable and significant change in mean global surface temperature of the Earth.|[0041] These silica aerosols, like the sulfuric aerosols, added significant surface area to the stratosphere, which was seen dramatically during the volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991. Sulfuric aerosols along with fine particulate volcanic ash added reaction sites for the conversion of inactivated chlorine compounds into activated chlorine. This activated chlorine, usually in the form of a free radical, can break down ozone (O3) into diatomic oxygen and free oxygen ions. The breakdown of the ozone layer caused by this type of a reaction in undesirable because of its effects in shielding the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation that exists in outer space and the upper atmosphere. The ozone layer is one of the most protected areas of the Earth's atmosphere as it filters all incoming solar radiation and removes harmful UV light which can harm both plants and animals alike. This UV radiation is also particularly harmful to humans and can cause cancer and in rare cases birth defects.|[0042] To help avoid unwanted effects of stratospheric particles on the ozone layer two methods are proposed. One possibility is to heat the particles before injection to a temperature just high enough to reshape the particles by smoothing out rough or jagged pockets at the surface of each particle where reactions can take place. In one embodiment, the process could be conducted in the presence of a dopant such as boron, which might further assist in lowering the glass transition temperature of the particle composition, and possibly helping to smooth the shape of the resulting particles. For example, a “boronating” process could be conducted. The process could be conducted in a way that makes the particles more spherical and standardized, and possibly even more standardize in size. In that way, the amount of surface area added by the particles to the stratosphere could be closely measured and monitored.|[0043] Another possibility is that fine silica particles could be used together with a chemical inhibitor which inhibits reaction with ozone. For example, a chemical inhibitor such as calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide could be mixed with or applied to particles prior to their dispersal in the atmosphere. Such inhibitors can include, which can combine with free, activated chlorine to make harmless compounds that are trapped within the particle or which return to the surface, such as in form of rain water. The size of the particle has a direct effect on the residence time of the particle in the stratosphere. “Residence time” is traditionally defined as the amount of time a small aerosol particle can stay aloft in the atmosphere and is usually measured by observing the concentration of the particle in the atmosphere after a number of days, months, or years have elapsed. For the particles to have a desired effect in mitigating global warming, the residence time of particles should be sufficiently long to provide stable long-term residence in the stratosphere. However, the residence time should not be too great, in order to allow for up or down adjustment of the cooling effect in trending towards or maintaining a desired long-term result. With a desired residence time, the particle concentration could be allowed to decrease so that, in times of uncontrolled global cooling events, such as volcanic eruptions and natural variations in solar output, the climate effects of these natural events would be reduced.|[0044] Particles with different sizes have different residence times because of their specific gravity, a measure of their mass against their surface area. Particles with low surface area and high mass have lower residence times than particles with high surface area and low mass. Another factor to consider when engineering residence time is the particle's ability to condense into larger particles. For instance, particles under 0.05 microns typically stick together in the atmosphere and create larger particles that can then fall out of the atmosphere at a higher rate. FIG. 6 is a graphing showing distributions of particle sizes as measured in four different samples conducted at different atmospheric locations. Curves labeled 1 and 2 show the particle distributions at locations far from emissions of particle matter. The curves labeled 3 and 4 show the particle distributions at locations near sources of particle emissions The curves demonstrate that particles can be found which persist in the atmosphere which range between 0.01 microns and 100 microns in size, and which are more commonly seen between about 0.02 microns and 20 microns, as represented on the logarithmic scale of FIG. 6. From the figure, it is apparent that particles having sizes near 0.2 microns or near 4 microns are in greatest abundance in each of the distributions found in the atmospheric samples. This may indicate that particles of these sizes tend to persist in the atmosphere for relatively long periods of time. Thus, it may be desirable to inject particles having these sizes into the stratosphere to achieve a desirable residence time. Therefore, the particles could have sizes mostly between about 0.2 microns and about 10 microns, or be even more closely distributed with most particles having sizes between about 0.5 microns and about 5 microns. It might even be beneficial to engineer silica particles to have average particle size near 0.2 and 4 microns.|[0045] Another factor that could be considered when engineering the particles is the particles' relative abilities to effloresce and deliquesce. Efflorescence is defined as a material's ability to lose water traditionally in its crystalline form at certain temperatures and pressures. Deliquescence is the compounds ability to absorb water into its crystalline structure at certain temperatures and pressures. It may be beneficial to use a type of silica or diatomaceous earth that has efflorescent and deliquescent properties similar to volcanic aerosols, so as to more closely mimic a global cooling effect that has been observed after volcanic eruptions. It is possible that deliquescent particles are a source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) which can contribute to the formation of clouds in the stratosphere. Thus, the silica particles might function as CCNs to provide surfaces on which water vapor molecules condense and form clouds in the stratosphere. The formation of stratospheric clouds may provide an additional way to reflect some incoming sunlight before it reaches the lower atmosphere and, thus, help mitigate the warming effect caused by greenhouse gases.|[0046] Alternatively, in a particular embodiment, particles could be selected which effloresce readily but which do not deliquesce or do not deliquesce much. Using such particles, one could deliberately limit the effect of the particles on the formation of stratospheric clouds. This could be one way of controlling or reducing the formation of stratospheric clouds so as to control or limit the reduction in visible light to the Earth's surface.|[0047] Silica aerosols can be injected into the stratosphere using a variety of means. Silica particles in form of DE, fumed silica, silica fume, powdered quartz or other material could be injected into the atmosphere during the fuel combustion and exhaust production processes of high-flying aircraft. FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating reflectance for powdered quartz. For example, without limitation, the aerosol could be provided as an additive to a combustion or after-combustion process of an aircraft engine in flights entering the stratosphere (typically at altitudes above 35,000 feet). Alternatively, separate from a combustion process, the aerosol could be metered out through dedicated equipment therefore.|[0048] The process may be controlled so as to inject the aerosol when the aircraft is at a location within the atmosphere that leads to dispersion of a large amount of the aerosol in the stratosphere. The process may also be controlled so as to not disperse the aerosol when the aircraft is at a location that leads to dispersion of a large amount of the aerosol in the troposphere. The altitudes at which the aerosol injection can be performed can vary with latitude, seasonal weather patterns, and even local weather patterns and weather events. The site of particle injection can be selected in accordance with latitude as well. A greater amount of sunlight typically reaches the Earth at low latitudes. Therefore, aerosol injection into the stratosphere at low latitudes (tropical and subtropical) can be expected to directly block a greater amount of sunlight than at middle latitudes and at high latitudes beyond the Arctic and Antarctic Circles. However, aerosol injection in the middle and high latitudes might also help mitigate global warming, for example, if it caused the rate at which ice and snow melts to decrease due to decreased warming from sunlight. In that case, more snow and ice would remain available at the middle and higher latitudes to reflect sunlight back into space. The same effect could also occur if the dispersal of the silica aerosol were to increase the rate of snow and ice accumulation in the middle and higher latitudes.|[0049] Other possible ways of injecting silica aerosols into the stratosphere include launching of high-altitude balloons carrying the particles and equipment for dispersing the particles into the surrounding air. Rockets might also be used to carry the particles into the stratosphere. There may be still other ways in which silica aerosols can be injected into the atmosphere.|[0050] From the foregoing it is demonstrated that silica aerosols including diatomaceous earth can be a global warming inhibitor when dispersed into the stratosphere in sufficient quantities. The magnitude of a decrease can mitigate the effects of global warming while the aerosol remains present in the stratosphere.|[0051] While the invention has been described in accordance with certain preferred embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will understand the many modifications and enhancements which can be made thereto without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention, which is limited only by the claims appended below. | (US20100127224)|CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION|[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 61/194,709 filed Sep. 30, 2008 entitled “APPLICATIONS OF STRATOSPHERIC LEVEL REFLECTIVE AEROSOL DEPOSITION IN MITIGATING THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING”, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.|(US20100127224)|BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION|[0002] 1. Field of the Invention|[0003] The present invention relates to geoengineering and more specifically to a method for mitigating global warming through injection of an aerosol such as particles into the atmosphere.|[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art|[0005] The recent increase in global temperatures is changing the world's climate in unpredictable and damaging ways. No matter what the cause, whether it is because of natural factors or just simply a man-made consequence of an industrial society, the one degree Fahrenheit observed increase in global temperature has already caused incalculable damages to tropical and Arctic climates. Since 1980, the Sahara has expanded over a hundred miles. (Tucker) In summer 2007, Arctic sea ice retreated from land to its farthest extent ever; by 2020 the ice may completely disappear each summer. Tropical cyclones are becoming stronger and more frequent. In 2008, 100,000 perished from the cyclone in Myanmar. It may take a lifetime for New Orleans to recover from 2005's Hurricane Katrina. Once growing plentiful harvests, farmers are now impacted more frequently by both severe droughts and flooding.|[0006] Bleak predictions from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) point to dangerous consequences for inaction. An estimated three to eight degree increase in mean global temperature will cause a rise in sea level that inundates and displaces hundreds of millions worldwide, melt remaining Arctic permafrost, intensify hurricane devastation, and disrupt weather patterns. (Spotts) Moreover, a relatively small change in global temperature might provoke much greater changes, known as runaway global warming, due to positive feedback events. For example, the rapid melting of Arctic sea ice wipes out reflective ice cover above ocean waters, thus increasing the ocean absorption of solar energy by the Arctic Ocean on a planetary scale. The thawing of permafrost regions releases unfathomable quantities of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere and could greatly amplify global warming. (Yarris)|[0007] International agreements such as the Kyoto protocol seek to reduce man-made carbon dioxide emissions, but it is doubtful whether such measures will suffice. Scientists today suggest that only reducing fossil fuel use will not prevent catastrophic damage to global climates. (Joyce) Others warn that unless carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere, the warming will not stop. (Yarris) However, such a cleanup project to reclaim unfathomable amounts of carbon dioxide would be energy-demanding and almost double current energy costs. (Thambimuthu)|[0008] Recent scientific studies have demonstrated that there might be a secondary cause to global warming separate and apart from increased greenhouse gas emissions. In 2005, an article in Science cited surface observations from the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) showing that solar radiation observed at the Earth's surface increased by 6.6 W/m−2 between 1985 and 2000. (Wild, 849) In other words, this period has been marked by “global brightening.” Since, on average, light emitted from the sun does not increase, the planetary albedo, or the overall reflectivity of the Earth, must have decreased during this period. (Wild, 848) With decreased albedo, the Earth absorbs more solar energy. Greater absorbed solar energy has caused the mean global temperature to rise rapidly since 1985.|[0009] At the same time, temperatures in the Earth's stratosphere are proven to have actually decreased between 1980 and 2000 by an unprecedented 0.7 degree Celsius. (USGCRP) It is likely that the two events are related. Lower temperatures in the stratosphere signals lower solar energy absorption there. As the stratosphere absorbs less solar energy, more solar energy reaches the Earth's surface to cause global warming. This observed correlation is a starting point for this study.|[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 5,003,186 to Chang et al. (the Chang patent) discusses a method of depositing fine particles in the stratosphere to reduce global temperatures. The Chang patent describes seeding the stratosphere with particles that have relatively low emissivity in the near-infrared spectrum and high emissivity in the far infrared and visible spectrums. “Emissivity” is a measure of how much light energy an object absorbs. Because the particles have high emissivity in the visible spectrum, the method proposed by the Chang patent could decrease the amount of visible light reaching the Earth's surface. This, in turn, would be undesirable if found to affect fundamental ecological processes such as chemical cycling, energy flow, and photosynthesis.|SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION|[0011] According to an aspect of the invention, a method is provided for mitigating global warming. In such method, fine particles can be injected or dispersed into the stratosphere. The particles can be characterized by relatively low emissivity in the visible spectrum and relatively high emissivity at thermal infrared wavelengths.|[0012] In a particular embodiment, the fine particles can consist predominantly of silica. In a particular embodiment, the fine silica particles can include diatomaceous earth (DE), which may or may not be heat treated before injection and dispersal within the stratosphere. Heat treatment can affect the content of crystalline silica in the DE. Typically, with treatment by high heat, the DE may contain greater than 50% crystalline silica at time of the injection into the atmosphere.|[0013] In one embodiment, the fine silica particles can include at least one of silica fume, fumed silica, or powdered quartz. The fine silica particles may have an average diameter ranging between 5 nanometers and 10 microns. The fine particles may closely resemble a composition of volcanic ash, such that they have optical and physical properties similar to volcanic ash.|[0014] A method is provided for mitigating global warming in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Such method can include injecting or dispersing fine silica particles into the stratosphere. The particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere. A statistically significant cooling of the troposphere can also occur simultaneously with the warming of the stratosphere.|[0015] In another embodiment of the invention, the fine silica particles may be heated so as to lower the surface area of each particle. This heating would occur in such a way as to limit the amount of surface area that the particles would add to the stratosphere. The particles would be treated so as to limit the addition of surface area available for surface-based chemical reactions, including limiting the surface area available on each particle for conversion of chlorine compounds into activated chlorine. In such way, possible effects of the particles on the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere would be limited.|[0016] In another embodiment of the invention, the fine silica particles are coated by a chemical protective layer that inhibits chemical reactions from occurring at surfaces of the particles in the stratosphere.|[0017] The fine silica particles may have an average diameter ranging between 5 nanometers and 10 microns. In a particular embodiment, the average diameter may be below 5 microns.|[0018] In a particular embodiment, the fine silica particles can include diatomaceous earth. In another embodiment, the fine silica particles include at least one of silica fume, fumed silica, or powdered quartz.|[0019] A particular embodiment provides for injecting or dispersing fine particles in the stratosphere, the particles having spectral properties similar to at least one material selected from the group consisting of sulfate aerosols or sulfuric aerosols.|(US20100127224)|BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS|[0020] FIG. 1 is a graph comparing the world carbon dioxide production with global sulfur dioxide emissions.|[0021] FIG. 2 is a graph of the global temperature anomaly since 1880.|[0022] FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating a transmittance, emissivity plot for sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aerosols.|[0023] FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating a transmittance plot for diatomaceous earth.|[0024] FIG. 5 is a graph overlaying a transmittance plot for sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aerosols with a transmittance plot for diatomaceous earth.|[0025] FIG. 6 is a graph showing particle distributions in atmospheric samples.|[0026] FIG. 7 is a reflectance plot for powdered quartz aerosols between 0 and 75 microns.|(US20100127224)|DETAILED DESCRIPTION|[0027] More powerful measures may be needed than simply switching to alternative fuels to actively combat global warming without harming the environment or the economy. Herein, a geo-engineering solution is proposed for addressing the current global warming crisis. Abrupt global temperature decreases following the eruptions of Mount Saint Helens in 1980 and Mount Pinatubo in 1991 suggest that the presence of reflective aerosols in the stratosphere could reduce global warming. Different candidate aerosols are available for injection into the stratosphere which can be demonstrated to reflect visible and infrared wavelengths of light. A suitable aerosol material is in relative abundance on Earth and can be obtained relatively inexpensively and have minimal impacts on ecosystems worldwide.|[0028] An agent capable of inhibiting global warming may have already been identified and may have already been responsible for keeping global temperatures from increasing during much of the period before the present. However, the agent that may have been at work was sulfuric aerosols which are a component of air pollution. Their effect as an agent in inhibiting global warming may be lessening now. While other factors cannot be definitively ruled out, increased global warming since 1980 has occurred simultaneously with global reductions in air pollution during this period, particularly in sulfuric aerosol pollution. The atmospheric concentration of sulfuric aerosols shows a decrease of up to 50% in urban areas between 1980 and 1999, particularly in North America and Europe.|[0029] Sulfuric acid, or H2SO4, is produced when burning fossil fuels and can be found in smog, or a type of air pollution sometimes seen at lower levels of the atmosphere. Smog pollution can sometimes be found at ground level or not far above ground level in large cities or other areas where large amounts of fossil fuels are burned. Sulfuric acid is a clear liquid in dilute solutions and is tinged with yellow in concentrated solutions. When sulfuric acid is exposed to air, it makes a fine mist of sulfuric aerosols. Onions are one example where sulfuric acids can make sulfuric aerosols.|[0030] While dilute sulfuric acid is a clear liquid, sulfuric aerosols have spectral properties different from the acid itself: they absorb wavelengths of far-infrared light. Far infrared light, defined as light of wavelengths between 8 to 14 μm, is primarily responsible for thermal radiation. When far-infrared light strikes the Earth's surface, it is absorbed and converted into thermal energy which heats the Earth's atmosphere. Since sulfuric aerosols absorb far-infrared light, they prevent some of the far-infrared light from reaching the surface. Because they absorb thermal energy from far-infrared light before it can reach the Earth's surface, sulfuric aerosols also raise the temperature of the surrounding medium in accordance with the law of Conservation of Energy.|[0031] For sulfuric aerosols to decrease global temperatures, a few conditions must be met. First, the sulfuric aerosols must be present in the stratosphere, a layer of the atmosphere above the lowest atmosphere layer, the troposphere, so that the absorbed solar energy can be directed away from the surface. Already, sulfuric aerosols emitted by volcanoes and fossil fuels collect in the troposphere, but some amount makes its way to the stratosphere. Second, the sulfuric aerosols must be relatively abundant in order to absorb enough thermal energy to make a difference.|[0032] By this process, sulfuric aerosols are capable of increasing planetary albedo by absorbing far-infrared energy in the stratosphere and reradiating it back into space. The lack of a significant global temperature rise in the sulfur-laden atmosphere prior to 1980 suggests that the injection of sulfuric aerosols into the stratosphere could mitigate the effects of global warming. FIG. 1 shows that sulfur dioxide production stayed at close to a 1:1 ratio with carbon dioxide production until about 1980, when the ratio of carbon dioxide to sulfur dioxide increased. FIG. 2 shows that global temperatures remained close to long-term average (such average being indicated at 0.0° C. on the vertical scale) until about 1980, when the global temperature began to rise steadily and rapidly. One interpretation of the data would lend to the conclusion that sulfur dioxide production before 1980 shielded the earth from global warming, and that the reduction in sulfur emissions relative to carbon emissions led to an increase in the global temperature above the average. This would suggest that climate change correction would entail simply the addition of sulfur dioxide, in large quantities, to the atmosphere. However, harmful impacts upon environmental and human health from sulfuric aerosols caution against their purposeful injection into the atmosphere for mitigating global warming. Furthermore, a more precise, controlled injection of particles that can initiate global cooling can be performed with effects 100 times or more above than the cooling effects of untargeted sulfur dioxide emissions.|[0033] By simulating an atmosphere similar to that of Earth, experimentation demonstrates that the dispersion of certain types of particles could cause a change in mean atmospheric temperatures. Silica is a type of material which has been identified as a candidate for injection into the atmosphere to decrease global albedo, and hence, reduce global warming.|[0034] Silica is among the most common minerals on Earth. Silica, an oxide of silicon, is commonly found in sand and glass. Silica is also found naturally in very small particles in form of diatomaceous earth (DE). DE earth includes fossilized remains of diatoms, a type of hard-shelled algae. Particles can range from 1 to 100 microns in width. As found in nature, diatomaceous earth contains mostly amorphous silica. Amorphous silica is an efficient absorber of liquids, and for this reason, can be used as a drying agent. In some cases, DE can be obtained in which the average particle width is less than or equal to about 10 microns. When treated by high heat in a “calcining” process, DE can become mostly crystalline in form, having a crystalline content of greater than 50%, and typically 60% or more. Heat treated DE is commonly used as a water filtering agent. Among other silicates which can have fine particles are fumed silica, silica fume, and powdered quartz. Silica has spectral properties close to those of sulfuric aerosols, which, in previous abundance, appear to have inhibited global warming. Silica particles, including diatomaceous earth, have particle sizes which are capable of remaining suspended in the atmosphere for a number of years without causing noticeable environmental impact.|[0035] NASA studies following the June 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo observed a global temperature decrease of 0.6 degrees Celsius (one degree Fahrenheit) between 1991 and 1992. (Ritchie, 178) The eruption involved a massive injection of volcanic ash in the atmosphere. A common component of volcanic ash, silica aerosols, are microscopic (usually having particles from 0.01 to 10 microns in diameter). The eruption may have provided sufficient energy to inject fine silica aerosols into the stratosphere. The fine silica aerosols included particles having a size small enough to be suspended by stratospheric winds for an extended period of time. Thus, the injection of fine silica aerosols into the stratosphere may be the reason for the global cooling event following the eruption.|[0036] The possibility of reversing global temperature increases by stratospheric injection of fine particles having spectral properties similar to sulfuric aerosols can be demonstrated. Silica, such as fumed silica, silica fume, powdered quartz, or diatomaceous earth, among others, can have the correct properties. Such materials are extremely fine powders that are in relative abundance on Earth. Silica absorbs the same frequencies of light as sulfuric aerosols do.|[0037] FIGS. 3 and 4 are plots of transmittance for each of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and DE. Each shows similar thermal emissivity. As demonstrated by a combination of the data from each plot (FIG. 5) it is clear that H2SO4 aerosols and diatomaceous earth (a form of silica) have similar emissivity in the thermal range. FIG. 5 shows an emittance plot of 75% H2SO4 in Aerosol Solution and Diatomaceous Earth comparing the far-infrared wavelength (8 to 20 μm) to the total emittance (or absorption). Emittance is a measure of how much light energy an object absorbs. DE exhibits properties very similar to sulfuric aerosols in the far-infrared range: for instance, both have relatively high emittance near 9 μm and low emittance near 14 μm. Data shown on FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 are found in external references: De Freitas, and NASA Astrophysics.|[0038] This means that silica aerosols can be used to mimic the cooling effects of sulfuric aerosols in the stratosphere. Silica aerosols such as DE can also increase cloud albedo by acting as a nucleation site for water droplet formation. By increasing cloud albedo, more solar energy will be radiated into space. Finally, silica aerosols such as DE do not react with many naturally-occurring chemicals and do not break down when exposed to UV radiation. Since silica aerosols are made up of tiny particles of silicon dioxide, the aerosol is indistinguishable with sand when it falls back to the Earth.|[0039] Silica aerosols have relatively low emissivities in the visible and near infrared spectrum and comparable emissivity in the far infrared spectrum to sulfate aerosols. Therefore, silica aerosols could be used to remove “thermal” far infrared light in a targeted way to cause global cooling without substantially impacting the amount of visible light that reaches the surface of the Earth.|[0040] U.S. Provisional Application 61/194,709, incorporated by reference herein, demonstrates that a suspension of DE in a medium can decrease a rate at which a surface disposed below the medium warms in response to light of visible and thermal wavelengths. The experimental work demonstrates with confidence that diatomaceous earth can cause a decrease in mean surface temperatures for time periods equal to and beyond the testing period. In light of this demonstration, silica aerosols, when dispersed in sufficient quantity into the stratosphere can be expected to cause demonstrable and significant change in mean global surface temperature of the Earth.|[0041] These silica aerosols, like the sulfuric aerosols, added significant surface area to the stratosphere, which was seen dramatically during the volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991. Sulfuric aerosols along with fine particulate volcanic ash added reaction sites for the conversion of inactivated chlorine compounds into activated chlorine. This activated chlorine, usually in the form of a free radical, can break down ozone (O3) into diatomic oxygen and free oxygen ions. The breakdown of the ozone layer caused by this type of a reaction in undesirable because of its effects in shielding the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation that exists in outer space and the upper atmosphere. The ozone layer is one of the most protected areas of the Earth's atmosphere as it filters all incoming solar radiation and removes harmful UV light which can harm both plants and animals alike. This UV radiation is also particularly harmful to humans and can cause cancer and in rare cases birth defects.|[0042] To help avoid unwanted effects of stratospheric particles on the ozone layer two methods are proposed. One possibility is to heat the particles before injection to a temperature just high enough to reshape the particles by smoothing out rough or jagged pockets at the surface of each particle where reactions can take place. In one embodiment, the process could be conducted in the presence of a dopant such as boron, which might further assist in lowering the glass transition temperature of the particle composition, and possibly helping to smooth the shape of the resulting particles. For example, a “boronating” process could be conducted. The process could be conducted in a way that makes the particles more spherical and standardized, and possibly even more standardize in size. In that way, the amount of surface area added by the particles to the stratosphere could be closely measured and monitored.|[0043] Another possibility is that fine silica particles could be used together with a chemical inhibitor which inhibits reaction with ozone. For example, a chemical inhibitor such as calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide could be mixed with or applied to particles prior to their dispersal in the atmosphere. Such inhibitors can include, which can combine with free, activated chlorine to make harmless compounds that are trapped within the particle or which return to the surface, such as in form of rain water. The size of the particle has a direct effect on the residence time of the particle in the stratosphere. “Residence time” is traditionally defined as the amount of time a small aerosol particle can stay aloft in the atmosphere and is usually measured by observing the concentration of the particle in the atmosphere after a number of days, months, or years have elapsed. For the particles to have a desired effect in mitigating global warming, the residence time of particles should be sufficiently long to provide stable long-term residence in the stratosphere. However, the residence time should not be too great, in order to allow for up or down adjustment of the cooling effect in trending towards or maintaining a desired long-term result. With a desired residence time, the particle concentration could be allowed to decrease so that, in times of uncontrolled global cooling events, such as volcanic eruptions and natural variations in solar output, the climate effects of these natural events would be reduced.|[0044] Particles with different sizes have different residence times because of their specific gravity, a measure of their mass against their surface area. Particles with low surface area and high mass have lower residence times than particles with high surface area and low mass. Another factor to consider when engineering residence time is the particle's ability to condense into larger particles. For instance, particles under 0.05 microns typically stick together in the atmosphere and create larger particles that can then fall out of the atmosphere at a higher rate. FIG. 6 is a graphing showing distributions of particle sizes as measured in four different samples conducted at different atmospheric locations. Curves labeled 1 and 2 show the particle distributions at locations far from emissions of particle matter. The curves labeled 3 and 4 show the particle distributions at locations near sources of particle emissions The curves demonstrate that particles can be found which persist in the atmosphere which range between 0.01 microns and 100 microns in size, and which are more commonly seen between about 0.02 microns and 20 microns, as represented on the logarithmic scale of FIG. 6. From the figure, it is apparent that particles having sizes near 0.2 microns or near 4 microns are in greatest abundance in each of the distributions found in the atmospheric samples. This may indicate that particles of these sizes tend to persist in the atmosphere for relatively long periods of time. Thus, it may be desirable to inject particles having these sizes into the stratosphere to achieve a desirable residence time. Therefore, the particles could have sizes mostly between about 0.2 microns and about 10 microns, or be even more closely distributed with most particles having sizes between about 0.5 microns and about 5 microns. It might even be beneficial to engineer silica particles to have average particle size near 0.2 and 4 microns.|[0045] Another factor that could be considered when engineering the particles is the particles' relative abilities to effloresce and deliquesce. Efflorescence is defined as a material's ability to lose water traditionally in its crystalline form at certain temperatures and pressures. Deliquescence is the compounds ability to absorb water into its crystalline structure at certain temperatures and pressures. It may be beneficial to use a type of silica or diatomaceous earth that has efflorescent and deliquescent properties similar to volcanic aerosols, so as to more closely mimic a global cooling effect that has been observed after volcanic eruptions. It is possible that deliquescent particles are a source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) which can contribute to the formation of clouds in the stratosphere. Thus, the silica particles might function as CCNs to provide surfaces on which water vapor molecules condense and form clouds in the stratosphere. The formation of stratospheric clouds may provide an additional way to reflect some incoming sunlight before it reaches the lower atmosphere and, thus, help mitigate the warming effect caused by greenhouse gases.|[0046] Alternatively, in a particular embodiment, particles could be selected which effloresce readily but which do not deliquesce or do not deliquesce much. Using such particles, one could deliberately limit the effect of the particles on the formation of stratospheric clouds. This could be one way of controlling or reducing the formation of stratospheric clouds so as to control or limit the reduction in visible light to the Earth's surface.|[0047] Silica aerosols can be injected into the stratosphere using a variety of means. Silica particles in form of DE, fumed silica, silica fume, powdered quartz or other material could be injected into the atmosphere during the fuel combustion and exhaust production processes of high-flying aircraft. FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating reflectance for powdered quartz. For example, without limitation, the aerosol could be provided as an additive to a combustion or after-combustion process of an aircraft engine in flights entering the stratosphere (typically at altitudes above 35,000 feet). Alternatively, separate from a combustion process, the aerosol could be metered out through dedicated equipment therefore.|[0048] The process may be controlled so as to inject the aerosol when the aircraft is at a location within the atmosphere that leads to dispersion of a large amount of the aerosol in the stratosphere. The process may also be controlled so as to not disperse the aerosol when the aircraft is at a location that leads to dispersion of a large amount of the aerosol in the troposphere. The altitudes at which the aerosol injection can be performed can vary with latitude, seasonal weather patterns, and even local weather patterns and weather events. The site of particle injection can be selected in accordance with latitude as well. A greater amount of sunlight typically reaches the Earth at low latitudes. Therefore, aerosol injection into the stratosphere at low latitudes (tropical and subtropical) can be expected to directly block a greater amount of sunlight than at middle latitudes and at high latitudes beyond the Arctic and Antarctic Circles. However, aerosol injection in the middle and high latitudes might also help mitigate global warming, for example, if it caused the rate at which ice and snow melts to decrease due to decreased warming from sunlight. In that case, more snow and ice would remain available at the middle and higher latitudes to reflect sunlight back into space. The same effect could also occur if the dispersal of the silica aerosol were to increase the rate of snow and ice accumulation in the middle and higher latitudes.|[0049] Other possible ways of injecting silica aerosols into the stratosphere include launching of high-altitude balloons carrying the particles and equipment for dispersing the particles into the surrounding air. Rockets might also be used to carry the particles into the stratosphere. There may be still other ways in which silica aerosols can be injected into the atmosphere.|[0050] From the foregoing it is demonstrated that silica aerosols including diatomaceous earth can be a global warming inhibitor when dispersed into the stratosphere in sufficient quantities. The magnitude of a decrease can mitigate the effects of global warming while the aerosol remains present in the stratosphere.|[0051] While the invention has been described in accordance with certain preferred embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will understand the many modifications and enhancements which can be made thereto without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention, which is limited only by the claims appended below. | AP unique ID|(US20100127224 A1)|63756461|Family Number|(44274298)|44274298| | Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy|Materials, metallurgy | A01G-015/00|C01B-033/12|C01B-033/18 | A01G-015/00|C01B-033/12|C01B-033/18 | C01B-033/12|F21V-009/04 | C01B-033/00|C01B-033/12|F21V-009/00|F21V-009/04 | PCLO=252587000|PCLX=423335000 | PCLO=252587000 PCLX=423335000 | WO202294269|EP4423429;EP4423429|WO202373698|US11140993|US10485351|US9363954|GB2487286;GB2487286|US20110005422 | WO202294269 99888387 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=Y|EP4423429 104795107 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=A CAT=Y|WO202373698 104795107 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=A|US11140993 55030113 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US10485351 55030113 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US9363954 7963256 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|GB2487286 7963256 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US20110005422 44310941 WHO=Examiner SELF=N | US5003186 | US5003186 42690225 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=102 | US5003186 | LAPSED | (US20100127224)|LAPSED | DEAD | (US20100127224)|DEAD | (US20100127224)|LEGAL DETAILS FOR US20100127224|Actual or expected expiration date=2012-03-05|Legal state=DEAD|Status=LAPSED|Event publication date=2009-09-30|Event code=US/APP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Application details|Application country=US US12587015|Application date=2009-09-30|Standardized application number=2009US-12587015|Event publication date=2009-09-30|Event code=US/EXMR|Event group=Administrative notifications|USPTO Examiner Name|PRIMARY EXAMINER:AHVAZI, BIJAN|Event publication date=2009-09-30|Event code=US/ART|Event group=Administrative notifications|USPTO Art Group|ART=1761|Event publication date=2009-09-30|Event code=US/DK|Event group=Examination events|Attorney Docket Number|Docket Nbr: RAN4U|Event publication date=2009-09-30|Event code=US/SMALL|Event group=Administrative notifications|Appl Has Filed a Verified Statement of Micro to Small Entity Status|Business Entity Status: SMALL|Event publication date=2009-09-30|Event code=US/AIA|Event group=Administrative notifications|First Inventor File Indicated:|AIA=No|Event publication date=2009-09-30|Event code=US/CLMPA|Event group=OAI Corrections|Claim Preliminary Amendment|Event publication date=2009-10-20|Event code=US/INCD|Event group=Examination events OAO|Notice Mailed--Application Incomplete--Filing Date Assigned|Event publication date=2009-10-20|Event code=US/APPFILEREC|Event group=Administrative notifications OAO|Filing Receipt|Event publication date=2010-01-25|Event code=US/APE|Event group=Corrections|Preliminary amendments|Event publication date=2010-01-25|Event code=US/FLFEE|Event group=Payment or non-payment notifications|Payment of additional filing fee/Preexam|Event publication date=2010-02-12|Event code=US/RECEIPTUP|Event group=Administrative notifications OAO|Filing Receipt - Updated|Event publication date=2010-05-27|Event code=US/A1|Event group=Examination events|Application published|Publication country=US|Publication number=US20100127224|Publication stage code=A1|Publication date=2010-05-27|Standardized publication number=US20100127224|Event publication date=2010-05-27|Event code=US/PGPUBN|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events OAO|PG-Pub Issue Notification|Event publication date=2010-07-02|Event code=US/DOCK|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Case Docketed to Examiner|Event publication date=2010-08-11|Event code=US/APE|Event group=Corrections|Preliminary amendments|Event publication date=2010-10-21|Event code=US/DOCK|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Case Docketed to Examiner|Event publication date=2011-03-03|Event code=US/RESTREQ|Event group=Examination events Corrections OAO|Restriction/Election Requirement|Event publication date=2011-07-16|Event code=US/ELC|Event group=Examination events OAI|Response to Election / Restriction Filed|Event publication date=2011-07-16|Event code=US/136G|Event group=OAO|Request for Extension of Time - Granted|Event publication date=2011-07-16|Event code=US/DISCSEF|Event group=OAI|Electronic Information Disclosure Statement|Event publication date=2011-07-16|Event code=US/IDS|Event group=Examination events OAI|Information Disclosure Statement Filed|Event publication date=2011-08-26|Event code=US/CTNF|Event group=Examination events OA OAO|Non-Final Rejection|Event publication date=2011-09-01|Event code=US/102NF|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Non-final rejection reason 102 - non-novel subject matter in claims|RJD=2011-09-01|R4R=102b|RJST=non-final|Rejected claims 1, 8, 12, 28; 1-10, 12, 22-30|RJCT=US5003186|Event publication date=2012-03-05|Event code=US/ABNOA|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Event indicating Not In Force OAO|Abandoned -- Failure to Respond to an Office Action | https://www.orbit.com/GetPDF?gui=crypt&callingapp=EDOFF&key=lOckPE/DvcPOeggxvHBUOHePXCJGwxO7JjY7t3dG27jB3cyffD7Soc3HTZ4K3xLA34T3rrXcRGc=&n=1 | https://sobj.orbit.com/sobj/getMosaic?bdi=na&userid=ZIBNDZZF&key=US20100127224&ekey=1312&xpn=US20100127224&kind=A1 | https://data.uspto.gov/patent-file-wrapper/search/details/12587015/application-data | https://permalink.orbit.com/RenderStaticFirstPage?XPN=Z1aqZNCbl%252FMmKWPVJ717LsRHIQdPpfyajIQBIFKxQPE%3D%26n%3D1&id=0&base=FAMPAT | US | (US20100127224)|US | (US20100127224)|NAME=Daryl Neff 4 Eugene Circle , CITY=Lincoln Park , STATE=NJ , POSTCODE=07035 , COUNTRY=US | (US20100127224)|US | (US20100127224)|NAME=Neff Ryan, CITY=Lincoln Park, STATE=NJ , COUNTRY=US | 1 | 6 | (US20100127224)|3 | (US20100127224)|27 | (US20100127224)|30 | 0 | 0 | 1 | (US20100127224)|7 | 2 | 1 | (US20100127224)|Number of Claims: NCL=30|Number of Drawings: NDR=6|Number of Figures: NFG=7|Independent Claim Number: ICL=1,11,21|Number of Independent Claims: NICL=3|Exemplary Claim Number: ECL=1| | (US20100127224)|Provisional Appl: US61/194,709 FDD=2008-09-30 [2008US-61194709] | (US20100127224)|ENGLISH (ENG) | (US20100127224)|Patent | Titre: (US20100127224)|Atmospheric injection of reflective aerosol for mitigating global warming Résumé: (US20100127224)|A method is provided for mitigating global warming. In such method, fine particles can be injected or dispersed into the stratosphere. The particles can be characterized by relatively low emissivity in the visible spectrum and relatively high emissivity at thermal infrared wavelengths. In a particular embodiment, the fine particles can consist predominantly of silica. In a particular embodiment, the fine silica particles can include diatomaceous earth (DE), which may or may not be heat treated before injection and dispersal within the stratosphere. In one embodiment, the fine silica particles can include at least one of silica fume, fumed silica, or powdered quartz. The fine silica particles may have an average diameter ranging between 5 nanometers and 100 microns. Autre: (US20100127224)|1. A method of mitigating global warming comprising injecting fine particles in the stratosphere, the particles characterized by relatively low emissivity in the visible spectrum and relatively high emissivity at thermal infrared wavelengths.|2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fine particles consist predominantly of silica.|3. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fine silica particles include diatomaceous earth.|4. A method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the diatomaceous earth contains greater than 50% crystalline silica at time of the injection into the atmosphere.|5. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fine silica particles include at least one of silica fume, fumed silica, or powdered quartz.|6. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fine silica particles have average diameter ranging between 0.01 and 10 microns.|7. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composition of the fine particles closely resembles a composition of volcanic ash.|8. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the particles are designed in such a way that the particle size maximizes their residence time aloft in the stratosphere.|9. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the particles have average sizes of 0.2 microns and 4 microns.|10. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composition of the fine particles closely resembles a composition of volcanic ash injected into the stratosphere by the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines.|11. A method of mitigating global warming comprising dispersing fine silica particles in the stratosphere.|12. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|13. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the fine silica particles include diatomaceous earth.|14. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the fine silica particles are heated as to lower their surface area.|15. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the fine silica particles are coated by a chemical protective layer that inhibits chemical reactions along the surface of each particle in the stratosphere.|16. A method as claimed in claim 15, wherein the chemical protective layer includes at least one of calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide.|17. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the fine silica particles include at least one of silica fume, fumed silica, or powdered quartz.|18. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the fine silica particles have average diameter ranging between 0.01 microns and 10 microns.|19. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the fine silica particles are treated so that they can effloresce readily and have no more than low deliquescence, such that the particles inhibit the formation of cloud condensation nuclei.|20. (canceled)|21. A method of mitigating global warming comprising dispersing fine particles in the stratosphere, the particles having spectral properties similar to at least one material selected from the group consisting of sulfate aerosols or sulfuric aerosols.|22. A method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|23. A method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|24. A method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|25. A method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|26. A method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|27. A method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|28. A method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|29. A method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|30. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere.|31. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the particles are dispersed in a concentration sufficient to cause statistically significant warming of the stratosphere and statistically significant cooling of the troposphere simultaneous with the warming of the stratosphere. | 2 | Abstract | gpt-4o-mini | yes | The article describes a method for injecting fine particles into the stratosphere to mitigate global warming, which aligns with solar geoengineering and the use of aerosols for solar reflection. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | US12/119,467|US61/044,287P|US13/414,551 | US13/414,551|US12/119,467 | US8944363|US20120160964|US8152091|US20090255999 | 43838389 | US8944363 B2 2015-02-03 [US8944363]|US20120160964 A1 2012-06-28 [US20120160964]|US8152091 B2 2012-04-10 [US8152091]|US20090255999 A1 2009-10-15 [US20090255999] | 2008-04-11|2008-05-12|2012-03-07 | 2012-03-07|2008-05-12 | 2015-02-03|2012-06-28|2012-04-10|2009-10-15 | (US8944363)|2015-02-03|(US8152091)|2012-04-10 | (US8944363)|2028-05-12|(US8152091)|2031-01-10 | (US8944363)|Production or distribution of radiative forcing agents | (US8944363)|Embodiments of methods, apparatuses, and systems associated with producing and distributing one or more radiative forcing agents to Earth's atmosphere are disclosed. | TVG | (US8944363)|TGV, LLC ([US])|(US20120160964)|Jenkins Robert Theodore ([US])|(US8152091)|Jenkins Robert Theodore ([US])|(US20090255999)|Jenkins Robert Theodore ([US]) | JENKINS ROBERT THEODORE | (US8944363)|Jenkins Robert Theodore|(US20120160964)|Jenkins Robert Theodore | (US8944363)|Berkeley Law & Technology Group, LLP|(US8152091)|Berkeley Law & Technology Group, LLP | (US8944363)|Another advantage of this embodiment, for example, is that it may be less onerous to produce desirable radiative forcing agent characteristics through production of one or more radiative forcing agents by some off-vehicle mechanism.|By way of example and not limitation, other radiative forcing methods may be used, such as those methods used for "Instantaneous Radiative Forcing" or "Equilibrium Climate Response," as just two examples.|Hysteresis in Earth's atmospheric system and any potential self-reinforcing effects of global warming may compound existent inaccuracies in climate prediction models, making effects of CO2 mitigation and sequestration difficult to forecast.|Thus, for example, elemental Sulfur (S), Carbon Disulfide (CS2), and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), to provide just a few additional examples without limitation, may comprise some other suitable radiative forcing agents.| | (US8944363)|1. A system comprising: a vehicle including one or more control surfaces to distribute one or more net negative radiative forcing agents to Earth's atmosphere, said vehicle also including an apparatus capable of producing said one or more radiative forcing agents from two or more constituents.|16. A system comprising: a vehicle capable of producing one or more radiative forcing agents from two or more constituents; wherein said vehicle is capable to identify one or more conditions relating to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents; and, wherein said vehicle is further comprising one or more control surfaces and is capable to distribute said one or more radiative forcing agents to Earth's atmosphere based, at least in part, on said one or more conditions.|18. A system comprising: a vehicle capable of producing one or more radiative forcing agents from two or more constituents; wherein said vehicle is capable to identify one or more conditions relating to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents; said vehicle further comprising one or more control surfaces and is capable to maneuver to a location at which to distribute said one or more radiative forcing agents based at least in part on said one or more conditions; and said vehicle being further capable to distribute said one or more radiative forcing agents at said location so as to obtain a radiative forcing effect.|19. A method comprising: producing one or more radiative forcing agents from two or more constituents; and distributing said one or more radiative forcing agents to Earth's atmosphere using a vehicle including one or more control surfaces; wherein said producing and said distributing take place concurrently at least in part.| | (US8944363)|As with previous examples, it is to be understood that we intend to cover any manner of storage or transfer known to one of ordinary skill in the art and any examples are merely for illustrative purposes only.|The present disclosure relates to the field of production or distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents.|To be clear, it is to be understood that we intend to cover any manner of distribution known to one of ordinary skill in the art and any examples are merely for illustrative purposes only.| | (US8944363)|RADIATIVE FORCING(100,150)|RADIATIVE FORCING DISTRIBUTION(100,31)|EXISTENT INACCURACY(52,1)|INSTANTANEOUS RADIATIVE FORCING(43,1)|CO2 MITIGATION(42,1)|ELEMENTAL SULFUR(38,1)|NET NEGATIVE RADIATIVE FORCING(37,2)|EQUILIBRIUM CLIMATE RESPONSE(37,1)|CLIMATE PREDICTION MODEL(36,1)|NEGATIVE RADIATIVE FORCING(30,2)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(25,23)|AVIATION VEHICLE(25,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING CONSTITUENT(24,3)|RADIATIVE FORCING AGENT CONSTITUENT(24,2)|HYSTERESIS(21,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING PRODUCTION(20,5)|INDIRECT RADIATIVE FORCING(18,10)|SEQUESTRATION(17,4)|SUPER SIX(17,1)|REPOSITORY(14,7)|CARBON DISULFIDE(14,1)|DISPARATE POLITICAL POLITY(14,1)|CONDITION IDENTIFICATION(12,11)|GLOBAL WARMING(11,8)|CONDENSATION ACCUMULATION(11,4)|ATMOSPHERIC SCIENTIST GROWING CONSENSUS(11,1)|ALTITUDE(9,10)|ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSION(9,2)|CLOUD ALBEDO(9,2)|EARTH ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEM(9,1)|GEOGRAPHIC FEATURE(8,2)|RADIATIVE FORCING REACTANT(8,2)|SUN RADIATIVE ENERGY(8,2)|HYDROPROCESSING REFINEMENT(8,1)|TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL PARTICLE(8,1)|LATITUDE(7,7)|REAGENT(7,6)|TROPOSPHERE(7,4)|OFF VEHICLE(7,1)|RADIATIVE IMBALANCE(7,1)|SULFUR HEXAFLURORIDE(7,1)|EXHAUST STREAM(6,3)|GLOBAL WARMING TREND(6,2)|NEGATIVE NET RADIATIVE FORCING(6,2)|AIRCRAFT CONTRAIL(6,1)|CLOUD REFLECTANCE(6,1)|ECONOMIC POLITY(6,1)|GROUND SURFACE(6,1)|MANKIND CONTRIBUTION(6,1)|NONPOLAR OCEAN(6,1)|PRODUCTION FIELD(6,1)|REFRACTION DIFFERING INDEX(6,1)|SUMMER SOLSTICE(6,1)|TROPOSPHERIC HUMIDITY(6,1)|PEAK RADIATION(5,2)|STRATOSPHERE(5,2)|ABATE GLOBAL WARMING(5,1)|AEROSOL ABSORPTION(5,1)|AEROSOL OCCASION(5,1)|CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEUS(5,1)|COMMERCIAL AVIATION FLEET(5,1)|HELPFUL GUIDANCE(5,1)|INCLINATION SEASONAL ANGLE(5,1)|INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY AGENCY(5,1)|LASTING MONTH(5,1)|NET IRRADIANCE(5,1)|NONEXHAUSTIVE LIST(5,1)|PREEXISTING PARTICLE(5,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING COMPUTATION(5,1)|WARMING INFLUENCE(5,1)|WEIN LAW(5,1)|CONTROL SURFACE(4,8)|EQUATOR(4,2)|EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT(4,2)|FLIGHT FORCE(4,2)|INCOMING ENERGY(4,2)|INTERNAL TANK(4,2)|MICROPHYSICS(4,2)|MITIGATION(4,2)|AEROSOL INFLUENCE(4,1)|BREWSTER ANGLE DISCUSSION(4,1)|CALCULATING RADIATIVE FORCING(4,1)|DELETERIOUS IMPACT(4,1)|ESTIMATED SULFUR CONTENT(4,1)|GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION(4,1)|GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE(4,1)|GROUND ENERGY RADIATION(4,1)|NET POSITIVE RADIATIVE FORCING(4,1)|PHYSICAL CHANGE(4,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING CALCULATION(4,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING MEASURE(4,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING SELECTION(4,1)|SULFATE AEROSOL FORMATION(4,1)|SULFUR CRUDE(4,1)|SUN INCOMING RADIANT ENERGY(4,1)|CHEMICAL CHANGE(3,6)|REFLECTION(3,2)|ANTHROPOGENIC COMPONENT(3,1)|ANTHROPOGENIC INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE(3,1)|ATMOSPHERIC LOADING(3,1)|CLIMATE CHANGE ANTHROPOGENIC DRIVER(3,1)|CLOUD ABILITY(3,1)|CLOUD FORMATION(3,1)|CO2 IMPACT(3,1)|COOL EARTH(3,1)|DECREASED CO2 PRODUCTION(3,1)|EARTH RADIATIVE ENERGY BALANCE(3,1)|EVER ACCUMULATING DATA(3,1)|EXTENT MANKIND(3,1)|FUEL SULFUR(3,1)|GREENHOUSE GAS CUMULATIVE MASS(3,1)|GROUND FACILITY(3,1)|HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBON(3,1)|INCOMING RADIATION(3,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(3,1)|NATURAL IMPACT(3,1)|PRODUCING RADIATIVE FORCING(3,1)|QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT(3,1)|RADIATION ENERGY(3,1)|RADIATIVE FORCE DISTRIBUTION(3,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING(3,1)|SO2 DISTRIBUTION(3,1)|STANDARD AVIATION(3,1)|TERM RADIATIVE FORCING(3,1)|DESIRED RADIATIVE FORCING(2,9)|AILERON(2,1)|AVIATION FUEL COMPONENT(2,1)|CLOUD OPTICAL PROPERTY(2,1)|CLOUDLESS AREA(2,1)|CONVECTION(2,1)|DEBACTEROL AQUEOUS PHASE REACTION(2,1)|DEVELOPING NATION(2,1)|DISTRIBUTION ADJUSTMENT(2,1)|EXOSPHERE(2,1)|FACULAE(2,1)|GAS SULFUR DIOXIDE(2,1)|GREENHOUSE EFFECT PRINCIPAL CATALYST(2,1)||(US20120160964)|RADIATIVE FORCING(100,136)|RADIATIVE FORCING DISTRIBUTION(100,26)|EXISTENT INACCURACY(69,1)|INSTANTANEOUS RADIATIVE FORCING(56,1)|CO2 MITIGATION(55,1)|ELEMENTAL SULFUR(50,1)|EQUILIBRIUM CLIMATE RESPONSE(49,1)|CLIMATE PREDICTION MODEL(47,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING AGENT REACTANT(38,1)|CONDITION IDENTIFICATION(34,13)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(32,22)|RADIATIVE FORCING AGENT CONSTITUENT(31,2)|RADIATIVE FORCING PRODUCTION(27,5)|HYSTERESIS(27,1)|INDIRECT RADIATIVE FORCING(23,10)|SEQUESTRATION(22,4)|SUPER SIX(22,1)|ARC VEHICLE(21,1)|REPOSITORY(18,7)|CARBON DISULFIDE(18,1)|DISPARATE POLITICAL POLITY(18,1)|GLOBAL WARMING(15,8)|CONDENSATION ACCUMULATION(15,4)|ATMOSPHERIC SCIENTIST GROWING CONSENSUS(15,1)|ALTITUDE(12,10)|ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSION(12,2)|CLOUD ALBEDO(12,2)|EARTH ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEM(12,1)|HYDROPROCESSING REFINEMENT(11,1)|TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL PARTICLE(11,1)|TROPOSPHERE(10,4)|RADIATIVE FORCING CONSTITUENT(10,2)|RADIATIVE FORCING REACTANT(10,2)|SUN RADIATIVE ENERGY(10,2)|RADIATIVE IMBALANCE(10,1)|SULFUR HEXAFLURORIDE(10,1)|LATITUDE(9,7)|REAGENT(9,6)|EXHAUST STREAM(8,3)|GLOBAL WARMING TREND(8,2)|NEGATIVE NET RADIATIVE FORCING(8,2)|AIRCRAFT CONTRAIL(8,1)|CLOUD REFLECTANCE(8,1)|ECONOMIC POLITY(8,1)|MANKIND CONTRIBUTION(8,1)|NONPOLAR OCEAN(8,1)|PRODUCTION FIELD(8,1)|REFRACTION DIFFERING INDEX(8,1)|SUMMER SOLSTICE(8,1)|TROPOSPHERIC HUMIDITY(8,1)|CHEMICAL CHANGE(7,7)|PEAK RADIATION(7,2)|STRATOSPHERE(7,2)|ABATE GLOBAL WARMING(7,1)|AEROSOL ABSORPTION(7,1)|AEROSOL OCCASION(7,1)|CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEUS(7,1)|COMMERCIAL AVIATION FLEET(7,1)|HELPFUL GUIDANCE(7,1)|INCLINATION SEASONAL ANGLE(7,1)|INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY AGENCY(7,1)|LASTING MONTH(7,1)|NET IRRADIANCE(7,1)|NONEXHAUSTIVE LIST(7,1)|PREEXISTING PARTICLE(7,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING COMPUTATION(7,1)|WARMING INFLUENCE(7,1)|WEIN LAW(7,1)|MITIGATION(6,2)|AEROSOL INFLUENCE(6,1)|BREWSTER ANGLE DISCUSSION(6,1)|CALCULATING RADIATIVE FORCING(6,1)|DELETERIOUS IMPACT(6,1)|ESTIMATED SULFUR CONTENT(6,1)|GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION(6,1)|GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE(6,1)|GROUND ENERGY RADIATION(6,1)|NET NEGATIVE RADIATIVE FORCING(6,1)|NET POSITIVE RADIATIVE FORCING(6,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING CALCULATION(6,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING MEASURE(6,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING SELECTION(6,1)|SULFATE AEROSOL FORMATION(6,1)|SULFUR CRUDE(6,1)|SUN INCOMING RADIANT ENERGY(6,1)|EQUATOR(5,2)|EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT(5,2)|FLIGHT FORCE(5,2)|INCOMING ENERGY(5,2)|INTERNAL TANK(5,2)|MICROPHYSICS(5,2)|ANTHROPOGENIC COMPONENT(5,1)|ANTHROPOGENIC INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE(5,1)|ATMOSPHERIC LOADING(5,1)|CLIMATE CHANGE ANTHROPOGENIC DRIVER(5,1)|CLOUD ABILITY(5,1)|CLOUD FORMATION(5,1)|CO2 IMPACT(5,1)|COOL EARTH(5,1)|DECREASED CO2 PRODUCTION(5,1)|EARTH RADIATIVE ENERGY BALANCE(5,1)|EVER ACCUMULATING DATA(5,1)|EXTENT MANKIND(5,1)|FUEL SULFUR(5,1)|GREENHOUSE GAS CUMULATIVE MASS(5,1)|GROUND FACILITY(5,1)|HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBON(5,1)|INCOMING RADIATION(5,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(5,1)|NATURAL IMPACT(5,1)|PRODUCING RADIATIVE FORCING(5,1)|QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT(5,1)|RADIATION ENERGY(5,1)|RADIATIVE FORCE DISTRIBUTION(5,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING(5,1)|SO2 DISTRIBUTION(5,1)|STANDARD AVIATION(5,1)|TERM RADIATIVE FORCING(5,1)|REFLECTION(4,2)|DESIRED RADIATIVE FORCING(3,9)|AILERON(3,1)|AVIATION FUEL COMPONENT(3,1)|CLOUD OPTICAL PROPERTY(3,1)|CLOUDLESS AREA(3,1)|CONVECTION(3,1)|DEBACTEROL AQUEOUS PHASE REACTION(3,1)|DEVELOPING NATION(3,1)|DISTRIBUTION ADJUSTMENT(3,1)|EXOSPHERE(3,1)|FACULAE(3,1)|GAS SULFUR DIOXIDE(3,1)|GREENHOUSE EFFECT PRINCIPAL CATALYST(3,1)|GREENHOUSE GAS ATMOSPHERE(3,1)|GREENHOUSE GAS DECREASED PRODUCTION(3,1)||(US8152091)|RADIATIVE FORCING(100,118)|RADIATIVE FORCING DISTRIBUTION(100,22)|RADIATIVE FORCING REACTANT(92,5)|EXISTENT INACCURACY(80,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(77,26)|RADIATIVE FORCING CONSTITUENT(74,4)|CO2 MITIGATION(64,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING AGENT REACTANT(63,2)|ELEMENTAL SULFUR(58,1)|AVIATION FUEL COMBUSTION(57,2)|CLIMATE PREDICTION MODEL(55,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING AGENT CONSTITUENT(37,2)|CLOUD OPTICAL PROPERTY(36,1)|HYSTERESIS(32,1)|ALBEDO(30,1)|INDIRECT RADIATIVE FORCING(26,9)|SEQUESTRATION(26,4)|SUPER SIX(26,1)|EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT(25,2)|AIRPLANE(24,1)|AEROSOL(23,11)|FLIGHT(23,3)|CLOUD(22,3)|SO2(21,14)|CARBON DISULFIDE(21,1)|DISPARATE POLITICAL POLITY(21,1)|AEROSOL PARTICLE SIZE(20,1)|GLOBAL WARMING(18,8)|CONDENSATION ACCUMULATION(17,4)|ATMOSPHERIC SCIENTIST GROWING CONSENSUS(17,1)|OPTICAL PROPERTY(17,1)|ALTITUDE(14,10)|ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSION(14,2)|CLOUD ALBEDO(14,2)|PHYSICAL CHANGE(14,2)|EARTH ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEM(14,1)|DROPLET NUMBER CONCENTRATION(13,1)|TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL PARTICLE(13,1)|SUN RADIATIVE ENERGY(12,2)|CONDITION IDENTIFICATION(11,10)|HEAT SOURCE(11,8)|LATITUDE(11,7)|RADIATIVE IMBALANCE(11,1)|RELATIVE HUMIDITY(11,1)|SULFUR HEXAFLURORIDE(11,1)|TROPOSPHERE(10,4)|EXHAUST STREAM(10,3)|RADIATIVE FORCING PRODUCTION(10,3)|GLOBAL WARMING TREND(10,2)|NEGATIVE NET RADIATIVE FORCING(10,2)|AIRCRAFT CONTRAIL(10,1)|CLOUD REFLECTANCE(10,1)|ECONOMIC POLITY(10,1)|MANKIND CONTRIBUTION(10,1)|NONPOLAR OCEAN(10,1)|PRODUCTION FIELD(10,1)|REFRACTION DIFFERING INDEX(10,1)|SUMMER SOLSTICE(10,1)|TROPOSPHERIC HUMIDITY(10,1)|CHEMICAL CHANGE(9,7)|REAGENT(9,5)|REPOSITORY(8,4)|PEAK RADIATION(8,2)|STRATOSPHERE(8,2)|ABATE GLOBAL WARMING(8,1)|AEROSOL ABSORPTION(8,1)|AEROSOL OCCASION(8,1)|AEROSOL SPECIES(8,1)|CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEUS(8,1)|COMMERCIAL AVIATION FLEET(8,1)|COMPLEX FUNCTION(8,1)|HELPFUL GUIDANCE(8,1)|INCIDENCE SEASONAL ANGLE(8,1)|INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY AGENCY(8,1)|LASTING MONTH(8,1)|NET IRRADIANCE(8,1)|NONEXHAUSTIVE LIST(8,1)|PREEXISTING PARTICLE(8,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING COMPUTATION(8,1)|WARMING INFLUENCE(8,1)|WEIN LAW(8,1)|MITIGATION(7,2)|AEROSOL INFLUENCE(7,1)|BREWSTER ANGLE DISCUSSION(7,1)|DELETERIOUS IMPACT(7,1)|ESTIMATED SULFUR CONTENT(7,1)|GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION(7,1)|GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE(7,1)|GROUND ENERGY RADIATION(7,1)|NET NEGATIVE RADIATIVE FORCING(7,1)|NET POSITIVE RADIATIVE FORCING(7,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING CALCULATION(7,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING SELECTION(7,1)|SULFATE AEROSOL FORMATION(7,1)|SULFUR CRUDE(7,1)|SUN INCOMING RADIANT ENERGY(7,1)|EQUATOR(6,2)|INCOMING ENERGY(6,2)|INTERNAL TANK(6,2)|MICROPHYSICS(6,2)|REFLECTION(5,2)|ANTHROPOGENIC COMPONENT(5,1)|ANTHROPOGENIC INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE(5,1)|ATMOSPHERIC LOADING(5,1)|CLIMATE CHANGE ANTHROPOGENIC DRIVER(5,1)|CLOUD ABILITY(5,1)|CO2 IMPACT(5,1)|COOL EARTH(5,1)|DECREASED CO2 PRODUCTION(5,1)|EARTH RADIATIVE ENERGY BALANCE(5,1)|EVER ACCUMULATING DATA(5,1)|EXTENT MANKIND(5,1)|FUEL SULFUR(5,1)|GREENHOUSE GAS CUMULATIVE MASS(5,1)|GROUND FACILITY(5,1)|HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBON(5,1)|HYDROPROCESSING(5,1)|INCOMING RADIATION(5,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(5,1)|NATURAL IMPACT(5,1)|PRODUCING RADIATIVE FORCING(5,1)|QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT(5,1)|RADIATION ENERGY(5,1)|RADIATIVE FORCE DISTRIBUTION(5,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING(5,1)|SO2 DISTRIBUTION(5,1)|STANDARD AVIATION(5,1)|TERM RADIATIVE FORCING(5,1)|DESIRED RADIATIVE FORCING(4,9)|AILERON(4,1)|AVIATION FUEL COMPONENT(4,1)|CLOUDLESS AREA(4,1)|CONVECTION(4,1)|DEBACTEROL AQUEOUS PHASE REACTION(4,1)|DEVELOPING NATION(4,1)|DISTRIBUTION ADJUSTMENT(4,1)|EXOSPHERE(4,1)|FACULAE(4,1)|FLIGHT FORCE(4,1)|GAS SULFUR DIOXIDE(4,1)||(US20090255999)|RADIATIVE FORCING(100,151)|RADIATIVE FORCING DISTRIBUTION(100,26)|RADIATIVE FORCING REACTANT(60,6)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(57,31)|EXISTENT INACCURACY(53,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING AGENT REACTANT(52,3)|INSTANTANEOUS RADIATIVE FORCING(43,1)|CO2 MITIGATION(42,1)|ELEMENTAL SULFUR(39,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING CONSTITUENT(38,4)|EQUILIBRIUM CLIMATE RESPONSE(38,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING AGENT CONSTITUENT(37,3)|CLIMATE PREDICTION MODEL(37,1)|CONDITION IDENTIFICATION(26,13)|AVIATION FUEL(23,13)|RADIATIVE FORCING PRODUCTION(21,5)|HYSTERESIS(21,1)|INDIRECT RADIATIVE FORCING(18,10)|SEQUESTRATION(17,4)|SUPER SIX(17,1)|AIRPLANE(16,1)|REPOSITORY(14,7)|CARBON DISULFIDE(14,1)|DISPARATE POLITICAL POLITY(14,1)|GLOBAL WARMING(12,8)|CONDENSATION ACCUMULATION(11,4)|ATMOSPHERIC SCIENTIST GROWING CONSENSUS(11,1)|ALTITUDE(9,10)|ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSION(9,2)|CLOUD ALBEDO(9,2)|EARTH ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEM(9,1)|CHEMICAL CHANGE(8,9)|PHYSICAL CHANGE(8,3)|SUN RADIATIVE ENERGY(8,2)|HYDROPROCESSING REFINEMENT(8,1)|TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL PARTICLE(8,1)|HEAT SOURCE(7,9)|LATITUDE(7,7)|REAGENT(7,6)|TROPOSPHERE(7,4)|OFF VEHICLE(7,1)|RADIATIVE IMBALANCE(7,1)|SULFUR HEXAFLURORIDE(7,1)|EXHAUST STREAM(6,3)|GLOBAL WARMING TREND(6,2)|NEGATIVE NET RADIATIVE FORCING(6,2)|AIRCRAFT CONTRAIL(6,1)|CLOUD REFLECTANCE(6,1)|ECONOMIC POLITY(6,1)|MANKIND CONTRIBUTION(6,1)|NONPOLAR OCEAN(6,1)|PRODUCTION FIELD(6,1)|REFRACTION DIFFERING INDEX(6,1)|SUMMER SOLSTICE(6,1)|TROPOSPHERIC HUMIDITY(6,1)|PEAK RADIATION(5,2)|STRATOSPHERE(5,2)|ABATE GLOBAL WARMING(5,1)|AEROSOL ABSORPTION(5,1)|AEROSOL OCCASION(5,1)|AEROSOL SPECIES(5,1)|CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEUS(5,1)|COMMERCIAL AVIATION FLEET(5,1)|HELPFUL GUIDANCE(5,1)|INCLINATION SEASONAL ANGLE(5,1)|INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY AGENCY(5,1)|LASTING MONTH(5,1)|NET IRRADIANCE(5,1)|NONEXHAUSTIVE LIST(5,1)|PREEXISTING PARTICLE(5,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING COMPUTATION(5,1)|WARMING INFLUENCE(5,1)|WEIN LAW(5,1)|EQUATOR(4,2)|EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT(4,2)|FLIGHT FORCE(4,2)|INCOMING ENERGY(4,2)|INTERNAL TANK(4,2)|MICROPHYSICS(4,2)|MITIGATION(4,2)|AEROSOL INFLUENCE(4,1)|BREWSTER ANGLE DISCUSSION(4,1)|CALCULATING RADIATIVE FORCING(4,1)|DELETERIOUS IMPACT(4,1)|ESTIMATED SULFUR CONTENT(4,1)|GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION(4,1)|GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE(4,1)|GROUND ENERGY RADIATION(4,1)|NET NEGATIVE RADIATIVE FORCING(4,1)|NET POSITIVE RADIATIVE FORCING(4,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING CALCULATION(4,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING MEASURE(4,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING SELECTION(4,1)|SULFATE AEROSOL FORMATION(4,1)|SULFUR CRUDE(4,1)|SUN INCOMING RADIANT ENERGY(4,1)|REFLECTION(3,2)|ANTHROPOGENIC COMPONENT(3,1)|ANTHROPOGENIC INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE(3,1)|ATMOSPHERIC LOADING(3,1)|CLIMATE CHANGE ANTHROPOGENIC DRIVER(3,1)|CLOUD ABILITY(3,1)|CLOUD FORMATION(3,1)|CO2 IMPACT(3,1)|COOL EARTH(3,1)|DECREASED CO2 PRODUCTION(3,1)|EARTH RADIATIVE ENERGY BALANCE(3,1)|EVER ACCUMULATING DATA(3,1)|EXTENT MANKIND(3,1)|FUEL SULFUR(3,1)|GREENHOUSE GAS CUMULATIVE MASS(3,1)|GROUND FACILITY(3,1)|HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBON(3,1)|INCOMING RADIATION(3,1)|INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION(3,1)|NATURAL IMPACT(3,1)|PRODUCING RADIATIVE FORCING(3,1)|QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT(3,1)|RADIATION ENERGY(3,1)|RADIATIVE FORCE DISTRIBUTION(3,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING(3,1)|SO2 DISTRIBUTION(3,1)|STANDARD AVIATION(3,1)|TERM RADIATIVE FORCING(3,1)|DESIRED RADIATIVE FORCING(2,9)|AILERON(2,1)|AVIATION FUEL COMPONENT(2,1)|CLOUD OPTICAL PROPERTY(2,1)|CLOUDLESS AREA(2,1)|CONVECTION(2,1)|DEBACTEROL AQUEOUS PHASE REACTION(2,1)|DEVELOPING NATION(2,1)|DISTRIBUTION ADJUSTMENT(2,1)|EXOSPHERE(2,1)|FACULAE(2,1)|GAS SULFUR DIOXIDE(2,1)|GREENHOUSE EFFECT PRINCIPAL CATALYST(2,1)|GREENHOUSE GAS ATMOSPHERE(2,1)| | (US8944363)|The invention claimed is:|1. A system comprising:| a vehicle including one or more control surfaces to distribute one or more net negative radiative forcing agents to Earth's atmosphere, said vehicle also including an apparatus capable of producing said one or more radiative forcing agents from two or more constituents.|2. The system of claim 1, wherein said vehicle is capable of detachably attaching one or more repositories to store one or more radiative forcing agents.|3. The system of claim 1, wherein said vehicle is capable of storing one or more radiative forcing agents.|4. The system of claim 1, wherein said one or more radiative forcing agents includes one or more aerosols.|5. The system of claim 1, wherein said one or more radiative forcing agents comprise a gas.|6. The system of claim 5, wherein said gas includes SO2.|7. The system of claim 1, wherein said vehicle is further to distribute said one or more radiative forcing agents during operation of said vehicle within Earth's atmosphere.|8. The system of claim 1, wherein said vehicle further being capable to identify conditions relating to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents.|9. The system of claim 8, wherein said vehicle further being capable to identify conditions relating to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents comprises being capable to identify conditions relating to one or more of the following: Earth's atmosphere, geographic features, time of day or season, or combinations thereof.|10. The system of claim 8, wherein said being capable to identify conditions relating to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents includes being capable to adjust distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents based at least in part on said conditions relating to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents.|11. The system of claim 8, wherein said vehicle further being capable to produce said one or more radiative forcing agents.|12. The system of claim 11, wherein said vehicle further being capable to select one or more radiative forcing agents to produce based at least in part on said conditions.|13. The system of claim 12, wherein said vehicle further being capable to select one or more radiative forcing agents to produce based at least in part on said conditions includes being capable to select particular radiative forcing agent characteristics for said one or more radiative forcing agents to produce.|14. The system of claim 11, wherein said vehicle further being capable to select one or more radiative forcing agents to produce comprises said vehicle further being capable to induce a physical or chemical change in one or more radiative forcing agent constituents.|15. The system of claim 1, wherein said vehicle further to distribute said one or more radiative forcing agents includes said vehicle further to selectively distribute said one or more radiative forcing agents.|16. A system comprising:| a vehicle capable of producing one or more radiative forcing agents from two or more constituents;| wherein said vehicle is capable to identify one or more conditions relating to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents; and,| wherein said vehicle is further comprising one or more control surfaces and is capable to distribute said one or more radiative forcing agents to Earth's atmosphere based, at least in part, on said one or more conditions.|17. The system of claim 16, wherein said vehicle is further capable to operate above the Earth's surface.|18. A system comprising:| a vehicle capable of producing one or more radiative forcing agents from two or more constituents;| wherein said vehicle is capable to identify one or more conditions relating to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents;| said vehicle further comprising one or more control surfaces and is capable to maneuver to a location at which to distribute said one or more radiative forcing agents based at least in part on said one or more conditions; and| said vehicle being further capable to distribute said one or more radiative forcing agents at said location so as to obtain a radiative forcing effect.|19. A method comprising:| producing one or more radiative forcing agents from two or more constituents; and| distributing said one or more radiative forcing agents to Earth's atmosphere using a vehicle including one or more control surfaces;| wherein said producing and said distributing take place concurrently at least in part.|20. The method of claim 19, wherein said producing and said distributing are at least in part performed using a vehicle including one or more control surfaces.|21. The method of claim 20, wherein said vehicle comprises an aviation vehicle.|22. The method of claim 19, wherein said producing one or more radiative forcing agents includes inducing a chemical or physical change in one or more radiative forcing constituents.|23. The method of claim 19, and further comprising: identifying conditions relating to the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents.|24. The method of claim 23, wherein said identifying conditions relating to the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents includes identifying conditions relating to Earth's atmosphere.|25. The method of claim 24, further comprising selecting one or more radiative forcing agents to produce. | (US8944363)|RELATED APPLICATIONS|[0001] This patent application is a divisional patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/119,467, filed on May 12, 2008, titled “Production or Distribution of Radiative Forcing Agents,” by Robert Theodore Jenkins, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/044,287, filed by Robert Theodore Jenkins, on Apr. 11, 2008, and titled “Production or Distribution of Radiative Forcing Agent,” all of the foregoing assigned to the assignee of the currently claimed subject matter.|[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/044,287, filed by Robert Theodore Jenkins, on Apr. 11, 2008, and titled “Production or Distribution of Radiative Forcing Agents.”|(US8944363)|FIELD|[0003] The present disclosure relates to the field of production or distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents.|BACKGROUND|[0004] Many believe Earth may be warming. While much has been made of mankind's contribution to what may be a current global warming trend, it is not certain to what extent mankind may have contributed to global warming. Many if not most approaches discussed in scientific literature to mitigate global warming are reactionary or defensive and revolve around reducing suspected sources of Greenhouse gases. It is entirely possible, however, that global warming would continue even if Greenhouse gases produced by mankind were suspended or eliminated. Regardless, measures that use other approaches may be desirable.|(US8944363)|BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS|[0005] Subject matter is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. Claimed subject matter, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with objects, features, and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference of the following detailed description if read with the accompanying drawings in which:|[0006] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram depicting a possible model of the energy balance for a closed system that includes the Earth;|[0007] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram depicting a system that includes an embodiment to produce or distribute one or more radiative forcing agents in accordance with one embodiment; and|[0008] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram depicting a system that includes an embodiment to distribute one or more radiative forcing agents in accordance with another embodiment; and|[0009] FIG. 4 is a flow chart depicting a method that includes producing or distributing one or more radiative forcing agents in accordance with yet another embodiment.|(US8944363)|DETAILED DESCRIPTION|[0010] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of claimed subject matter. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that claimed subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, methods, apparatuses and systems that would be known by one of ordinary skill have not been described in detail so as not to obscure claimed subject matter.|[0011] Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” may mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with a particular embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of claimed subject matter. Thus, appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or “an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily intended to refer to the same embodiment or to any one particular embodiment described. Furthermore, it is to be understood that particular features, structures, or characteristics described may be combined in various ways in one or more embodiments. In general, of course, these and other issues may vary with the particular context. Therefore, the particular context of the description and the usage of these terms may provide helpful guidance regarding inferences to be drawn for that particular context.|[0012] Likewise, the terms, “and,” “and/or,” and “or” as used herein may include a variety of meanings that will depend at least in part upon the context in which it is used. Typically, “and/or” as well as “or” if used to associate a list, such as A, B or C, is intended to mean A, B, or C, here used in the exclusive sense, as well as A, B and C. In addition, the term “one or more” as used herein may be used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in the singular or may be used to describe some combination of features, structures or characteristics. Accordingly, for example, “one or more” radiative forcing agents may comprise one radiative forcing agent or some combination of radiative forcing agents. Though, it should be noted that this is merely an illustrative example and claimed subject matter is not limited in scope to this example.|[0013] With reference now to FIG. 1, schematic diagram 100 depicts a possible model of the energy balance for a closed system that includes the Earth. Typically, peak radiation emitted from Sun 110 occurs at wavelengths approximately between 0.4 μm to 0.7 μm, much of it in the visible spectrum. A 2007 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, entitled “Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis,” (hereinafter, “2007 Report”), estimates the average amount of radiant energy from Sun 110 entering Earth's atmosphere, averaged over the entire Earth, to be roughly equal to 342 watts/m2 (watts/m2 is hereinafter understood to mean watts per square meter, unless specified otherwise). The 2007 Report estimates the amount of incoming radiant energy during the day can be roughly 1,370 watts/m2, which may vary approximately between 1,322 watts/m2 to 1,465 watts/m2 depending at least in part on cyclical, orbital or other variations, such as sunspots or faculae, for example. The 2007 Report estimates roughly 30% of the incoming radiant energy from Sun 110 is reflected back into space by Earth's atmosphere and surface. Any remaining incoming energy not reflected back into space may be radiated back into space to maintain Earth's radiative energy balance.|[0014] Generally speaking, Earth's atmosphere and surface absorb radiative energy that is not reflected back into space, an amount of energy roughly equal to 240 watts/m2. Earth's atmosphere and surface are cooler than the Sun and, in accordance with Wein's law, they radiate energy received at longer wavelengths, with the peak radiation emitted around the infrared spectrum approximately between 10 μm and 11 μm according to the 2007 Report. Not all energy radiated toward space, however, penetrates Earth's atmosphere. Scientists commonly focus on the portion of Earth's atmosphere 120 comprising Greenhouse gases as one reason some of Earth's radiated energy may not penetrate the atmosphere and therefore may not be radiated into space.|[0015] Greenhouse gases may absorb some portion of the energy radiated or reflected by Earth and the surrounding atmosphere. Effects of Greenhouse gases on some of Earth's reflected and radiated energy are often referred to as the “Greenhouse Effect.” While not an exhaustive list, some principal catalysts of the Greenhouse Effect are known to include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrogen oxides (NOx), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluroride (SF6) and water vapor (H2O). According to the 2007 Report, H2O is almost continually present somewhere in the atmosphere, while many remaining gases listed above tend to contribute to the Greenhouse Effect due, in some measure, to the observation that they are generally considered to have longer atmospheric residence times.|[0016] Greenhouse gases represent a small fraction of the overall composition of Earth's atmosphere. Greenhouse gases, however, exist in quantities sufficient to alarm a general and growing consensus of atmospheric scientists, many of whom attribute any possible global warming trend to the increased proliferation of atmospheric Greenhouse gases. According to the 2007 Report, the cumulative mass of Greenhouse gases has risen steadily above background levels since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, particularly CO2. The 2007 Report, estimating the combined effects of anthropogenic emissions, suggested anthropogenic emissions may have increased the radiative energy remaining within Earth by approximately +1.6 watts/m2. This radiative imbalance, according to the 2007 Report, has made it “extremely likely that humans have exerted a substantial warming influence on the climate.”|[0017] Based in some measure on ever accumulating data supporting anthropogenic induced climate change, many approaches to abate global warming revolve around reducing emissions of Greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, coupled with sequestering existing Greenhouse gases. At a high level, these approaches tend to be reactionary and may suffer from several disadvantages.|[0018] Decreased production of Greenhouse gases and sequestration of existing Greenhouse gases are considered to be relatively expensive. Difficulties of implementing a practical mitigation and sequestration plan agreeable to disparate political and economic polities have been well documented. The reluctance of the United States to ratify the Kyoto Treaty serves as one example. Potential deleterious impacts on some developing nations by mandating decreased CO2 production is considered to be another. In addition, decreasing production of Greenhouse gases and sequestering existing gas may still not be enough to significantly stem a global warming trend. Hysteresis in Earth's atmospheric system and any potential self-reinforcing effects of global warming may compound existent inaccuracies in climate prediction models, making effects of CO2 mitigation and sequestration difficult to forecast. Thus, Earth may continue to warm even if mitigation or sequestration were implemented successfully.|[0019] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram depicting a system that includes embodiment 200 to produce or distribute one or more radiative forcing agents to Earth's atmosphere. In this context, the term radiative forcing agent is intended to refer to one or more substances that are used at least in part to produce a negative net radiative forcing effect, a negative direct radiative forcing effect or a negative indirect radiative forcing effect.|[0020] Radiative forcing comprises a quantitative measure to assess the impact of natural and anthropogenic drivers of climate change, typically through a component by component analysis. For example, radiative forcing may be used to assess the impact of CO2 on climate change, as an example component. One measure adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in the 2007 Report defines radiative forcing as “the change in net irradiance (solar plus long wave; in watts/m2) at the tropopause after allowing for stratospheric temperatures to readjust to radiative equilibrium, but with surface and tropospheric temperatures and state held fixed at the unperturbed values.” Those skilled in the art will appreciate that this particular measure of radiative forcing is illustrative and claimed subject matter is not limited in scope to this or any particular radiative forcing method. By way of example and not limitation, other radiative forcing methods may be used, such as those methods used for “Instantaneous Radiative Forcing” or “Equilibrium Climate Response,” as just two examples.|[0021] In addition, different methodologies or processes associated with a particular method of radiative forcing may be employed to calculate radiative forcing. For example, depending on the method used, radiative forcing is sometimes calculated at the top of the atmosphere; other times, radiative forcing is calculated at the surface. Additionally, radiative forcing calculation may account for natural as well as anthropogenic components. Again, those skilled in the art will recognize that claimed subject matter is not limited in scope to any particular methodology or process of calculating radiative forcing. Likewise, the method recited previously, including any methodology associated with that method, is illustrative only of a method that may be used according to one or more embodiments and it is not limited to any particular embodiment.|[0022] However defined, radiative forcing can typically be further subdivided into direct radiative forcing effects, indirect radiative forcing effects or net radiative forcing effects. For example, reflection and absorption effects of aerosol particles on radiation are considered direct radiative forcing effects. Aerosol particles may also have indirect radiative forcing effects, some of which may include effects aerosol occasion on cloud formation, cloud microphysics or aircraft contrails, as a few non-limiting examples. One common radiative forcing computation methodology assigns positive and negative values, typically expressed in watts/m2, to any direct or indirect radiative forcing effects of particular components which may be present in Earth's atmosphere. Often direct and indirect radiative forcing effects are summed to equal the net radiative forcing effect of a particular component. Occasionally, direct and indirect radiative forcing effects may also be expressed individually, which is sometimes the case where direct effects can be computed with relative accuracy but computing indirect effects proves overly speculative or onerous, for example. In general, substances with a net positive radiative forcing have some tendency to warm the Earth, while substances with a net negative radiative forcing have some tendency to cool the Earth.|[0023] Referring again to FIG. 2, embodiment 200 depicts vehicle 210 as being capable of flight. In this context, vehicle means a device for transporting. Accordingly, a vehicle may take several forms and claimed subject matter is not limited in scope to any particular form. For example, here vehicle 210 comprises an aircraft. To provide just a few additional examples without limitation, one skilled in the art will appreciate that vehicle 210 may be any vehicle capable of operating within Earth's atmosphere, including balloons, dirigibles, rockets, gyroplanes, and satellites, for example. In addition, Earth's atmosphere includes any altitude where Earth's atmosphere may be detected. Thus, Earth's atmosphere includes, for example, the stratosphere, the mesosphere and the exosphere, as just a few examples.|[0024] Embodiment 200 depicts vehicle 210 including one or more apparatus capable of producing radiative forcing agent 220. Radiative forcing agents may be produced at least in part by physical or chemical changes or by physical or chemical reactions. Thus, radiative forcing agent 220 may be produced, for example, utilizing radiative forcing constituents, such that one or more constituents may become radiative forcing agent 220 at least in part as a result of one or more physical or chemical changes. Likewise, radiative forcing agent 220 may also be produced, for example, utilizing radiative forcing reactants, such that one or more reactants may become radiative forcing agent 220 at least in part as a result of one or more physical or chemical reactions.|[0025] Referring again to embodiment 200 in FIG. 2, engine 240 is displayed coupled to vehicle 210. In this embodiment, engine 240 is shown producing radiative forcing agent 220 as a product of combustion, at least in part. Thus, engine 240 may be utilized as a source of propulsion for vehicle 210. In addition, engine 240 may also be utilized as a heat source which produces sufficient heat to induce physical or chemical changes, or physical or chemical reactions, in one or more radiative forcing constituents or radiative forcing reactants. Of course, those skilled in the art will appreciate that other apparatus coupled to vehicle 210 may be utilized to produce one or more radiative forcing agents. For example, where a heat source is utilized to produce one or more radiative forcing agents, vehicle systems or components other then engine 240, such as, for example, an auxiliary power unit, an environment control system, or some combination thereof, may be employed.|[0026] In addition, while in this embodiment radiative forcing agent 220 may be produced as a product of combustion, at least in part, those skilled in the art will recognize that production of radiative forcing agent 220 need not be so limited. For example, again where a heat source is utilized to produce a physical or chemical change or to produce a physical or chemical reaction, radiative forcing agent constituents or reactants may be introduced into an exhaust stream, such as in or near the exhaust of engine 240, where they may be oxidized, for example, to produce one or more radiative forcing agents. To be clear, however, claimed subject matter encompasses any way in which one or more radiative forcing agents may be produced at least in part as a result of a physical or chemical change or as a result of a physical or chemical reaction.|[0027] As depicted in embodiment 200, radiative forcing agent 220 comprises the gas Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). SO2 may be produced by engine 240 as a product of the combustion of fuel common to commercial aircraft. Thus, in this embodiment, the reactants to produce SO2 comprise typical aviation fuel which is oxidized as a product of composition to produce SO2. Of course, suitable radiative forcing agents are not limited to SO2 and may comprise, as mentioned previously, any substances capable of producing the desired radiative forcing effects. Thus, for example, elemental Sulfur (S), Carbon Disulfide (CS2), and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), to provide just a few additional examples without limitation, may comprise some other suitable radiative forcing agents.|[0028] In embodiment 200 radiative forcing agent 220 is depicted as being delivered to Earth's atmosphere utilizing or as part of the exhaust of engine 240. Those skilled in the art will recognize that radiative forcing agent 220 may be delivered to Earth's atmosphere utilizing vehicle systems, flight forces, or other natural forces such as wind current, as a few non-limiting examples. To be clear, it is to be understood that we intend to cover any manner of distribution known to one of ordinary skill in the art and any examples are merely for illustrative purposes only.|[0029] One advantage of this embodiment may be that current aviation fuel having less refinement may be employed. For example, quantities of SO2 or, more generally, the oxides of sulfur, produced incident to combustion are suggested to be highly proportional to the sulfur content of the fuel. Sulfur is commonly present in aviation fuel due, in part, to organic acids associated with sulfur which provide lubricity for aviation fuel components. While commonly present in some quantity, acceptable levels of sulfur in fuel, however, have been restricted by national and international regulatory agencies, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). For example, ICAO rules currently require aviation fuel to contain no more than 0.3% sulfur by weight. In practice, however, a 2001 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change entitled “Aviation and the Global Atmosphere,” (hereinafter “2001 Report”) estimated sulfur content in typical aviation fuel has been less than 0.1% by weight, ranging approximately between 0.04% and 0.06% by weight, with a mean of 0.4 g S/kg fuel or 400 parts per million by mass. The 2001 Report suggested roughly 90% of all aviation fuels have a sulfur content of less than 0.1% by weight.|[0030] Currently, most aviation fuel typically comprises hydrocarbon fuel produced from crude oil. One type of crude oil considered to be low sulfur crude—the sought after “sweet crude”—typically contains less than 0.5% sulfur by weight. Thus, even crude considered to contain low-sulfur contents generally will undergo further refinement to reduce the sulfur content to standard aviation levels of less than 0.1% sulfur by weight. One process, called hydro-processing, is commonly employed to reduce sulfur content from crude oil and is believed by many to be financially and environmentally costly. For example, the 2001 Report estimated hydro-processing 1 kg of fuel to 0.06% sulfur by weight produced roughly 0.0033 kg of CO2. Thus, one sample advantage of this embodiment may be that fuel would not need to undergo as much hydro-processing refinement, if any at all. Fuel that may otherwise be considered waste due to its sulfur content could be used and, in effect, may be recycled.|[0031] As another example of embodiment 200, the use of fuels containing several different sulfur contents may be carried and used. Vehicle 210, could carry fuels considered to have low sulfur contents, such as those used in typical aviation fuel, containing roughly 0.1% sulfur content by weight, for example. Such lower sulfur fuel may be used for ground operations, at altitudes, or within atmospheric conditions where emitting SO2 may be considered undesirable. Fuels with higher sulfur content, such as those fuels with sulfur contents exceeding 0.1% by weight, for example, could be used while vehicle 210 was operating within Earth's atmosphere at particular altitudes or within atmospheric conditions believed more desirable for SO2 distribution.|[0032] Another advantage of embodiment 200 is that state of the art aircraft engines may be modified to produce radiative forcing agent 220. State of the art aircraft, like the commercial aviation fleet, for example, may be modified to produce sufficient SO2, which may provide one apparatus to implement this approach without substantial public cost. Another related advantage occurs where one or more radiative forcing agents are produced at least in part by constituents or reactants being introduced into an exhaust stream. In that embodiment, for example, constituents or reactants may not have to be introduced into an engine, such as in the combustion chamber, which may mitigate wear or damage the introduction of constituents or reactants may otherwise occasion.|[0033] As mentioned previously, embodiment 200 depicts vehicle 210 distributing radiative forcing agent 220, here shown to be SO2, into Earth's atmosphere. One reason SO2 may be utilized as a radiative forcing agent is because it is well known that SO2 plays a role in the formation of sulfate aerosol, which may be formed by such process as aqueous phase reactions of sulphuric acid within cloud droplets or as condensational accumulation on pre-existing particles. According to the 2007 Report, direct radiative forcing effects for aerosols can be dependent on specific particle properties like particle size, for example, and can depend also on such properties as single scattering albedo, specific extinction coefficient, or scattering phase function of the aerosol particle, as a non-exhaustive list.|[0034] One example used by the 2007 Report to illustrate the effects of particle size, among other things, suggests that aerosol particles sized in the range of approximately 0.1 μm to 2.0 μm, and having high single scattering albedos, tend to scatter more shortwave radiation per unit mass than larger aerosol particles. While claimed subject matter is not limited to any particular particle characteristics, those skilled in the art will appreciate certain particle characteristics may be more desirable under certain conditions or circumstances. While not an exhaustive list, such conditions or circumstances which may additionally affect direct radiative forcing effects include atmospheric loading or geographic distribution, for example. Some of these conditions or circumstances are discussed in more detail below.|[0035] Turning to indirect radiative forcing effects, aerosols, to continue our example above, may be capable of producing negative indirect radiative forcing effects by acting as cloud condensation nuclei or ice nuclei. Concentrations of some aerosols, it is believed, may lead to an increase in the reflectance of clouds, which may also increase the cloud albedo. An increase in cloud albedo, which may sometimes be due, at least in part, to the influence of aerosols on clouds or cloud microphysics, may be capable of producing negative indirect radiative forcing effects. Indirect effects of aerosols on cloud albedo, among other properties, may be a complex function of aerosol particle size, relative humidity, cloud type, cloud optical properties, droplet number concentrations, extinction coefficients, and a host of other not yet well-understood factors. As indicated for direct radiative forcing effects, claimed subject matter relating to indirect radiative forcing effects is not limited in scope to any particular particle characteristics or distribution in specific atmospheric conditions, and those skilled in the art will appreciate certain particle characteristics may be more desirable under certain conditions or circumstances.|[0036] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram depicting a system that includes embodiment 300 to distribute one or more radiative forcing agents to Earth's atmosphere. Vehicle 310 is displayed distributing radiative forcing agent 330 to Earth's atmosphere. As mentioned previously, in embodiment 200, those skilled in the art will appreciate that vehicle 310 may be any vehicle capable of operating within Earth's atmosphere.|[0037] In embodiment 300, vehicle 310 does not need to produce one or more radiative forcing agents. Embodiment 300 depicts vehicle 310 as capable of having at least one repository, depicted as repository 320, capable of storing radiative forcing agent 330. While not limited to this embodiment, those skilled in the art will recognize that repository 320 may be for example, a plurality of repositories, such as a plurality of fuel tanks, or the vehicle itself, which could store radiative forcing agent 330. Embodiment 300 depicts repository 320 as being detachably attached to vehicle 310. Of course, repository 320 need not be so limited, and may, for example, comprise one or more internal tanks, one or more external tanks or some combination of external and internal tanks, which may be detachably attached, permanently affixed, or comprise some portions of vehicle 310 itself.|[0038] Radiative forcing agent 320 may here comprise aerosol, for example. Aerosols such as sulfate, fossil fuel organic carbon, nitrate or mineral dust, or soot, as some non-limiting examples, may, under certain conditions, have negative net radiative forcing values, which may correspond to negative net radiative forcing effects. In this embodiment, for example, radiative forcing agent 330 may be produced on the ground or in the air by some vehicle other than vehicle 310, and transferred to vehicle 310 while vehicle 310 is on the ground or operating within Earth's atmosphere. As with previous examples, it is to be understood that we intend to cover any manner of storage or transfer known to one of ordinary skill in the art and any examples are merely for illustrative purposes only.|[0039] Embodiment 300, depicts vehicle 310 equipped with control mechanisms, which may include one or more control surfaces, such as ailerons or a rudder, as just two examples. Control surfaces may be used to permit vehicle 310 to control its movement within Earth's atmosphere to distribute radiative forcing agent 330. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that vehicle 310 may be capable of adjusting movement within Earth's atmosphere utilizing mechanisms other than those mentioned above, like thrust vectoring, as an example.|[0040] Embodiment 300 depicts vehicle 310 distributing radiative forcing agent 330 to Earth's atmosphere. Of course, distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents may occur in any manner mentioned previously while not limited, however, to previous embodiments. Thus, radiative forcing agent 330 may be distributed, for example, by being introduced into an exhaust stream or by utilizing flight forces.|[0041] An advantage of this embodiment is that weight is preferably reduced on any vehicle capable of operating within Earth's atmosphere. Thus, any weight associated with producing one or more radiative forcing agents may be reduced. Another advantage of this embodiment, for example, is that it may be less onerous to produce desirable radiative forcing agent characteristics through production of one or more radiative forcing agents by some off-vehicle mechanism. Referring again to SO2, as one example, it was mentioned above that SO2 may be produced incident to combustion of typical aviation fuel. However, while the amount of SO2 produced by typical aircraft fuel can be predicted with relative accuracy, it may be more difficult to control particular SO2 particle characteristics. For example, while operating within Earth's atmosphere it may be difficult for a vehicle combusting typical aviation fuel to control SO2 characteristics, such as particle size or the production of other sulfur oxides, throughout a range of combustion temperatures, engine designs, or throttle settings, as non-limited examples. Thus, obtaining desired radiative forcing agent characteristics under more controlled conditions, conditions which may more easily be obtained in ground facilities, for example, may be desired.|[0042] FIG. 4 is a flow chart depicting a method that includes embodiment 400 to produce or distribute one or more radiative forcing agents within Earth's atmosphere. Box 410, for example, depicts the production of one or more radiative forcing agents according to an embodiment. The production of one or more radiative forcing agents may occur, but need not occur, in any manner or condition previously mentioned in any embodiment, while not limited to any embodiment. Box 420 depicts production of one or more radiative forcing agents based at least in part on identifying conditions relating to the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents. By way of example and not limitation, some conditions that may be identified include atmospheric conditions, geographic features, or time of day, season or year around which one or more radiative forcing agents may be distributed. To be clear, identification of conditions includes any or all conditions that may relate to the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents, including, for example, any or all conditions affecting Earth's atmosphere.|[0043] Continuing embodiment 400 depicted in FIG. 4, Box 430 depicts selecting one or more radiative forcing agents with reference to the conditions identified according to Box 420. For example, if conditions identified according to Box 420 are considered appropriate to obtain condensational accumulation on aerosol particles, at least in part with reference to distribution area, one or more radiative forcing agents may be selected to be produced to better achieve condensational accumulation. These conditions may, in this example, be considered desirable and may, under some circumstances, obtain the desired radiative forcing effect. In addition, selecting one or more radiative forcing agents to produce may also include selecting particular agent characteristics, such as a particular particle size, for example.|[0044] In contrast to the example above, depending on the conditions and the radiative forcing agent selected, condensational accumulation may be considered undesirable. The distribution of a particular radiative forcing agent over clouds, such as types of partially absorbing aerosols, for example, may decrease the ability of clouds to reflect incoming solar radiation. In this instance, the desired radiative forcing effect may be better obtained by distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents around relatively cloudless areas or dark surface features, such as non-polar oceans, as a non-limiting example. Additionally, aerosol particles considered small to act well as cloud condensation nuclei may be selected to be produced and distributed, for example.|[0045] While identifying conditions, as depicted in Box 420, is depicted in this embodiment as preceding selecting one or more radiative forcing agents, as depicted in Box 430, those skilled in the art will appreciate that it need not be so limited. Selecting one or more radiative forcing agents may occur without first identifying conditions depicted by Box 420. Likewise, as discussed in greater detail below, identifying conditions may in fact occur after the selection of one or more radiative forcing agents.|[0046] Referring again to FIG. 4, Box 440 depicts the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents according to an Embodiment 400. Distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents may occur, but need not occur, in any manner or condition previously mentioned in any embodiment, while not limited to any particular embodiment.|[0047] Box 450 depicts distribution based at least in part on identifying conditions relating to the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents. Identifying conditions, depicted in Box 450 may often be substantially similar to identifying conditions depicted in Box 420. For example, similar to Box 420, Box 450 includes identification of any or all conditions that may relate to the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents, which includes any or all conditions affecting Earth's atmosphere.|[0048] As depicted in embodiment 400, identifying conditions depicted in Box 450 may occur where one or more radiative forcing agents are not produced by a vehicle, for example, or may allow for near real-time distribution adjustments to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents, as another example. Thus, identifying conditions relating to the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents, such as humidity at a particular altitude may, for example, aid in obtaining the desired radiative forcing effect.|[0049] Box 460 depicts maneuvering the vehicle to distribute one or more radiative forcing agents to obtain the desired radiative forcing effects. Maneuvering the vehicle may occur, for example, utilizing control surfaces and may also occur based at least in part on pilot inputs, remote control, preprogramming or some combination thereof. As mentioned above, maneuvering the vehicle with reference to identified conditions depicted by Box 420 or Box 450, for example, may allow the vehicle to distribute one or more radiative forcing agents to obtain the desired radiative forcing effects, represented by Box 470.|[0050] Conditions or circumstances relating to the distribution of one or more radiative force agents tend to consist of multiple factors. Identification or consideration of some of these factors can produce numerous distribution embodiments. Thus, for example, one or more radiative forcing agents may be selectively distributed to particular areas with reference to, at least in part, conditions or circumstances identified in those particular areas.|[0051] One embodiment, for example, is distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents toward the equator. It is well known that the Sun's radiative energy strikes Earth at different angles. All things equal, more solar energy arrives for a given surface area in the tropics than at higher latitudes since the Sun's radiative energy strikes Earth at higher angles of inclination. Thus, distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents within or toward areas with higher angles of inclination, such as toward the equator, may be advantageous.|[0052] Interestingly, distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents toward the poles, toward higher latitudes, for example, may also be another sample embodiment. One or more radiative forcing agents may increase in optical depth relative to incoming radiation from the Sun where the angle of inclination may be less than orthogonal. Thus, incoming energy may have a greater likelihood of encountering one or more radiative forcing agents as the angle of inclination approaches zero.|[0053] In addition, any advantage achieved by lowering the angle of inclination relative to incoming radiant energy may be further bolstered by the effects of various optical phenomena. For example, additional reflection may be obtained from the effect of Brewster's angle, which exists at an interface between media with differing indexes of refraction at a particular angle. Obtaining the effects of Brewster's angle is function of the incidence angle at which light is incident on a plane. Thus, since the angle that incoming radiant energy from the Sun will impinge on the Earth varies with latitude, altitude and by season—the latitudes, altitudes, and times at which the effects of Brewster's angle may be achieved may vary.|[0054] The discussion of Brewster's angle naturally leads to yet another distribution embodiment wherein one or more radiative forcing agents may be distributed with reference, at least in part, to some season or time of day. In the Northern Hemisphere, for example, it is generally accepted that the majority of the Sun's incoming radiant energy is directed toward the Tropic of Cancer on or about the Summer Solstice. Thus, distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents to areas with higher seasonal angles of inclination may be another advantage. Similarly, the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents during the day may be another embodiment. In other words, distribution toward the portion of Earth impinged by incoming radiant energy from the Sun may encounter more radiant energy than the portion of the Earth facing away from the Sun.|[0055] Another sample embodiment is distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents at various altitudes. For example, depending on many variables, tropospheric residence times for aerosols tend to be relatively short, typically less than one week. In some cases, tropospheric aerosol particles may last hours or days depending, at least in part, on such factors as particle size and tropospheric humidity, for example. Stratospheric residence times for aerosols, in contrast, tend to last longer, with some lasting months or possibly longer. Differences in residence time, while often a function of particle size, may also be affected by processes in the atmosphere—particularly the troposphere—such as convection and precipitation. These and other processes typically remove aerosol or gases, among other things, residing within the troposphere. Thus, distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents in sizes and at altitudes to increase residence time to better obtain the desired radiative forcing effect, such as distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents to the stratosphere or above, for example, may be advantageous.|[0056] In contrast, particular reflecting agents may be advantages if distributed into the Troposphere. For example, some species, of aerosol are water-soluble and may be sufficiently large to act as a cloud condensation nuclei. Aerosol that have these or similar characteristics, for example, may be distributed in the troposphere, which typically contains more water than other layers of the atmosphere. In addition, distribution could also occur at altitudes or within atmospheric conditions that may favor for cloud formation, such as, for example, during particular seasons where humidity may or during particular times of day.|[0057] While some of the advantages of distribution are discussed alone, many advantages are interrelated, and may be obtained in combination. Particular characteristics of one or more radiative forcing agent may be chosen with at least some reference to obtaining the desired radiative forcing effect. Moreover, conditions relating to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents, such as altitude, latitude, humidity, and many others detailed and not detailed herein, may be selected with at least some reference to obtaining the desired radiative forcing effect.|[0058] In the preceding description detailing a few sample advantages of distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents within Earth's atmosphere, those skilled in the art will appreciate that any advantage set forth above does not limit the scope of claimed subject matter. For example, reference to or description of any particular range of latitudes, or times of day, or atmospheric conditions, as being advantageous does not in any way limit the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents at any latitude, or time of day, or atmospheric condition.|[0059] In the preceding description, various aspects of claimed subject matter have been described. For purposes of explanation, specific numbers, systems or configurations were set forth to provide a thorough understanding of claimed subject matter. However, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that claimed subject matter may be practiced without the specific details. In other instances, features that would be understood by one of ordinary skill were omitted or simplified so as not to obscure claimed subject matter. While certain features have been illustrated or described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes or equivalents will now occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications or changes as fall within the true spirit of claimed subject matter. | (US8944363)|RELATED APPLICATIONS|[0001] This patent application is a divisional patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/119,467, filed on May 12, 2008, titled “Production or Distribution of Radiative Forcing Agents,” by Robert Theodore Jenkins, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/044,287, filed by Robert Theodore Jenkins, on Apr. 11, 2008, and titled “Production or Distribution of Radiative Forcing Agent,” all of the foregoing assigned to the assignee of the currently claimed subject matter.|[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/044,287, filed by Robert Theodore Jenkins, on Apr. 11, 2008, and titled “Production or Distribution of Radiative Forcing Agents.”|(US8944363)|FIELD|[0003] The present disclosure relates to the field of production or distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents.|BACKGROUND|[0004] Many believe Earth may be warming. While much has been made of mankind's contribution to what may be a current global warming trend, it is not certain to what extent mankind may have contributed to global warming. Many if not most approaches discussed in scientific literature to mitigate global warming are reactionary or defensive and revolve around reducing suspected sources of Greenhouse gases. It is entirely possible, however, that global warming would continue even if Greenhouse gases produced by mankind were suspended or eliminated. Regardless, measures that use other approaches may be desirable.|(US8944363)|BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS|[0005] Subject matter is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. Claimed subject matter, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with objects, features, and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference of the following detailed description if read with the accompanying drawings in which:|[0006] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram depicting a possible model of the energy balance for a closed system that includes the Earth;|[0007] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram depicting a system that includes an embodiment to produce or distribute one or more radiative forcing agents in accordance with one embodiment; and|[0008] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram depicting a system that includes an embodiment to distribute one or more radiative forcing agents in accordance with another embodiment; and|[0009] FIG. 4 is a flow chart depicting a method that includes producing or distributing one or more radiative forcing agents in accordance with yet another embodiment.|(US8944363)|DETAILED DESCRIPTION|[0010] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of claimed subject matter. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that claimed subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, methods, apparatuses and systems that would be known by one of ordinary skill have not been described in detail so as not to obscure claimed subject matter.|[0011] Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” may mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with a particular embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of claimed subject matter. Thus, appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or “an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily intended to refer to the same embodiment or to any one particular embodiment described. Furthermore, it is to be understood that particular features, structures, or characteristics described may be combined in various ways in one or more embodiments. In general, of course, these and other issues may vary with the particular context. Therefore, the particular context of the description and the usage of these terms may provide helpful guidance regarding inferences to be drawn for that particular context.|[0012] Likewise, the terms, “and,” “and/or,” and “or” as used herein may include a variety of meanings that will depend at least in part upon the context in which it is used. Typically, “and/or” as well as “or” if used to associate a list, such as A, B or C, is intended to mean A, B, or C, here used in the exclusive sense, as well as A, B and C. In addition, the term “one or more” as used herein may be used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in the singular or may be used to describe some combination of features, structures or characteristics. Accordingly, for example, “one or more” radiative forcing agents may comprise one radiative forcing agent or some combination of radiative forcing agents. Though, it should be noted that this is merely an illustrative example and claimed subject matter is not limited in scope to this example.|[0013] With reference now to FIG. 1, schematic diagram 100 depicts a possible model of the energy balance for a closed system that includes the Earth. Typically, peak radiation emitted from Sun 110 occurs at wavelengths approximately between 0.4 μm to 0.7 μm, much of it in the visible spectrum. A 2007 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, entitled “Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis,” (hereinafter, “2007 Report”), estimates the average amount of radiant energy from Sun 110 entering Earth's atmosphere, averaged over the entire Earth, to be roughly equal to 342 watts/m2 (watts/m2 is hereinafter understood to mean watts per square meter, unless specified otherwise). The 2007 Report estimates the amount of incoming radiant energy during the day can be roughly 1,370 watts/m2, which may vary approximately between 1,322 watts/m2 to 1,465 watts/m2 depending at least in part on cyclical, orbital or other variations, such as sunspots or faculae, for example. The 2007 Report estimates roughly 30% of the incoming radiant energy from Sun 110 is reflected back into space by Earth's atmosphere and surface. Any remaining incoming energy not reflected back into space may be radiated back into space to maintain Earth's radiative energy balance.|[0014] Generally speaking, Earth's atmosphere and surface absorb radiative energy that is not reflected back into space, an amount of energy roughly equal to 240 watts/m2. Earth's atmosphere and surface are cooler than the Sun and, in accordance with Wein's law, they radiate energy received at longer wavelengths, with the peak radiation emitted around the infrared spectrum approximately between 10 μm and 11 μm according to the 2007 Report. Not all energy radiated toward space, however, penetrates Earth's atmosphere. Scientists commonly focus on the portion of Earth's atmosphere 120 comprising Greenhouse gases as one reason some of Earth's radiated energy may not penetrate the atmosphere and therefore may not be radiated into space.|[0015] Greenhouse gases may absorb some portion of the energy radiated or reflected by Earth and the surrounding atmosphere. Effects of Greenhouse gases on some of Earth's reflected and radiated energy are often referred to as the “Greenhouse Effect.” While not an exhaustive list, some principal catalysts of the Greenhouse Effect are known to include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrogen oxides (NOx), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluroride (SF6) and water vapor (H2O). According to the 2007 Report, H2O is almost continually present somewhere in the atmosphere, while many remaining gases listed above tend to contribute to the Greenhouse Effect due, in some measure, to the observation that they are generally considered to have longer atmospheric residence times.|[0016] Greenhouse gases represent a small fraction of the overall composition of Earth's atmosphere. Greenhouse gases, however, exist in quantities sufficient to alarm a general and growing consensus of atmospheric scientists, many of whom attribute any possible global warming trend to the increased proliferation of atmospheric Greenhouse gases. According to the 2007 Report, the cumulative mass of Greenhouse gases has risen steadily above background levels since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, particularly CO2. The 2007 Report, estimating the combined effects of anthropogenic emissions, suggested anthropogenic emissions may have increased the radiative energy remaining within Earth by approximately +1.6 watts/m2. This radiative imbalance, according to the 2007 Report, has made it “extremely likely that humans have exerted a substantial warming influence on the climate.”|[0017] Based in some measure on ever accumulating data supporting anthropogenic induced climate change, many approaches to abate global warming revolve around reducing emissions of Greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, coupled with sequestering existing Greenhouse gases. At a high level, these approaches tend to be reactionary and may suffer from several disadvantages.|[0018] Decreased production of Greenhouse gases and sequestration of existing Greenhouse gases are considered to be relatively expensive. Difficulties of implementing a practical mitigation and sequestration plan agreeable to disparate political and economic polities have been well documented. The reluctance of the United States to ratify the Kyoto Treaty serves as one example. Potential deleterious impacts on some developing nations by mandating decreased CO2 production is considered to be another. In addition, decreasing production of Greenhouse gases and sequestering existing gas may still not be enough to significantly stem a global warming trend. Hysteresis in Earth's atmospheric system and any potential self-reinforcing effects of global warming may compound existent inaccuracies in climate prediction models, making effects of CO2 mitigation and sequestration difficult to forecast. Thus, Earth may continue to warm even if mitigation or sequestration were implemented successfully.|[0019] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram depicting a system that includes embodiment 200 to produce or distribute one or more radiative forcing agents to Earth's atmosphere. In this context, the term radiative forcing agent is intended to refer to one or more substances that are used at least in part to produce a negative net radiative forcing effect, a negative direct radiative forcing effect or a negative indirect radiative forcing effect.|[0020] Radiative forcing comprises a quantitative measure to assess the impact of natural and anthropogenic drivers of climate change, typically through a component by component analysis. For example, radiative forcing may be used to assess the impact of CO2 on climate change, as an example component. One measure adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in the 2007 Report defines radiative forcing as “the change in net irradiance (solar plus long wave; in watts/m2) at the tropopause after allowing for stratospheric temperatures to readjust to radiative equilibrium, but with surface and tropospheric temperatures and state held fixed at the unperturbed values.” Those skilled in the art will appreciate that this particular measure of radiative forcing is illustrative and claimed subject matter is not limited in scope to this or any particular radiative forcing method. By way of example and not limitation, other radiative forcing methods may be used, such as those methods used for “Instantaneous Radiative Forcing” or “Equilibrium Climate Response,” as just two examples.|[0021] In addition, different methodologies or processes associated with a particular method of radiative forcing may be employed to calculate radiative forcing. For example, depending on the method used, radiative forcing is sometimes calculated at the top of the atmosphere; other times, radiative forcing is calculated at the surface. Additionally, radiative forcing calculation may account for natural as well as anthropogenic components. Again, those skilled in the art will recognize that claimed subject matter is not limited in scope to any particular methodology or process of calculating radiative forcing. Likewise, the method recited previously, including any methodology associated with that method, is illustrative only of a method that may be used according to one or more embodiments and it is not limited to any particular embodiment.|[0022] However defined, radiative forcing can typically be further subdivided into direct radiative forcing effects, indirect radiative forcing effects or net radiative forcing effects. For example, reflection and absorption effects of aerosol particles on radiation are considered direct radiative forcing effects. Aerosol particles may also have indirect radiative forcing effects, some of which may include effects aerosol occasion on cloud formation, cloud microphysics or aircraft contrails, as a few non-limiting examples. One common radiative forcing computation methodology assigns positive and negative values, typically expressed in watts/m2, to any direct or indirect radiative forcing effects of particular components which may be present in Earth's atmosphere. Often direct and indirect radiative forcing effects are summed to equal the net radiative forcing effect of a particular component. Occasionally, direct and indirect radiative forcing effects may also be expressed individually, which is sometimes the case where direct effects can be computed with relative accuracy but computing indirect effects proves overly speculative or onerous, for example. In general, substances with a net positive radiative forcing have some tendency to warm the Earth, while substances with a net negative radiative forcing have some tendency to cool the Earth.|[0023] Referring again to FIG. 2, embodiment 200 depicts vehicle 210 as being capable of flight. In this context, vehicle means a device for transporting. Accordingly, a vehicle may take several forms and claimed subject matter is not limited in scope to any particular form. For example, here vehicle 210 comprises an aircraft. To provide just a few additional examples without limitation, one skilled in the art will appreciate that vehicle 210 may be any vehicle capable of operating within Earth's atmosphere, including balloons, dirigibles, rockets, gyroplanes, and satellites, for example. In addition, Earth's atmosphere includes any altitude where Earth's atmosphere may be detected. Thus, Earth's atmosphere includes, for example, the stratosphere, the mesosphere and the exosphere, as just a few examples.|[0024] Embodiment 200 depicts vehicle 210 including one or more apparatus capable of producing radiative forcing agent 220. Radiative forcing agents may be produced at least in part by physical or chemical changes or by physical or chemical reactions. Thus, radiative forcing agent 220 may be produced, for example, utilizing radiative forcing constituents, such that one or more constituents may become radiative forcing agent 220 at least in part as a result of one or more physical or chemical changes. Likewise, radiative forcing agent 220 may also be produced, for example, utilizing radiative forcing reactants, such that one or more reactants may become radiative forcing agent 220 at least in part as a result of one or more physical or chemical reactions.|[0025] Referring again to embodiment 200 in FIG. 2, engine 240 is displayed coupled to vehicle 210. In this embodiment, engine 240 is shown producing radiative forcing agent 220 as a product of combustion, at least in part. Thus, engine 240 may be utilized as a source of propulsion for vehicle 210. In addition, engine 240 may also be utilized as a heat source which produces sufficient heat to induce physical or chemical changes, or physical or chemical reactions, in one or more radiative forcing constituents or radiative forcing reactants. Of course, those skilled in the art will appreciate that other apparatus coupled to vehicle 210 may be utilized to produce one or more radiative forcing agents. For example, where a heat source is utilized to produce one or more radiative forcing agents, vehicle systems or components other then engine 240, such as, for example, an auxiliary power unit, an environment control system, or some combination thereof, may be employed.|[0026] In addition, while in this embodiment radiative forcing agent 220 may be produced as a product of combustion, at least in part, those skilled in the art will recognize that production of radiative forcing agent 220 need not be so limited. For example, again where a heat source is utilized to produce a physical or chemical change or to produce a physical or chemical reaction, radiative forcing agent constituents or reactants may be introduced into an exhaust stream, such as in or near the exhaust of engine 240, where they may be oxidized, for example, to produce one or more radiative forcing agents. To be clear, however, claimed subject matter encompasses any way in which one or more radiative forcing agents may be produced at least in part as a result of a physical or chemical change or as a result of a physical or chemical reaction.|[0027] As depicted in embodiment 200, radiative forcing agent 220 comprises the gas Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). SO2 may be produced by engine 240 as a product of the combustion of fuel common to commercial aircraft. Thus, in this embodiment, the reactants to produce SO2 comprise typical aviation fuel which is oxidized as a product of composition to produce SO2. Of course, suitable radiative forcing agents are not limited to SO2 and may comprise, as mentioned previously, any substances capable of producing the desired radiative forcing effects. Thus, for example, elemental Sulfur (S), Carbon Disulfide (CS2), and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), to provide just a few additional examples without limitation, may comprise some other suitable radiative forcing agents.|[0028] In embodiment 200 radiative forcing agent 220 is depicted as being delivered to Earth's atmosphere utilizing or as part of the exhaust of engine 240. Those skilled in the art will recognize that radiative forcing agent 220 may be delivered to Earth's atmosphere utilizing vehicle systems, flight forces, or other natural forces such as wind current, as a few non-limiting examples. To be clear, it is to be understood that we intend to cover any manner of distribution known to one of ordinary skill in the art and any examples are merely for illustrative purposes only.|[0029] One advantage of this embodiment may be that current aviation fuel having less refinement may be employed. For example, quantities of SO2 or, more generally, the oxides of sulfur, produced incident to combustion are suggested to be highly proportional to the sulfur content of the fuel. Sulfur is commonly present in aviation fuel due, in part, to organic acids associated with sulfur which provide lubricity for aviation fuel components. While commonly present in some quantity, acceptable levels of sulfur in fuel, however, have been restricted by national and international regulatory agencies, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). For example, ICAO rules currently require aviation fuel to contain no more than 0.3% sulfur by weight. In practice, however, a 2001 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change entitled “Aviation and the Global Atmosphere,” (hereinafter “2001 Report”) estimated sulfur content in typical aviation fuel has been less than 0.1% by weight, ranging approximately between 0.04% and 0.06% by weight, with a mean of 0.4 g S/kg fuel or 400 parts per million by mass. The 2001 Report suggested roughly 90% of all aviation fuels have a sulfur content of less than 0.1% by weight.|[0030] Currently, most aviation fuel typically comprises hydrocarbon fuel produced from crude oil. One type of crude oil considered to be low sulfur crude—the sought after “sweet crude”—typically contains less than 0.5% sulfur by weight. Thus, even crude considered to contain low-sulfur contents generally will undergo further refinement to reduce the sulfur content to standard aviation levels of less than 0.1% sulfur by weight. One process, called hydro-processing, is commonly employed to reduce sulfur content from crude oil and is believed by many to be financially and environmentally costly. For example, the 2001 Report estimated hydro-processing 1 kg of fuel to 0.06% sulfur by weight produced roughly 0.0033 kg of CO2. Thus, one sample advantage of this embodiment may be that fuel would not need to undergo as much hydro-processing refinement, if any at all. Fuel that may otherwise be considered waste due to its sulfur content could be used and, in effect, may be recycled.|[0031] As another example of embodiment 200, the use of fuels containing several different sulfur contents may be carried and used. Vehicle 210, could carry fuels considered to have low sulfur contents, such as those used in typical aviation fuel, containing roughly 0.1% sulfur content by weight, for example. Such lower sulfur fuel may be used for ground operations, at altitudes, or within atmospheric conditions where emitting SO2 may be considered undesirable. Fuels with higher sulfur content, such as those fuels with sulfur contents exceeding 0.1% by weight, for example, could be used while vehicle 210 was operating within Earth's atmosphere at particular altitudes or within atmospheric conditions believed more desirable for SO2 distribution.|[0032] Another advantage of embodiment 200 is that state of the art aircraft engines may be modified to produce radiative forcing agent 220. State of the art aircraft, like the commercial aviation fleet, for example, may be modified to produce sufficient SO2, which may provide one apparatus to implement this approach without substantial public cost. Another related advantage occurs where one or more radiative forcing agents are produced at least in part by constituents or reactants being introduced into an exhaust stream. In that embodiment, for example, constituents or reactants may not have to be introduced into an engine, such as in the combustion chamber, which may mitigate wear or damage the introduction of constituents or reactants may otherwise occasion.|[0033] As mentioned previously, embodiment 200 depicts vehicle 210 distributing radiative forcing agent 220, here shown to be SO2, into Earth's atmosphere. One reason SO2 may be utilized as a radiative forcing agent is because it is well known that SO2 plays a role in the formation of sulfate aerosol, which may be formed by such process as aqueous phase reactions of sulphuric acid within cloud droplets or as condensational accumulation on pre-existing particles. According to the 2007 Report, direct radiative forcing effects for aerosols can be dependent on specific particle properties like particle size, for example, and can depend also on such properties as single scattering albedo, specific extinction coefficient, or scattering phase function of the aerosol particle, as a non-exhaustive list.|[0034] One example used by the 2007 Report to illustrate the effects of particle size, among other things, suggests that aerosol particles sized in the range of approximately 0.1 μm to 2.0 μm, and having high single scattering albedos, tend to scatter more shortwave radiation per unit mass than larger aerosol particles. While claimed subject matter is not limited to any particular particle characteristics, those skilled in the art will appreciate certain particle characteristics may be more desirable under certain conditions or circumstances. While not an exhaustive list, such conditions or circumstances which may additionally affect direct radiative forcing effects include atmospheric loading or geographic distribution, for example. Some of these conditions or circumstances are discussed in more detail below.|[0035] Turning to indirect radiative forcing effects, aerosols, to continue our example above, may be capable of producing negative indirect radiative forcing effects by acting as cloud condensation nuclei or ice nuclei. Concentrations of some aerosols, it is believed, may lead to an increase in the reflectance of clouds, which may also increase the cloud albedo. An increase in cloud albedo, which may sometimes be due, at least in part, to the influence of aerosols on clouds or cloud microphysics, may be capable of producing negative indirect radiative forcing effects. Indirect effects of aerosols on cloud albedo, among other properties, may be a complex function of aerosol particle size, relative humidity, cloud type, cloud optical properties, droplet number concentrations, extinction coefficients, and a host of other not yet well-understood factors. As indicated for direct radiative forcing effects, claimed subject matter relating to indirect radiative forcing effects is not limited in scope to any particular particle characteristics or distribution in specific atmospheric conditions, and those skilled in the art will appreciate certain particle characteristics may be more desirable under certain conditions or circumstances.|[0036] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram depicting a system that includes embodiment 300 to distribute one or more radiative forcing agents to Earth's atmosphere. Vehicle 310 is displayed distributing radiative forcing agent 330 to Earth's atmosphere. As mentioned previously, in embodiment 200, those skilled in the art will appreciate that vehicle 310 may be any vehicle capable of operating within Earth's atmosphere.|[0037] In embodiment 300, vehicle 310 does not need to produce one or more radiative forcing agents. Embodiment 300 depicts vehicle 310 as capable of having at least one repository, depicted as repository 320, capable of storing radiative forcing agent 330. While not limited to this embodiment, those skilled in the art will recognize that repository 320 may be for example, a plurality of repositories, such as a plurality of fuel tanks, or the vehicle itself, which could store radiative forcing agent 330. Embodiment 300 depicts repository 320 as being detachably attached to vehicle 310. Of course, repository 320 need not be so limited, and may, for example, comprise one or more internal tanks, one or more external tanks or some combination of external and internal tanks, which may be detachably attached, permanently affixed, or comprise some portions of vehicle 310 itself.|[0038] Radiative forcing agent 320 may here comprise aerosol, for example. Aerosols such as sulfate, fossil fuel organic carbon, nitrate or mineral dust, or soot, as some non-limiting examples, may, under certain conditions, have negative net radiative forcing values, which may correspond to negative net radiative forcing effects. In this embodiment, for example, radiative forcing agent 330 may be produced on the ground or in the air by some vehicle other than vehicle 310, and transferred to vehicle 310 while vehicle 310 is on the ground or operating within Earth's atmosphere. As with previous examples, it is to be understood that we intend to cover any manner of storage or transfer known to one of ordinary skill in the art and any examples are merely for illustrative purposes only.|[0039] Embodiment 300, depicts vehicle 310 equipped with control mechanisms, which may include one or more control surfaces, such as ailerons or a rudder, as just two examples. Control surfaces may be used to permit vehicle 310 to control its movement within Earth's atmosphere to distribute radiative forcing agent 330. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that vehicle 310 may be capable of adjusting movement within Earth's atmosphere utilizing mechanisms other than those mentioned above, like thrust vectoring, as an example.|[0040] Embodiment 300 depicts vehicle 310 distributing radiative forcing agent 330 to Earth's atmosphere. Of course, distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents may occur in any manner mentioned previously while not limited, however, to previous embodiments. Thus, radiative forcing agent 330 may be distributed, for example, by being introduced into an exhaust stream or by utilizing flight forces.|[0041] An advantage of this embodiment is that weight is preferably reduced on any vehicle capable of operating within Earth's atmosphere. Thus, any weight associated with producing one or more radiative forcing agents may be reduced. Another advantage of this embodiment, for example, is that it may be less onerous to produce desirable radiative forcing agent characteristics through production of one or more radiative forcing agents by some off-vehicle mechanism. Referring again to SO2, as one example, it was mentioned above that SO2 may be produced incident to combustion of typical aviation fuel. However, while the amount of SO2 produced by typical aircraft fuel can be predicted with relative accuracy, it may be more difficult to control particular SO2 particle characteristics. For example, while operating within Earth's atmosphere it may be difficult for a vehicle combusting typical aviation fuel to control SO2 characteristics, such as particle size or the production of other sulfur oxides, throughout a range of combustion temperatures, engine designs, or throttle settings, as non-limited examples. Thus, obtaining desired radiative forcing agent characteristics under more controlled conditions, conditions which may more easily be obtained in ground facilities, for example, may be desired.|[0042] FIG. 4 is a flow chart depicting a method that includes embodiment 400 to produce or distribute one or more radiative forcing agents within Earth's atmosphere. Box 410, for example, depicts the production of one or more radiative forcing agents according to an embodiment. The production of one or more radiative forcing agents may occur, but need not occur, in any manner or condition previously mentioned in any embodiment, while not limited to any embodiment. Box 420 depicts production of one or more radiative forcing agents based at least in part on identifying conditions relating to the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents. By way of example and not limitation, some conditions that may be identified include atmospheric conditions, geographic features, or time of day, season or year around which one or more radiative forcing agents may be distributed. To be clear, identification of conditions includes any or all conditions that may relate to the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents, including, for example, any or all conditions affecting Earth's atmosphere.|[0043] Continuing embodiment 400 depicted in FIG. 4, Box 430 depicts selecting one or more radiative forcing agents with reference to the conditions identified according to Box 420. For example, if conditions identified according to Box 420 are considered appropriate to obtain condensational accumulation on aerosol particles, at least in part with reference to distribution area, one or more radiative forcing agents may be selected to be produced to better achieve condensational accumulation. These conditions may, in this example, be considered desirable and may, under some circumstances, obtain the desired radiative forcing effect. In addition, selecting one or more radiative forcing agents to produce may also include selecting particular agent characteristics, such as a particular particle size, for example.|[0044] In contrast to the example above, depending on the conditions and the radiative forcing agent selected, condensational accumulation may be considered undesirable. The distribution of a particular radiative forcing agent over clouds, such as types of partially absorbing aerosols, for example, may decrease the ability of clouds to reflect incoming solar radiation. In this instance, the desired radiative forcing effect may be better obtained by distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents around relatively cloudless areas or dark surface features, such as non-polar oceans, as a non-limiting example. Additionally, aerosol particles considered small to act well as cloud condensation nuclei may be selected to be produced and distributed, for example.|[0045] While identifying conditions, as depicted in Box 420, is depicted in this embodiment as preceding selecting one or more radiative forcing agents, as depicted in Box 430, those skilled in the art will appreciate that it need not be so limited. Selecting one or more radiative forcing agents may occur without first identifying conditions depicted by Box 420. Likewise, as discussed in greater detail below, identifying conditions may in fact occur after the selection of one or more radiative forcing agents.|[0046] Referring again to FIG. 4, Box 440 depicts the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents according to an Embodiment 400. Distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents may occur, but need not occur, in any manner or condition previously mentioned in any embodiment, while not limited to any particular embodiment.|[0047] Box 450 depicts distribution based at least in part on identifying conditions relating to the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents. Identifying conditions, depicted in Box 450 may often be substantially similar to identifying conditions depicted in Box 420. For example, similar to Box 420, Box 450 includes identification of any or all conditions that may relate to the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents, which includes any or all conditions affecting Earth's atmosphere.|[0048] As depicted in embodiment 400, identifying conditions depicted in Box 450 may occur where one or more radiative forcing agents are not produced by a vehicle, for example, or may allow for near real-time distribution adjustments to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents, as another example. Thus, identifying conditions relating to the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents, such as humidity at a particular altitude may, for example, aid in obtaining the desired radiative forcing effect.|[0049] Box 460 depicts maneuvering the vehicle to distribute one or more radiative forcing agents to obtain the desired radiative forcing effects. Maneuvering the vehicle may occur, for example, utilizing control surfaces and may also occur based at least in part on pilot inputs, remote control, preprogramming or some combination thereof. As mentioned above, maneuvering the vehicle with reference to identified conditions depicted by Box 420 or Box 450, for example, may allow the vehicle to distribute one or more radiative forcing agents to obtain the desired radiative forcing effects, represented by Box 470.|[0050] Conditions or circumstances relating to the distribution of one or more radiative force agents tend to consist of multiple factors. Identification or consideration of some of these factors can produce numerous distribution embodiments. Thus, for example, one or more radiative forcing agents may be selectively distributed to particular areas with reference to, at least in part, conditions or circumstances identified in those particular areas.|[0051] One embodiment, for example, is distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents toward the equator. It is well known that the Sun's radiative energy strikes Earth at different angles. All things equal, more solar energy arrives for a given surface area in the tropics than at higher latitudes since the Sun's radiative energy strikes Earth at higher angles of inclination. Thus, distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents within or toward areas with higher angles of inclination, such as toward the equator, may be advantageous.|[0052] Interestingly, distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents toward the poles, toward higher latitudes, for example, may also be another sample embodiment. One or more radiative forcing agents may increase in optical depth relative to incoming radiation from the Sun where the angle of inclination may be less than orthogonal. Thus, incoming energy may have a greater likelihood of encountering one or more radiative forcing agents as the angle of inclination approaches zero.|[0053] In addition, any advantage achieved by lowering the angle of inclination relative to incoming radiant energy may be further bolstered by the effects of various optical phenomena. For example, additional reflection may be obtained from the effect of Brewster's angle, which exists at an interface between media with differing indexes of refraction at a particular angle. Obtaining the effects of Brewster's angle is function of the incidence angle at which light is incident on a plane. Thus, since the angle that incoming radiant energy from the Sun will impinge on the Earth varies with latitude, altitude and by season—the latitudes, altitudes, and times at which the effects of Brewster's angle may be achieved may vary.|[0054] The discussion of Brewster's angle naturally leads to yet another distribution embodiment wherein one or more radiative forcing agents may be distributed with reference, at least in part, to some season or time of day. In the Northern Hemisphere, for example, it is generally accepted that the majority of the Sun's incoming radiant energy is directed toward the Tropic of Cancer on or about the Summer Solstice. Thus, distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents to areas with higher seasonal angles of inclination may be another advantage. Similarly, the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents during the day may be another embodiment. In other words, distribution toward the portion of Earth impinged by incoming radiant energy from the Sun may encounter more radiant energy than the portion of the Earth facing away from the Sun.|[0055] Another sample embodiment is distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents at various altitudes. For example, depending on many variables, tropospheric residence times for aerosols tend to be relatively short, typically less than one week. In some cases, tropospheric aerosol particles may last hours or days depending, at least in part, on such factors as particle size and tropospheric humidity, for example. Stratospheric residence times for aerosols, in contrast, tend to last longer, with some lasting months or possibly longer. Differences in residence time, while often a function of particle size, may also be affected by processes in the atmosphere—particularly the troposphere—such as convection and precipitation. These and other processes typically remove aerosol or gases, among other things, residing within the troposphere. Thus, distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents in sizes and at altitudes to increase residence time to better obtain the desired radiative forcing effect, such as distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents to the stratosphere or above, for example, may be advantageous.|[0056] In contrast, particular reflecting agents may be advantages if distributed into the Troposphere. For example, some species, of aerosol are water-soluble and may be sufficiently large to act as a cloud condensation nuclei. Aerosol that have these or similar characteristics, for example, may be distributed in the troposphere, which typically contains more water than other layers of the atmosphere. In addition, distribution could also occur at altitudes or within atmospheric conditions that may favor for cloud formation, such as, for example, during particular seasons where humidity may or during particular times of day.|[0057] While some of the advantages of distribution are discussed alone, many advantages are interrelated, and may be obtained in combination. Particular characteristics of one or more radiative forcing agent may be chosen with at least some reference to obtaining the desired radiative forcing effect. Moreover, conditions relating to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents, such as altitude, latitude, humidity, and many others detailed and not detailed herein, may be selected with at least some reference to obtaining the desired radiative forcing effect.|[0058] In the preceding description detailing a few sample advantages of distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents within Earth's atmosphere, those skilled in the art will appreciate that any advantage set forth above does not limit the scope of claimed subject matter. For example, reference to or description of any particular range of latitudes, or times of day, or atmospheric conditions, as being advantageous does not in any way limit the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents at any latitude, or time of day, or atmospheric condition.|[0059] In the preceding description, various aspects of claimed subject matter have been described. For purposes of explanation, specific numbers, systems or configurations were set forth to provide a thorough understanding of claimed subject matter. However, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that claimed subject matter may be practiced without the specific details. In other instances, features that would be understood by one of ordinary skill were omitted or simplified so as not to obscure claimed subject matter. While certain features have been illustrated or described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes or equivalents will now occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications or changes as fall within the true spirit of claimed subject matter. | AP unique ID|(US8152091 B2)|62533967|(US8944363 B2)|64267654|Family Number|(43838389)|43838389| | Other special machines|Transport | A01G-015/00 | A01G-015/00 | A01G-015/00|B64D-045/00|B64D-047/00 | A01G-015/00|B05B-017/00|B64D-001/18|B64D-045/00|B64D-047/00 | PCLO=244001000R|PCLX=250505100|PCLX=250493100 | PCLO=244001000R PCLX=250493100 PCLX=250505100|PCLO=244136000 PCLX=239001000 PCLX=239171000|PCLO=244001000R PCLX=250493100 PCLX=250505100|PCLO=239014100 | US20120175466|US20120117003|FR3164599|CN113466917B|RU2596699|US8919702|US8944363|US8657235|US9363954|GB2487287;GB2487287|GB2487289;GB2487289 | US20120175466 44436024 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=103|US20120117003 44409941 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=103|FR3164599 117503524 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|CN113466917B 96342181 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|RU2596699 74160882 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US8919702 44436024 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US8944363 43838389 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US8657235 44436024 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US9363954 7963256 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|GB2487287 7963256 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|GB2487289 7963256 WHO=Examiner SELF=N | US20110036919|US20110036919|US20100251789|US20100251789|US8152091|US20100043443|US20100043443|US20100132330|US20100132330|US20080203328|US20080203328|US20060219956|US20060219956|US5003186|US5003186|US4755673|US4755673|US3978342|US3978342 | US20110036919 44287400 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US20110036919 44287400 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US20100251789 44287400 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US20100251789 44287400 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US8152091 43838389 WHO=Applicant SELF=Y|US20100043443 14967512 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US20100043443 14967512 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US20100132330 14970501 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US20100132330 14970501 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US20080203328 44180092 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US20080203328 44180092 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US20060219956 44080650 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US20060219956 44080650 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US5003186 42690225 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US5003186 42690225 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US4755673 2383343 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US4755673 2383343 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US3978342 42324970 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US3978342 42324970 WHO=Examiner SELF=N | US3978342; US4755673; US5003186; US20060219956; US20080203328; US20100043443; US20100132330; US20100251789; US20110036919; US8152091|US3978342; US4755673; US5003186; US20060219956; US20080203328; US20100043443; US20100132330; US20100251789; US20110036919 | (US8944363)|Pre-Search references [Examiner]|-Stratospheric Injections Culd Help Cool Earh, Computer Model Shows. 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A19.|-Keith, David: A surprising idea for "solving" climate change Weblink, http://www.ted.com/index/php/talks/david-keith-s-surprising-ideas-on-climate-change. html, video filmed Sep. 2007.|-Lamonica, Martin, "Geoengineered Cooling of Planet would have 'perilous effects'", C/Net News.com, Apr. 25, 2008.|-Moore, Tam, "Global warming Issue Heats Up", East Oregonian Publishing Group, 6 pages, Dec. 28, 2006.|-Phillips, Graham, "Science is on the case", Theage.com.au, Jan. 7, 2007, 2 pages.|-The White House, "Restoring the Quality of Our Environment", Report of the Environmental Pollution Panel President's Science Advisory Committee, pp. 121-127, Nov. 1965.|-Tomlinson, Brett, "A Greener World . . ." Princeton Alumni Weekly, Oct. 10, 2007, pp. 18-23.|-U.S. Appl. No. 12/119,467 / Application as filed on May 12, 2008, 50 pages.|-U.S. Appl. No. 12/119,467 / Filing receipt, mailed Jun. 9, 2008, 4 pages.|-U.S. Appl. No. 12/119,467 / Preliminary Amendment, mailed Nov. 11, 2008, 29 pages.|-U.S. Appl. No. 12/119,467 / Notice of Publication, mailed Oct. 15, 2009, 1 page.|-U.S. Appl. No. 12/119,467 / Restriction Requirement, mailed Apr. 12, 2011, 4 pages.|-U.S. Appl. No. 12/119,467 / Response to restriction requirement, mailed May 12, 2011, 12 pages.|-U.S. Appl. No. 12/119,467 / Non-Final Office Action, mailed Jul. 20, 2011, 7 pages.|-U.S. Appl No. 12/119,467 / Response to non-final office action, mailed Sep. 12, 2011, 27 pages.|-U.S. Appl. No. 12/119,467 / Notice of allowance and fees due, mailed Dec. 2, 2011, 10 pages.|-U.S. Appl. 12/119,467 / Issue fee payment, mailed Mar. 2, 2012, 5 pages.|-U.S. Appl. No. 12/119,467 / Issue notification, mailed Mar. 21, 2012, 1 page.|-Keith, David, "A Critical Loot at Geoengineering Against Climate Change" TEDSalon 2007 Hot Science. 15.58 minutes, Filmed Sep. 2007, USA, available online at http://www.ted.com/talks/david-keith-s-surprising-ideas-on-climate-change/transcript?language=en#t-882000.|-Stratospheric Injections Culd Help Cool Earh, Computer Model Shows. Sep. 14, 2006 http://www.ucar.edu/news/releases/2006/injections.shtml.|-Patent [5003186] for seeding stratosphere with metal aerosol in jet fuel "to prevent global warming" Feb. 8, 2009. http://chemtrails.cc/2009/02/08/patent-stratospheric-welsbach-seeding-for-reduction-of-global-warming/.||(US8152091)|Applicant references|-"Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contribution to Resolve a Policy Dilemma?", An Editorial Essay, Climatic Change (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s10584-006-9101-y, Springer 2006.|-1999 Report-Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, Chapter 3, Aviation-Produced Aerosols and Cloudiness.|-1999 Report-Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, Chapter 6, Potential Climate Change from Aviation.|-1999 Report-Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, Chapter 7, Aircraft Technology and Its Relation to Emissions.|-2007 Report-Climate Change 2007 the Physical Science Basis, Chapter 1, Historical Overview of Climate Change Science.|-2007 Report-Climate Change 2007 the Physical Science Basis, Chapter 2, Changes in Atmosphere Constituents and in Radiative Forcing.|-2001 Report-Chapter 5, Aerosols, their Direct and Indirect Effects.|-Botkin, Daniel B., "Global Warming Delusions", http://online.wsj.com/article-print/SB119258265537661384.html, Oct. 17, 2007; p. A19.|-Caldera, "Introduction to the Chemtrail Issue", http://www.chemtrails911.com/intro-to-chem.htm, downloaded from the internet Jun. 26, 2008, Chemtrails911.com © 2003-2007.|-Carey, John, "Solar's Day in the Sun", Business Week, Oct. 15, 2007, pp. 69-76.|-Christy, John R., "My Nobel Moment", The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 1, 2007; p. A19.|-Keith, David: A surprising idea for "solving" climate change Weblink, http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/david-keith-s-surprising-ideas-on-climate-change.html, video filmed Sep. 2007.|-Lamonica, Martin, "Geoengineered Cooling of Planet would have Perilous Effects", C/Net News.com, Apr. 25, 2008.|-Moore, Tam, "Global Warming Issue Heats Up", East Oregonian Publishing Group, 6 pages, Dec. 28, 2006.|-Phillips, Graham, "Science is on the case", Theage.com.au, Jan. 7, 2007, 2 pages.|-The White House, "Restoring the Quality of Our Environment", Report of the Environmental Pollution Panel President's Science Advisory Committee, pp. 121-127, Nov. 1965.|-Tomlinson, Brett, "A Greener World . . . 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NFG=4|Independent Claim Number: ICL=1,16,18,19|Number of Independent Claims: NICL=4|Exemplary Claim Number: ECL=1|Term Disclaimers Indicated TDI=Term Disclaimers Indicated|Primary examiner: Ellis Christopher P|Art Unit.: ART =3644||(US20120160964)|Number of Claims: NCL=17|Number of Drawings: NDR=3|Number of Figures: NFG=4|Independent Claim Number: ICL=21,25,33,39|Number of Independent Claims: NICL=4|Exemplary Claim Number: ECL=21|Primary examiner: Ellis Christopher P|Art Unit.: ART =3644||(US8152091)|Number of Claims: NCL=20|Number of Drawings: NDR=3|Number of Figures: NFG=4|Independent Claim Number: ICL=1,19|Number of Independent Claims: NICL=2|Exemplary Claim Number: ECL=1|Extended under 35 USC 154(b) the following days: EXTD=973|Primary examiner: Ellis Christoher P|Art Unit.: ART =3644||(US20090255999)|Number of Claims: NCL=41|Number of Drawings: NDR=3|Number of Figures: NFG=4|Independent Claim Number: ICL=1,21,25,33,35,39|Number of Independent Claims: NICL=6|Exemplary Claim Number: ECL=1|Primary examiner: Ellis Christoher P|Art Unit.: ART =3644| | (US8944363)|Division of: US12/119,467 FDD=2008-05-12 [2008US-12119467]|Division of: US8152091 |Provisional Appl: US61/044,287 FDD=2008-04-11 [2008US-61044287]|Previous publication: US20120160964 A1 2012-06-28 [US20120160964]|(US8152091)|Provisional Appl: US61/044,287 FDD=2008-04-11 [2008US-61044287]|Previous publication: US20090255999 A1 2009-10-15 [US20090255999] | (US8944363)|ENGLISH (ENG) | (US8944363)|Patent|(US20120160964)|Patent|(US8152091)|Patent|(US20090255999)|Patent | Titre: (US8944363)|Production or distribution of radiative forcing agents Résumé: (US8944363)|Embodiments of methods, apparatuses, and systems associated with producing and distributing one or more radiative forcing agents to Earth's atmosphere are disclosed. Autre: (US8944363)|The invention claimed is:|1. A system comprising:| a vehicle including one or more control surfaces to distribute one or more net negative radiative forcing agents to Earth's atmosphere, said vehicle also including an apparatus capable of producing said one or more radiative forcing agents from two or more constituents.|2. The system of claim 1, wherein said vehicle is capable of detachably attaching one or more repositories to store one or more radiative forcing agents.|3. The system of claim 1, wherein said vehicle is capable of storing one or more radiative forcing agents.|4. The system of claim 1, wherein said one or more radiative forcing agents includes one or more aerosols.|5. The system of claim 1, wherein said one or more radiative forcing agents comprise a gas.|6. The system of claim 5, wherein said gas includes SO2.|7. The system of claim 1, wherein said vehicle is further to distribute said one or more radiative forcing agents during operation of said vehicle within Earth's atmosphere.|8. The system of claim 1, wherein said vehicle further being capable to identify conditions relating to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents.|9. The system of claim 8, wherein said vehicle further being capable to identify conditions relating to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents comprises being capable to identify conditions relating to one or more of the following: Earth's atmosphere, geographic features, time of day or season, or combinations thereof.|10. The system of claim 8, wherein said being capable to identify conditions relating to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents includes being capable to adjust distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents based at least in part on said conditions relating to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents.|11. The system of claim 8, wherein said vehicle further being capable to produce said one or more radiative forcing agents.|12. The system of claim 11, wherein said vehicle further being capable to select one or more radiative forcing agents to produce based at least in part on said conditions.|13. The system of claim 12, wherein said vehicle further being capable to select one or more radiative forcing agents to produce based at least in part on said conditions includes being capable to select particular radiative forcing agent characteristics for said one or more radiative forcing agents to produce.|14. The system of claim 11, wherein said vehicle further being capable to select one or more radiative forcing agents to produce comprises said vehicle further being capable to induce a physical or chemical change in one or more radiative forcing agent constituents.|15. The system of claim 1, wherein said vehicle further to distribute said one or more radiative forcing agents includes said vehicle further to selectively distribute said one or more radiative forcing agents.|16. A system comprising:| a vehicle capable of producing one or more radiative forcing agents from two or more constituents;| wherein said vehicle is capable to identify one or more conditions relating to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents; and,| wherein said vehicle is further comprising one or more control surfaces and is capable to distribute said one or more radiative forcing agents to Earth's atmosphere based, at least in part, on said one or more conditions.|17. The system of claim 16, wherein said vehicle is further capable to operate above the Earth's surface.|18. A system comprising:| a vehicle capable of producing one or more radiative forcing agents from two or more constituents;| wherein said vehicle is capable to identify one or more conditions relating to distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents;| said vehicle further comprising one or more control surfaces and is capable to maneuver to a location at which to distribute said one or more radiative forcing agents based at least in part on said one or more conditions; and| said vehicle being further capable to distribute said one or more radiative forcing agents at said location so as to obtain a radiative forcing effect.|19. A method comprising:| producing one or more radiative forcing agents from two or more constituents; and| distributing said one or more radiative forcing agents to Earth's atmosphere using a vehicle including one or more control surfaces;| wherein said producing and said distributing take place concurrently at least in part.|20. The method of claim 19, wherein said producing and said distributing are at least in part performed using a vehicle including one or more control surfaces.|21. The method of claim 20, wherein said vehicle comprises an aviation vehicle.|22. The method of claim 19, wherein said producing one or more radiative forcing agents includes inducing a chemical or physical change in one or more radiative forcing constituents.|23. The method of claim 19, and further comprising: identifying conditions relating to the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents.|24. The method of claim 23, wherein said identifying conditions relating to the distribution of one or more radiative forcing agents includes identifying conditions relating to Earth's atmosphere.|25. The method of claim 24, further comprising selecting one or more radiative forcing agents to produce. | 1 | Abstract | gpt-4o-mini | yes | The patent discusses methods and systems for producing and distributing radiative forcing agents, which aligns with the injection or dispersion of aerosols in the stratosphere to modify solar radiation and cool the climate. | ||||||||||||||
| 5 | US07/513,145 | US07/513,145 | US5003186 | 42690225 | US5003186 A 1991-03-26 [US5003186] | 1990-04-23 | 1990-04-23 | 1991-03-26 | (US5003186)|1991-03-26 | (US5003186)|2008-03-26 | (US5003186)|Stratospheric Welsbach seeding for reduction of global warming | (US5003186)|A method is described for reducing atmospheric or global warming resulting from the presence of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere, i.e., from the greenhouse effect. Such gases are relatively transparent to sunshine, but absorb strongly the long-wavelength infrared radiation released by the earth. The method incudes the step of seeding the layer of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere with particles of materials characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity. Such materials include Welsbach materials and the oxides of metals which have high emissivity (and thus low reflectivities) in the visible and 8-12 micron infrared wavelength regions. | RAYTHEON | (US5003186)|Hughes Aircraft Company ([US]) | CHANG DAVID B|SHIH I-FU | (US5003186)|Chang David B.|Shih I-Fu | (US5003186)|Sales Michael W.|Denson-Low Wanda | (US5003186)|These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of an exemplary embodiment thereof, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:|One proposed solution to the problem of global warming involves the seeding of the atmosphere with metallic particles.| | (US5003186)|1. A method of reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a layer of gases in the atmosphere which absorb strongly near infrared wavelength radiation, comprising the step of dispersing tiny particles of a material within the gases' layer, the particle material characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said material has high emissivities with respect to radiation in the visible and far infrared wavelength spectra, and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength spectrum, whereby said tiny particles provide a means for converting infrared heat energy into far infrared radiation which is radiated into space.|10. A method for reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a greenhouse gases layer, comprising the following step: seeding the greenhouse gases' layer with a quantity of tiny particles of a material characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said materials have high emissivities in the visible and far infrared wavelength spectra and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength spectrum, whereby said particles are suspended within said gases' layer and provide a means for converting radiative energy at near infrared wavelengths into radiation at the far infrared wavelengths, permitting some of the converted radiation to escape into space.| | (US5003186)|It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method for reduction of global warming due to the greenhouse effect which permits heat to escape through the atmosphere.|This invention relates to a method for the reduction of global warming resulting from the greenhouse effect, and in particular to a method which involves the seeding of the earth's stratosphere with Welsbach-like materials.| | (US5003186)|GREENHOUSE EFFECT(100,11)|GREENHOUSE GAS(100,11)|GLOBAL WARMING(100,10)|GREENHOUSE GAS LAYER(100,7)|ATMOSPHERIC WARMING(100,3)|GAS LAYER(100,3)|GLOBAL WARMING REDUCTION(100,3)|INFRARED WAVELENGTH SPECTRUM(100,2)|REDUCING ATMOSPHERIC WARMING(100,2)|NEAR INFRARED WAVELENGTH RADIATION(100,1)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE SEEDING(99,1)|TINY PARTICLE(77,6)|WAVELENGTH SPECTRUM(73,2)|VISIBLE INFRARED(63,4)|INFRARED WAVELENGTH(61,6)|WAVELENGTH DEPENDENT EMISSIVITY(61,5)|ATMOSPHERE SEEDING(55,1)|NEAR INFRARED WAVELENGTH SPECTRUM(53,2)|EARTH STRATOSPHERE(50,2)|RADIATIVE ENERGY(49,1)|CONVERTING RADIATION(46,1)|EMISSIVITY(45,10)|REFLECTIVITY(43,8)|PARTICLE LAYER(34,6)|MATERIAL TINY PARTICLE(33,3)|KILOMETER(31,4)|METAL PARTICLE(27,4)|INFRARED RADIATION(26,3)|CONVERTING INFRARED HEAT ENERGY(26,1)|PROPOSED SOLUTION(25,1)|INFRARED WAVELENGTH REGION(24,3)|NEAR INFRARED WAVELENGTH(24,2)|WELSBACH MATERIAL(23,5)|ALTITUDE(22,6)|DISPERSED PARTICLE(19,2)|PARTICLE MATERIAL(18,1)|ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT(17,4)|THORIUM OXIDE(17,3)|METHOD INCUDE(13,1)|LOW EMISSIVITY(12,5)|STRATOSPHERE SEEDING(11,1)|ALUMINUM OXIDE(10,4)|EARTH BLACKBODY RADIATION(10,3)|STRATOSPHERIC SEEDING(10,1)|GROUND SURFACE(9,7)|REFRACTORY MATERIAL(8,3)|UNIT AREA(8,3)|BLACKBODY RADIATION FLUX(8,2)|LONG WAVELENGTH INFRARED RADIATION(8,2)|HEAT TRAPPING GAS LAYER(8,1)|IR RADIATION(7,2)|RADIATOR(7,2)|ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTIST CONCERN(7,1)|GAS LANTERN MANTLE(7,1)|SEEDING AIRCRAFT(7,1)|SUNLIGHT INCIDENT(7,1)|CRUDE ESTIMATE(6,1)|JET AIRLINER FUEL(6,1)|VISIBLE IR(6,1)|WAVELENGTH SUNLIGHT ENERGY(6,1)|IR REGION(5,2)|PARTICLE SIZE(5,2)|REGULATION(5,2)|SHORT WAVELENGTH SUNLIGHT(5,1)|SUNSHINE REFLECTED BACK(5,1)|WAVELENGTH DEPENDENT(5,1)|ISOL(4,3)|AVERAGE PARTICLE MASS(3,1)|CONTINUITY(3,1)|CRUISING ALTITUDE(3,1)|DISPERSION(3,1)| | (US5003186)|What is claimed is:|1. A method of reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a layer of gases in the atmosphere which absorb strongly near infrared wavelength radiation, comprising the step of dispersing tiny particles of a material within the gases' layer, the particle material characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said material has high emissivities with respect to radiation in the visible and far infrared wavelength spectra, and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength spectrum, whereby said tiny particles provide a means for converting infrared heat energy into far infrared radiation which is radiated into space.|2. The method of claim wherein said material comprises one or more of the oxides of metals.|3. The method of claim 1 wherein said material comprises aluminum oxide.|4. The method of claim 1 wherein said material comprises thorium oxide.|5. The method of claim 1 wherein said particles are dispersed by seeding the stratosphere with a quantity of said particles at altitudes in the range of seven to thirteen kilometers above the earth's surface.|6. The method of claim 1 wherein the size of said particles is in the range of ten to one hundred microns.|7. The method of claim wherein said material comprises a refractory material.|8. The method of claim 1 wherein said material is a Welsbach material.|9. The method of claim 1 wherein the number of said dispersed particles per unit area in the particle layer is greater than or equal to 1/σabs 1, where 1 is the thickness of the particle layer and σabs is the absorption coefficient of the particles at the far infrared wavelengths.|10. A method for reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a greenhouse gases layer, comprising the following step:| seeding the greenhouse gases' layer with a quantity of tiny particles of a material characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said materials have high emissivities in the visible and far infrared wavelength spectra and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength spectrum,| whereby said particles are suspended within said gases' layer and provide a means for converting radiative energy at near infrared wavelengths into radiation at the far infrared wavelengths, permitting some of the converted radiation to escape into space.|11. The method of claim 10 wherein said material comprises one or more of the oxides of metals.|12. The method of claim 10 wherein said material comprises aluminum oxide.|13. The method of claim 10 wherein said material is thorium oxide.|14. The method of claim 10 wherein said seeding is performed at altitudes in the range of seven to thirteen kilometers above the earth's surface.|15. The method of claim 10 wherein said material comprises a refractory material.|16. The method of claim 10 wherein said particle size is in range of ten to one hundred microns.|17. The method of claim 10 wherein said material is a Welsbach material.|18. The method of claim 10 wherein the number of said dispersed particles per unit area in the particle layer is greater than or equal to 1/σabs 1, where 1 is the thickness of the particle layer and σabs is the absorption coefficient of the particles at the far infrared wavelengths. | (US5003186)|BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION|This invention relates to a method for the reduction of global warming resulting from the greenhouse effect, and in particular to a method which involves the seeding of the earth's stratosphere with Welsbach-like materials.|Global warming has been a great concern of many environmental scientists. Scientists believe that the greenhouse effect is responsible for global warming. Greatly increased amounts of heat-trapping gases have been generated since the Industrial Revolution. These gases, such as CO2, CFC, and methane, accumulate in the atmosphere and allow sunlight to stream in freely but block heat from escaping (greenhouse effect). These gases are relatively transparent to sunshine but absorb strongly the long-wavelength infrared radiation released by the earth.|Most current approaches to reduce global warming are to restrict the release of various greenhouse gases, such as CO2, CFC, and methane. These imply the need to establish new regulations and the need to monitor various gases and to enforce the regulations.|One proposed solution to the problem of global warming involves the seeding of the atmosphere with metallic particles. One technique proposed to seed the metallic particles was to add the tiny particles to the fuel of jet airliners, so that the particles would be emitted from the jet engine exhaust while the airliner was at its cruising altitude. While this method would increase the reflection of visible light incident from space, the metallic particles would trap the long wavelength blackbody radiation released from the earth. This could result in net increase in global warming.|It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method for reduction of global warming due to the greenhouse effect which permits heat to escape through the atmosphere.|SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION|A method is disclosed for reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a greenhouse gases layer. The method comprises the step of seeding the greenhouse gas layer with a quantity of tiny particles of materials characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said materials have high emissivities in the visible and far infrared wavelength regions and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength region. Such materials can include the class of materials known as Welsbach materials. The oxides of metal, e.g., aluminum oxide, are also suitable for the purpose. The greenhouse gases layer typically extends between about seven and thirteen kilometers above the earth's surface. The seeding of the stratosphere occurs within this layer. The particles suspended in the stratosphere as a result of the seeding provide a mechanism for converting the blackbody radiation emitted by the earth at near infrared wavelengths into radiation in the visible and far infrared wavelength so that this heat energy may be reradiated out into space, thereby reducing the global warming due to the greenhouse effect.|(US5003186)|BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS|These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of an exemplary embodiment thereof, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:|FIG. 1 illustrates a model for the heat trapping phenomenon, i.e., the greenhouse effect.|FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the intensity of sunlight incident on earth and of the earth's blackbody radiation as a function of wavelength.|FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating an ideal emissivity versus wavelength function for the desired particle material.|(US5003186)|DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT|FIG. 1 shows a model for the heat-trapping (greenhouse effect) phenomenon. It is assumed that the greenhouse gases are concentrated at altitudes between y=0 (at some altitude Y1, above the earth's surface) and y=1. Regardless of the sunshine reflected back into space, i1 and i2 denote the shortwavelength sunlight energies that are absorbed by the earth's surface and the greenhouse gases, respectively. Available data shows that i1 =0.45 isol and i2 =0.25 isol, where isol is the total flux from the sun. The short wavelength sunlight heats up the greenhouse gases and the earth surface, and this energy is eventually reradiated out in the long wavelength infrared region.|FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the intensity of sunlight and the earth's blackbody radiation as a function of wavelength. As illustrated, some 30% of the sunlight energy is in the near infrared region. The earth's blackbody radiation, on the other hand, is at the far infrared wavelength.|Referring again to FIG. 1, Is, I+, I-, Ig and Ie represent the fluxes in the infrared wavelength region, where Is and Ig are the fluxes reradiated by the greenhouse gases toward the sky and ground, respectively; Ie is the flux reradiated by the earth; and I+ and I- are fluxes within the gases radiating toward the space and ground, respectively. I+ and I- are functions of y, e.g., I+ (0) is the I+ flux at y=0. Considering the principles of energy conservation and continuity at boundaries, the following relationships are obtained:| Is =i1 +i2 (1) | Is =I+ (1)(1-Rl) (2) | I- (1)=I+ (1)Rl (3) | I+ (0)=I- (0)Ro +Ie (1-Ro) (4) | Ig =I- (0)(1-Ro)+Ie Ro (5) | Ie =IBB (Te)(1-R)+Ig R (6) | Ie =i1 +Ig (7) |where Ro, Rl and R are the reflectivities at the y=0 and y=1 boundaries and at the earth's surface. IBB (Te) is the blackbody radiation flux at the earth's temperature Te. Within the greenhouse gases' layer, the energy equations are| (dI+ /dy)=IBB (Tg)-αI+ (8) | -(dI- /dy)=IBB (Tg)-αI- (9) |where IBB (Tg) is the blackbody radiation flux at the greenhouse gases' temperature Tg, and α is the absorption coefficient of the gases. The solutions of equations 8 and 9 are given by equations 10 and 11:| I+ (y)=(IBB /α)+Ceαy (10) | I- (y)=(IBB /α)+De+αy (11) |To illustrate the effects of Ro and Rl on the green-house effect, the extreme case is considered wherein a high concentration of greenhouse gases has strong absorption in the infrared region; that is, for y=1, e-αl approaches 0. Then, using Equations 3 and 4, the relationships of Equations 12 and 13 are obtained.| C=(Ie -(IBB /α))(1-Ro) (12) | D=0 |From Equations 5 and 7,| Ie =i1 +I- (0)(1-Ro)+Ie Ro, |or| Ie =(i1 /(1-Ro))+(IBB /α). (14) |From Equations 2 and 1,| Is =(IBB /α)(1-Rl)=i1 +i2, |or| (IBB /α)=(i1 +i2)/(1-Rl). (15) |Combining Equations 14 and 15, the relationship of Equation 16 is obtained.| Ie =i1 /(1-Ro)+(i1 +i2)/(1-Rl)(16) |Finally, Equation 6 gives the blackbody radiation from the earth's surface in terms of i1 and i2 and the three reflectivities:| Ie =IBB (Te)(1-R)+(Ie -i1)R | IBB (Te)=Ie +(R/(1-R))i1 |or| IBB (Te)=i1 /(1-Ro)+(i1 +i2)/(1-Rl)+(R/(1-R))i1 (17) |To achieve a lower temperature of the earth, (considering i1, i2 and R as constants), it is desirable to make R and Rl as small as possible.|Known refractory materials have a thermal emissivity function which is strongly wavelength dependent. For example, the materials may have high emissivity (and absorption) at the far infrared wavelengths, high emissivity in the visible wavelength range, and very low emissivity at intermediate wavelengths. If a material having those emissivity characteristics and a black body are exposed to IR energy of equal intensity, the selective thermal radiator will emit visible radiation with higher efficiency (if radiation cooling predominates), i.e., the selective thermal radiator will appear brighter than the black body. This effect is known as the Welsbach effect and is extensively used in commercial gas lantern mantles.|Welsbach materials have the characteristic of wavelength-dependent emissivity (or reflectivity). For example, thorium oxide (ThO2) has high emissivities in the visible and far IR regions but it has low emissivity in the near IR region. So, in accordance with the invention, the layer of greenhouse gases is seeded with Welsbach or Welsbach-like materials which have high emissivities (and thus low reflectivities) in the visible and 8-12 micrometer infrared regions, which has the effect of reducing Ro and Rl while introducing no effect in the visible range.|A desired material for the stratospheric seeding has a reflection coefficient close to unity for near IR radiation, and a reflection coefficient close to zero (or emissity close to unity) for far IR radiation. FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating an ideal emissivity versus wavelength function for the desired material. Another class of materials having the desired property includes the oxides of metals. For example, aluminum oxide (Al2 O3) is one metal oxide suitable for the purpose and which is relatively inexpensive.|It is presently believed that particle sizes in the ten to one hundred micron range would be suitable for the seeding purposes. Larger particles would tend to settle to the earth more quickly.|The particles in the required size range can be obtained with conventional methods of grinding and meshing.|It is believed that the number of particles nd per unit area in the particle layer should be defined by Equation 18:| nd 1≥1/σabs (18) |where 1 is the thickness of the particle layer and σabs is the absorption coefficient of the particles at the long IR wavelengths. One crude estimate of the density of particles is given by Equation (19):| nd 1≥(cmw)/(4πe2) (19) |where c is the speed of light, m is the average particle mass, e is the electron charge, and w is the absorption line width in sec-1.|The greenhouse gases are typically in the earth's stratosphere at an altitude of seven to thirteen kilometers. This suggests that the particle seeding should be done at an altitude on the order of 10 kilometers. The particles may be seeded by dispersal from seeding aircraft; one exemplary technique may be via the jet fuel as suggested by prior work regarding the metallic particles. Once the tiny particles have been dispersed into the atmosphere, the particles may remain in suspension for up to one year.|It is understood that the above-described embodiment is merely illustrative of the possible specific embodiments which may represent principles of the present invention. Other arrangements may readily be devised in accordance with these principles by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. | (US5003186)|BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION|This invention relates to a method for the reduction of global warming resulting from the greenhouse effect, and in particular to a method which involves the seeding of the earth's stratosphere with Welsbach-like materials.|Global warming has been a great concern of many environmental scientists. Scientists believe that the greenhouse effect is responsible for global warming. Greatly increased amounts of heat-trapping gases have been generated since the Industrial Revolution. These gases, such as CO2, CFC, and methane, accumulate in the atmosphere and allow sunlight to stream in freely but block heat from escaping (greenhouse effect). These gases are relatively transparent to sunshine but absorb strongly the long-wavelength infrared radiation released by the earth.|Most current approaches to reduce global warming are to restrict the release of various greenhouse gases, such as CO2, CFC, and methane. These imply the need to establish new regulations and the need to monitor various gases and to enforce the regulations.|One proposed solution to the problem of global warming involves the seeding of the atmosphere with metallic particles. One technique proposed to seed the metallic particles was to add the tiny particles to the fuel of jet airliners, so that the particles would be emitted from the jet engine exhaust while the airliner was at its cruising altitude. While this method would increase the reflection of visible light incident from space, the metallic particles would trap the long wavelength blackbody radiation released from the earth. This could result in net increase in global warming.|It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method for reduction of global warming due to the greenhouse effect which permits heat to escape through the atmosphere.|SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION|A method is disclosed for reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a greenhouse gases layer. The method comprises the step of seeding the greenhouse gas layer with a quantity of tiny particles of materials characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said materials have high emissivities in the visible and far infrared wavelength regions and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength region. Such materials can include the class of materials known as Welsbach materials. The oxides of metal, e.g., aluminum oxide, are also suitable for the purpose. The greenhouse gases layer typically extends between about seven and thirteen kilometers above the earth's surface. The seeding of the stratosphere occurs within this layer. The particles suspended in the stratosphere as a result of the seeding provide a mechanism for converting the blackbody radiation emitted by the earth at near infrared wavelengths into radiation in the visible and far infrared wavelength so that this heat energy may be reradiated out into space, thereby reducing the global warming due to the greenhouse effect.|(US5003186)|BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS|These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of an exemplary embodiment thereof, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:|FIG. 1 illustrates a model for the heat trapping phenomenon, i.e., the greenhouse effect.|FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the intensity of sunlight incident on earth and of the earth's blackbody radiation as a function of wavelength.|FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating an ideal emissivity versus wavelength function for the desired particle material.|(US5003186)|DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT|FIG. 1 shows a model for the heat-trapping (greenhouse effect) phenomenon. It is assumed that the greenhouse gases are concentrated at altitudes between y=0 (at some altitude Y1, above the earth's surface) and y=1. Regardless of the sunshine reflected back into space, i1 and i2 denote the shortwavelength sunlight energies that are absorbed by the earth's surface and the greenhouse gases, respectively. Available data shows that i1 =0.45 isol and i2 =0.25 isol, where isol is the total flux from the sun. The short wavelength sunlight heats up the greenhouse gases and the earth surface, and this energy is eventually reradiated out in the long wavelength infrared region.|FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the intensity of sunlight and the earth's blackbody radiation as a function of wavelength. As illustrated, some 30% of the sunlight energy is in the near infrared region. The earth's blackbody radiation, on the other hand, is at the far infrared wavelength.|Referring again to FIG. 1, Is, I+, I-, Ig and Ie represent the fluxes in the infrared wavelength region, where Is and Ig are the fluxes reradiated by the greenhouse gases toward the sky and ground, respectively; Ie is the flux reradiated by the earth; and I+ and I- are fluxes within the gases radiating toward the space and ground, respectively. I+ and I- are functions of y, e.g., I+ (0) is the I+ flux at y=0. Considering the principles of energy conservation and continuity at boundaries, the following relationships are obtained:| Is =i1 +i2 (1) | Is =I+ (1)(1-Rl) (2) | I- (1)=I+ (1)Rl (3) | I+ (0)=I- (0)Ro +Ie (1-Ro) (4) | Ig =I- (0)(1-Ro)+Ie Ro (5) | Ie =IBB (Te)(1-R)+Ig R (6) | Ie =i1 +Ig (7) |where Ro, Rl and R are the reflectivities at the y=0 and y=1 boundaries and at the earth's surface. IBB (Te) is the blackbody radiation flux at the earth's temperature Te. Within the greenhouse gases' layer, the energy equations are| (dI+ /dy)=IBB (Tg)-αI+ (8) | -(dI- /dy)=IBB (Tg)-αI- (9) |where IBB (Tg) is the blackbody radiation flux at the greenhouse gases' temperature Tg, and α is the absorption coefficient of the gases. The solutions of equations 8 and 9 are given by equations 10 and 11:| I+ (y)=(IBB /α)+Ceαy (10) | I- (y)=(IBB /α)+De+αy (11) |To illustrate the effects of Ro and Rl on the green-house effect, the extreme case is considered wherein a high concentration of greenhouse gases has strong absorption in the infrared region; that is, for y=1, e-αl approaches 0. Then, using Equations 3 and 4, the relationships of Equations 12 and 13 are obtained.| C=(Ie -(IBB /α))(1-Ro) (12) | D=0 |From Equations 5 and 7,| Ie =i1 +I- (0)(1-Ro)+Ie Ro, |or| Ie =(i1 /(1-Ro))+(IBB /α). (14) |From Equations 2 and 1,| Is =(IBB /α)(1-Rl)=i1 +i2, |or| (IBB /α)=(i1 +i2)/(1-Rl). (15) |Combining Equations 14 and 15, the relationship of Equation 16 is obtained.| Ie =i1 /(1-Ro)+(i1 +i2)/(1-Rl)(16) |Finally, Equation 6 gives the blackbody radiation from the earth's surface in terms of i1 and i2 and the three reflectivities:| Ie =IBB (Te)(1-R)+(Ie -i1)R | IBB (Te)=Ie +(R/(1-R))i1 |or| IBB (Te)=i1 /(1-Ro)+(i1 +i2)/(1-Rl)+(R/(1-R))i1 (17) |To achieve a lower temperature of the earth, (considering i1, i2 and R as constants), it is desirable to make R and Rl as small as possible.|Known refractory materials have a thermal emissivity function which is strongly wavelength dependent. For example, the materials may have high emissivity (and absorption) at the far infrared wavelengths, high emissivity in the visible wavelength range, and very low emissivity at intermediate wavelengths. If a material having those emissivity characteristics and a black body are exposed to IR energy of equal intensity, the selective thermal radiator will emit visible radiation with higher efficiency (if radiation cooling predominates), i.e., the selective thermal radiator will appear brighter than the black body. This effect is known as the Welsbach effect and is extensively used in commercial gas lantern mantles.|Welsbach materials have the characteristic of wavelength-dependent emissivity (or reflectivity). For example, thorium oxide (ThO2) has high emissivities in the visible and far IR regions but it has low emissivity in the near IR region. So, in accordance with the invention, the layer of greenhouse gases is seeded with Welsbach or Welsbach-like materials which have high emissivities (and thus low reflectivities) in the visible and 8-12 micrometer infrared regions, which has the effect of reducing Ro and Rl while introducing no effect in the visible range.|A desired material for the stratospheric seeding has a reflection coefficient close to unity for near IR radiation, and a reflection coefficient close to zero (or emissity close to unity) for far IR radiation. FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating an ideal emissivity versus wavelength function for the desired material. Another class of materials having the desired property includes the oxides of metals. For example, aluminum oxide (Al2 O3) is one metal oxide suitable for the purpose and which is relatively inexpensive.|It is presently believed that particle sizes in the ten to one hundred micron range would be suitable for the seeding purposes. Larger particles would tend to settle to the earth more quickly.|The particles in the required size range can be obtained with conventional methods of grinding and meshing.|It is believed that the number of particles nd per unit area in the particle layer should be defined by Equation 18:| nd 1≥1/σabs (18) |where 1 is the thickness of the particle layer and σabs is the absorption coefficient of the particles at the long IR wavelengths. One crude estimate of the density of particles is given by Equation (19):| nd 1≥(cmw)/(4πe2) (19) |where c is the speed of light, m is the average particle mass, e is the electron charge, and w is the absorption line width in sec-1.|The greenhouse gases are typically in the earth's stratosphere at an altitude of seven to thirteen kilometers. This suggests that the particle seeding should be done at an altitude on the order of 10 kilometers. The particles may be seeded by dispersal from seeding aircraft; one exemplary technique may be via the jet fuel as suggested by prior work regarding the metallic particles. Once the tiny particles have been dispersed into the atmosphere, the particles may remain in suspension for up to one year.|It is understood that the above-described embodiment is merely illustrative of the possible specific embodiments which may represent principles of the present invention. Other arrangements may readily be devised in accordance with these principles by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. | AP unique ID|(US5003186 A)|59393966|Family Number|(42690225)|42690225| | Other special machines | A01G-015/00 | A01G-015/00 | A01G-015/00 | A01G-015/00|G21K-001/00 | PCLO=250505100|PCLX=250503100|PCLX=244158100|PCLX=250504000R | PCLO=250505100 PCLX=250504000R PCLX=250503100 PCLX=244158000R | CN102770014|EP2512216|WO201173650|WO9322773|US20100071771|US20080257977|US20100127224|FR3164599|US12391356|US12486031|US9924640|RU2596699|US9422739|US8944363|US9363954|GB2487286;GB2487286|GB2487287;GB2487287|GB2487289;GB2487289|GB2487627;GB2487627|US20110005422|US8152091|GB2446250|US20080257396|US20080258006|US20080258013|US8166710|US8985477|US7645326|US5286979|US5397553 | CN102770014 7963256 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=Y|EP2512216 7963256 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=Y|WO201173650 7963256 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=Y|WO9322773 1412409 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=A|US20100071771 17949553 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=103|US20080257977 44183763 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=103|US20100127224 44274298 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=102|FR3164599 117503524 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US12391356 109337341 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US12486031 111586662 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US9924640 79164330 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|RU2596699 74160882 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US9422739 43841739 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US8944363 43838389 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US9363954 7963256 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|GB2487286 7963256 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|GB2487287 7963256 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|GB2487289 7963256 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|GB2487627 7963256 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US20110005422 44310941 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US8152091 43838389 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|GB2446250 17922393 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US20080257396 43841739 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US20080258006 44183789 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US20080258013 44183797 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US8166710 43841739 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US8985477 44183797 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US7645326 43665954 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US5286979 1412409 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US5397553 42840812 WHO=Examiner SELF=N | US4755673|US3222675 | US4755673 2383343 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US3222675 41849974 WHO=Examiner SELF=N | US3222675; US4755673 | EXPIRED | (US5003186)|EXPIRED | DEAD | (US5003186)|DEAD | (US5003186)|LEGAL DETAILS FOR US5003186|Actual or expected expiration date=2008-03-26|Legal state=DEAD|Status=EXPIRED|Event publication date=1990-04-23|Event code=US/APP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Application details|Application country=US US07513145|Application date=1990-04-23|Standardized application number=1990US-07513145|Event publication date=1990-04-23|Event code=US/EXMR|Event group=Administrative notifications|USPTO Examiner Name|PRIMARY EXAMINER:BERMAN, JACK I|Event publication date=1990-04-23|Event code=US/ART|Event group=Administrative notifications|USPTO Art Group|ART=2506|Event publication date=1990-04-23|Event code=US/DK|Event group=Examination events|Attorney Docket Number|Docket Nbr: PD90068|Event publication date=1990-04-23|Event code=US/ENT|Event group=Administrative notifications|Entity Status Set to Undiscounted|Business Entity Status: UNDISCOUNTED|Event publication date=1990-04-23|Event code=US/AIA|Event group=Administrative notifications|First Inventor File Indicated:|AIA=No|Event publication date=1990-04-23|Event code=US/AS|Event group=Change of name or address Reassignment|Assignment|ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.|Assignors:CHANG, DAVID B.;SHIH, I-FU|Reel/frame:005309/0054;SIGNING DATES FROM 19900413 TO 19900419|OWNER:HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY, A CORP. OF DE, CALIFORNIA|Event publication date=1990-06-27|Event code=US/DOCK|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Case Docketed to Examiner|Event publication date=1990-09-07|Event code=US/NOAM|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events OAO|Mail Notice of Allowance|Event publication date=1990-09-07|Event code=US/NOAV|Event group=Examination events OAO|Notice of Allowance Data Verification Completed|Event publication date=1990-12-07|Event code=US/N084|Event group=Payment or non-payment notifications|Issue Fee Payment Verified|Event publication date=1991-01-24|Event code=US/PAT|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Event indicating In Force|Patented Case|Event publication date=1991-02-27|Event code=US/ISSM|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events OAO Restitution or restoration|Issue Notification Mailed|Event publication date=1991-03-26|Event code=US/A|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Event indicating In Force|Patents Granted before 2001-04-15|Publication country=US|Publication number=US05003186|Publication stage code=A|Publication date=1991-03-26|Standardized publication number=US5003186|Event publication date=1994-11-01|Event code=US/REM|Event group=Administrative notifications|Maintenance fee reminder mailed|Event publication date=1995-03-27|Event code=US/FPAY|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Event indicating In Force Payment or non-payment notifications|Fee payment recorded|Annual fees payment date=1995-03-27|Year of payment of annual fees=4|Event publication date=1995-03-27|Event code=US/SULP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Restitution or restoration Event indicating In Force|Surcharge for late payment|Event publication date=1998-09-23|Event code=US/FPAY|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Event indicating In Force Payment or non-payment notifications|Fee payment recorded|Annual fees payment date=1998-09-23|Year of payment of annual fees=8|Event publication date=2002-04-09|Event code=US/NMFP|Event group=Payment or non-payment notifications|Publication of First Notice of Maintenance Fees Payable.|Year of payment of annual fees=11|Event publication date=2002-08-16|Event code=US/FPAY|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Event indicating In Force Payment or non-payment notifications|Fee payment recorded|Annual fees payment date=2002-08-16|Year of payment of annual fees=12|Event publication date=2004-12-21|Event code=US/AS|Event group=Change of name or address Reassignment|Assignment|CHANGE OF NAME|Assignor:HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY, A CORPORATION OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE|Reel/frame:016087/0541|OWNER:HE HOLDINGS, INC., A DELAWARE CORP., CALIFORNIA|Effective date of the event=1997-12-17|Event publication date=2004-12-21|Event code=US/AS|Event group=Change of name or address Reassignment|Assignment|MERGER|Assignor:HE HOLDINGS, INC. DBA HUGHES ELECTRONICS|Reel/frame:016116/0506|OWNER:RAYTHEON COMPANY, MASSACHUSETTS|Effective date of the event=1997-12-17|Event publication date=2008-03-26|Event code=US/EEDX|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Event indicating Not In Force|Patent has expired | https://www.orbit.com/GetPDF?gui=crypt&callingapp=EDOFF&key=YK4/YY/1j75ztMlGFL5c5hX4n5EyVake66kX6Irr/skRMo5gnoYOkXSTXCpblr3YUtJZQSfwUD0=&n=1 | https://sobj.orbit.com/sobj/getMosaic?bdi=na&userid=ZIBNDZZF&key=US5003186&ekey=934&xpn=US5003186&kind=A | https://data.uspto.gov/patent-file-wrapper/search/details/07513145/application-data | https://permalink.orbit.com/RenderStaticFirstPage?XPN=LGT7%252BjyetmTWqxLm4QBXD3fDUqlXTJ5uwQdFuycu4uk%3D%26n%3D1&id=0&base=FAMPAT | US | (US5003186)|US | (US5003186)|NAME=Hughes Aircraft Company , CITY=Los Angeles , STATE=CA , COUNTRY=US , ATYP=US Company | (US5003186)|NAME=Sales Michael W. NAME=Denson-Low Wanda | (US5003186)|US; US | (US5003186)|NAME=Chang David B., CITY=Tustin, STATE=CA , COUNTRY=US |NAME=Shih I-Fu, CITY=Los Alamitos, STATE=CA , COUNTRY=US | 2 | 18 | (US5003186)|2 | (US5003186)|16 | (US5003186)|18 | 1 | 0 | 1 | (US5003186)|3 | 1 | 1 | (US5003186)|Number of Claims: NCL=18|Number of Drawings: NDR=2|Number of Figures: NFG=3|Independent Claim Number: ICL=1,2,7,10|Number of Independent Claims: NICL=4|Exemplary Claim Number: ECL=1|Primary examiner: Berman Jack I.|Art Unit.: ART =256| | (US5003186)|ENGLISH (ENG) | (US5003186)|Patent | Titre: (US5003186)|Stratospheric Welsbach seeding for reduction of global warming Résumé: (US5003186)|A method is described for reducing atmospheric or global warming resulting from the presence of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere, i.e., from the greenhouse effect. Such gases are relatively transparent to sunshine, but absorb strongly the long-wavelength infrared radiation released by the earth. The method incudes the step of seeding the layer of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere with particles of materials characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity. Such materials include Welsbach materials and the oxides of metals which have high emissivity (and thus low reflectivities) in the visible and 8-12 micron infrared wavelength regions. Autre: (US5003186)|What is claimed is:|1. A method of reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a layer of gases in the atmosphere which absorb strongly near infrared wavelength radiation, comprising the step of dispersing tiny particles of a material within the gases' layer, the particle material characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said material has high emissivities with respect to radiation in the visible and far infrared wavelength spectra, and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength spectrum, whereby said tiny particles provide a means for converting infrared heat energy into far infrared radiation which is radiated into space.|2. The method of claim wherein said material comprises one or more of the oxides of metals.|3. The method of claim 1 wherein said material comprises aluminum oxide.|4. The method of claim 1 wherein said material comprises thorium oxide.|5. The method of claim 1 wherein said particles are dispersed by seeding the stratosphere with a quantity of said particles at altitudes in the range of seven to thirteen kilometers above the earth's surface.|6. The method of claim 1 wherein the size of said particles is in the range of ten to one hundred microns.|7. The method of claim wherein said material comprises a refractory material.|8. The method of claim 1 wherein said material is a Welsbach material.|9. The method of claim 1 wherein the number of said dispersed particles per unit area in the particle layer is greater than or equal to 1/σabs 1, where 1 is the thickness of the particle layer and σabs is the absorption coefficient of the particles at the far infrared wavelengths.|10. A method for reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a greenhouse gases layer, comprising the following step:| seeding the greenhouse gases' layer with a quantity of tiny particles of a material characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said materials have high emissivities in the visible and far infrared wavelength spectra and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength spectrum,| whereby said particles are suspended within said gases' layer and provide a means for converting radiative energy at near infrared wavelengths into radiation at the far infrared wavelengths, permitting some of the converted radiation to escape into space.|11. The method of claim 10 wherein said material comprises one or more of the oxides of metals.|12. The method of claim 10 wherein said material comprises aluminum oxide.|13. The method of claim 10 wherein said material is thorium oxide.|14. The method of claim 10 wherein said seeding is performed at altitudes in the range of seven to thirteen kilometers above the earth's surface.|15. The method of claim 10 wherein said material comprises a refractory material.|16. The method of claim 10 wherein said particle size is in range of ten to one hundred microns.|17. The method of claim 10 wherein said material is a Welsbach material.|18. The method of claim 10 wherein the number of said dispersed particles per unit area in the particle layer is greater than or equal to 1/σabs 1, where 1 is the thickness of the particle layer and σabs is the absorption coefficient of the particles at the far infrared wavelengths. | 3 | Abstract | gpt-4o-mini | no | The method described focuses on seeding heat-trapping gases with particles to affect infrared radiation, not on injecting aerosols in the stratosphere to reduce solar radiation. | ||||||||||||||||||
| 6 | US15/410,954 | US15/410,954 | US9924640 | 79164330 | US9924640 B1 2018-03-27 [US9924640] | 2017-01-20 | 2017-01-20 | 2018-03-27 | (US9924640)|2018-03-27 | (US9924640)|2037-01-20 | (US9924640)|Modifying sunlight scatter in the upper atmosphere | (US9924640)|A method of lowering the temperature of the Earth comprises placing particles of sand into the upper atmosphere, wherein the particles are selected on the basis of size and refractive index such that the particles will scatter and reflect incoming sunlight having a wavelength in the near-IR back into space. The average diameter of the particles may be selected based on the index of refraction and the Mie scattering intensity for dielectric particles, to maximize the amount of light scattered at wavelengths between 0.8 μm and 2 μm. The average diameter of the particles may be selected based on the index of refraction and the Mie scattering intensity for dielectric particles, to minimize the amount of light scattered at wavelengths between 5 μm and 20 μm. | KESHNER MARVIN S ([US])|VAALER ERIK GARTH ([US]) | (US9924640)|Keshner Marvin S ([US])|Vaaler Erik Garth ([US]) | KESHNER MARVIN S|VAALER ERIK GARTH | (US9924640)|Keshner Marvin S|Vaaler Erik Garth | (US9924640)|Venkatesh Shalini | (US9924640)|Finally, the presence of iron in the sand could be a major benefit.|It may be beneficial, but not essential, that the distribution be kept very tight, with a clear tradeoff existing between ultimate performance and cost and/or time to provide the selected distribution.|Round sand has the advantages of having a more uniform cross-section for scattering light, being less harmful to humans and animals, if any becomes airborne during the transport process, and being less likely to agglomerate during transport and deployment.|Acid rain is well known to have detrimental effects on trees, food crops and other plant life.|Sand particles with diameters below 2.5 μm are known to cause damage to the lungs when inhaled.|The percentage of gathered sand that will pass the screening and meet the goal of a tight distribution is difficult to estimate.| | (US9924640)|1. A method of lowering the temperature of the Earth, the method comprising: gathering, from one or more naturally occurring deposits, particles of sand comprising SiO2 and other minerals; selecting from the gathered sand particles, without performing any chemical processing, a sub-set of sand particles, wherein the selection is based solely on size and refractive index such that the light scattering cross-section of the sand particles for wavelengths between 0.8 μm and 2.5 μm is greater than 2 x the geometric cross-section of the sand particles; and placing the selected sub-set of sand particles into the upper atmosphere.| | (US9924640)|In another aspect, the average diameter of the particles is selected based on the index of refraction and the Mie scattering intensity for dielectric particles, to maximize the amount of light scattered at wavelengths between 0.8 μm and 2 μm.|This invention relates in general to methods of reducing global warming, and more specifically to doing so by increasing the effective reflectivity of the upper atmosphere to reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface, while allowing far IR radiation emitted by the Earth to pass through into space.| | (US9924640)|UPPER ATMOSPHERE(100,52)|SOIL TEMPERATURE(100,3)|MODIFYING SUNLIGHT SCATTER(100,1)|MIE SCATTERING INTENSITY(61,7)|GATHERED SAND PARTICLE(57,1)|SAND PARTICLE(50,23)|DIELECTRIC PARTICLE(48,10)|GATHERED SAND(35,1)|MAXIMIZE LIGHT(31,3)|NATURALLY OCCURRING DEPOSIT(31,1)|MIE SCATTERING(30,14)|EQUATOR NORTH(28,2)|HELIUM FILLED BALLOON(28,1)|MEDIAN DIAMETER(26,11)|REFLECTIVITY(26,1)|ULTIMATE PERFORMANCE(24,1)|INCOMING SUNLIGHT(23,2)|CLEAR TRADE(22,1)|TENSION DISTRIBUTION(18,3)|GATHERING(18,2)|LUNG(18,1)|MINERAL(17,2)|SUNLIGHT(16,16)|REFRACTIVE INDEX(15,5)|DEPLOYMENT(15,2)|SCATTER LIGHT(15,2)|FOOD CROP(15,1)|SAND(14,26)|FINE MESH(13,2)|PLANT LIFE(13,1)|SCREENING(12,4)|REDUCING GLOBAL WARMING(12,3)|COMMERCIAL AIRPLANE(12,1)|POWERFUL THUNDERSTORM RAINDROP(12,1)|ANIMAL(11,2)|TREE(11,2)|EXPLOSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTION(9,2)|INFRARED(8,16)|SUNLIGHT ATTENUATION(8,2)|PEAK SCATTERING INTENSITY(7,2)|EMPTY BOEING 737 AIRPLANE(7,1)|PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISM(7,1)|LIGHT SCATTERING(6,11)|PHOTOSYNTHESIS(6,7)|ACID RAIN(6,5)|BLUE WAVELENGTH(6,4)|MIE SCATTERING GRAPH(6,2)|INTENSE THUNDERSTORM(6,1)|TRILLION DOLLAR(6,1)|WORLD MAJOR DESERT(6,1)|GROUND SURFACE(5,9)|ANNUAL REVENUE(5,1)|BOUNDARY ALTITUDE(5,1)|MIE SCATTERING CALCULATION(5,1)|PARTICLE MTON(5,1)|PEAK SCATTERING WAVELENGTH(5,1)|PEOPLE LUNG(5,1)|PLANKTON GROWTH(5,1)|SAND SCREEN(5,1)|SUNLIGHT ABSORPTION(5,1)|THOTH TOWER(5,1)|TRANSPORT(5,1)|GREENHOUSE GAS(4,8)|NORTH(4,4)|SNOWFLAKE(4,3)|CHARTER COST(4,2)|DELIVER FINE SAND PARTICLE(4,2)|METALLIC SPHERE(4,2)|RAIN DROP(4,2)|STRATOSPHERE(4,2)|TROPOSPHERE(4,2)|BLACKBODY RADIATION EMISSION(4,1)|GLOBAL WARMING FOCUS(4,1)|MAJOR VOLCANIC ERUPTION(4,1)|MIE SCATTERING CURVE(4,1)|SORTING PARTICLE(4,1)|YEAR FOSSIL FUEL(4,1)|AL2O3(3,5)|FLIGHT(3,3)|ICE CRYSTAL(3,3)|ACID RAIN RISK(3,2)|AIRSTRIP(3,2)|CENTRIFUGATION(3,2)|CO2 LAYER(3,2)|GEO ENGINEERING(3,2)|POLAR VORTEX(3,2)|REMAINING PARTICLE(3,2)|SUNLIGHT BACK(3,2)|SUNLIGHT SPECTRUM(3,2)|CIRRUS CLOUD(3,1)|CLUMP(3,1)|FERTILIZE OCEAN WATER(3,1)|GAS LANTERN(3,1)|GATHERING LOCATION(3,1)|HEALTH SAFETY LIMIT(3,1)|METAL PARTICLE(3,1)|MODEST DENSITY(3,1)|PARTICLE CIRCUMFERENCE(3,1)|SAND PROCESSING(3,1)|SCATTERING PEAK LEFT(3,1)|SEGMENT PARTICLE(3,1)|SHARP CORNER(3,1)|SIO DENSITY(3,1)|TOTAL INCOMING SUNLIGHT(3,1)|UNIFORM CROSS SECTION(3,1)|WEISBACH(3,1)|AGGLOMERATE(2,1)|BLIMP(2,1)|CENTRIFUGE(2,1)|CENTURY(2,1)|DEBACTEROL(2,1)|FLEXIBLE PIPE(2,1)|FULL SUNLIGHT ENERGY(2,1)|GLOBE(2,1)|HEAT ABSORBING(2,1)|HELIUM BALLOON(2,1)|HUGE CHANGE(2,1)|LIFETIME(2,1)|LIGHT SCATTERING PEAK INTENSITY(2,1)|MEDIAN(2,1)| | (US9924640)|The invention claimed is:|1. A method of lowering the temperature of the Earth, the method comprising:| gathering, from one or more naturally occurring deposits, particles of sand comprising SiO2 and other minerals;| selecting from the gathered sand particles, without performing any chemical processing, a sub-set of sand particles, wherein the selection is based solely on| size and refractive index such that| the light scattering cross-section of the sand particles for wavelengths between 0.8 μm and 2.5 μm is greater than 2 x the geometric cross-section of the sand particles; and| placing the selected sub-set of sand particles into the upper atmosphere.|2. The method of claim 1, where the diameter of the particles is within +/−10% of 1.6 μm.|3. The method of claim 1, where the average diameter of the particles is selected based on the index of refraction and the Mie scattering intensity for dielectric particles, to maximize the amount of light scattered at wavelengths between 0.8 μm and 2 μm.|4. The method of claim 1, where the average diameter of the particles is selected based on the index of refraction and the Mie scattering intensity for dielectric particles, to minimize the amount of light scattered at wavelengths between 5 μm and 20 μm.|5. The method of claim 1, where the average diameter of the particles is selected based on the index of refraction and the Mie scattering intensity for dielectric particles, to minimize the amount of light scattered at or near the wavelengths of 0.662 μm and 0.430 μm.|6. The method of claim 1, where the particles are mostly composed of SiO2 having an index of refraction of 1.5.|7. The method of claim 6, where the average diameter of the particles is selected to be 1.6 μm.|8. The method of claim 1, where the particles are sand particles gathered from a desert.|9. The method of claim 1, where the placement of the particles comprises transporting the particles into the upper atmosphere and releasing them at a first location within 3000 km to the north of the equator and at a second location within 3000 km to the south of the equator.|10. The method of claim 1, where the placement of the particles comprises transporting the particles to a location above the lower edge of the upper atmosphere using a commercial airplane adapted to reach and operate at an altitude of 18,000 m or higher.|11. The method of claim 1, where the placement of the particles comprises transporting the particles to a location above the lower edge of the upper atmosphere using hydrogen or helium filled balloons.|12. The method of claim 1, where the selection of particles comprises screening using fine mesh screens and/or centrifuges to retain only particles that fall within a desired range of diameters. | (US9924640)|FIELD OF INVENTION|[0001] This invention relates in general to methods of reducing global warming, and more specifically to doing so by increasing the effective reflectivity of the upper atmosphere to reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface, while allowing far IR radiation emitted by the Earth to pass through into space.|BACKGROUND|[0002] Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere. The Earth is warmed by absorbing sunlight and cooled by emitting blackbody radiation in the far infrared (IR) out into space. The greenhouse gases reduce the amount of IR radiation leaving the Earth. Hence, the Earth warms more in the presence of greenhouse gases, emitting more IR radiation, until the amount of IR radiation leaving the Earth is again in balance with the amount of sunlight energy arriving.|[0003] Most attempts to reduce global warming focus on reducing the amounts of the greenhouse gases (CO2, Methane, etc) in the lower atmosphere back to levels seen before 2005 or even back to levels seen in 1950. Unfortunately, even if we were to stop burning fossil fuels now and greatly reduce the amount of CO2 entering the atmosphere, the high level that is already there would last for something like 1000 years.|[0004] Therefore, alternate approaches, collectively called geo-engineering, have been proposed, in which something is introduced into the atmosphere to counteract the effects of the greenhouse gases. In one of these, a sulfate-based aerosol, made up of water droplets containing sulfuric acid, is introduced into the upper atmosphere, where the droplets will scatter sunlight and reflect some of the sunlight back into space. Since the total amount of sunlight that would reach the Earth is diminished, the Earth will cool, even through the CO2 is still trapping some of the IR radiation produced at the Earth's surface from leaving the Earth.|[0005] Unfortunately, placing huge quantities of sulfate-based aerosols into the upper atmosphere is highly controversial for several reasons. First, the sulfates will come down from the upper atmosphere in the form of acid rain. Acid rain is well known to have detrimental effects on trees, food crops and other plant life. Second, the droplets formed by adding sulfates to water are very small, in the range of 0.01-0.25 μm, with most around 0.05 μm. Particles of this size scatter short wavelength visible light more effectively than other parts of the sunlight spectrum. Both red and blue wavelengths of light are required by plants for photosynthesis. Scattering more of either red or blue could slow the growth of plants. It could adversely affect food production and slow the rate at which trees and other plants consume CO2. Finally, the time for which the SO2 water droplets will remain in the upper atmosphere is not known. There is a tendency for them to bump into each other and agglomerate. When big enough, they will fall more quickly down to Earth. If their lifetime in the upper atmosphere is too short, then more SO2 will be required to replace them and more acid rain will be created.|[0006] In another geo-engineering approach, it has been suggested that particles composed of metal oxides, like Al2O3, be introduced into the top of the lower atmosphere, from 7-13 km above the Earth, where the CO2 in the atmosphere tends to accumulate. These particles have much larger diameters ranging from 5 μm-10 μm.|[0007] A part of this approach is for these metal oxide particles to absorb the near IR (0.9 μm-2 μm) and re-radiate it back out into space. By doing so, about 30% of the energy in sunlight would not reach the surface of the Earth, causing the Earth to cool. Unfortunately, metal oxide particles, such as Al2O3 or Thorium Oxide particles that have been suggested for this approach, are quite transparent in the near IR and would not absorb much sunlight in this range of wavelengths. Since they absorb 10 μm wavelengths very well, they act like CO2, Methane and other greenhouse gases. They will reflect the black body radiation near 10 μm back to Earth and result in warming the Earth.|[0008] Another part of this approach is to use the Weisbach effect, where a material like Al2O3 absorbs energy at a wavelength of 10 μm and re-radiates it out as visible light. Gas lantern mantles use this effect to absorb the heat from burning gas and radiate a bright, white light. As Welsbach materials, Al2O3 or Thorium Oxide could absorb the 10 μm, black body radiation and re-radiate it as visible or ultra-violet light. As visible light, this energy would not be stopped by the CO2 and other greenhouse gases.|[0009] However, for this approach to be effective, these particles would have to be positioned within or below the CO2 layer. The black body energy from the Earth would have to hit these particles before it hit the CO2 layer. This would require that the particles are dispersed in the lower atmosphere at about 7 km, and certainly below 10 km. Unfortunately, in the lower atmosphere, particles in the air are quickly washed out of the air by rain. Particles with diameters in the range of 5 μm-10 μm fall out very quickly. Moreover, the cost of this approach would be high. One would have to mine relative pure Al2O3 or other metal oxides, and grind them into particles of the desired size.|[0010] Finally, people have also proposed introducing more water vapor into the upper atmosphere. Unfortunately, the water vapor tends to agglomerate readily to form large particles (ice crystals) of water. These ice crystals are commonly seen in the high Cirrus clouds that form in the upper part of the lower atmosphere. Water vapor and ice crystals are among the strongest greenhouse gases. While they might be effective in reflecting some sunlight back into space, their net effect is to reflect more heat back to the Earth.|[0011] There is, therefore, a need to identify and provide a different material from those previously considered, that could be positioned in the upper atmosphere to more efficiently provide the increased albedo effect desirous for reducing global warming, without incurring the risk of acid rain, negatively impacting photosynthesis, or increasing the reflection of IR radiation back to the Earth's surface.|SUMMARY|[0012] The present invention includes a method of lowering the temperature of the Earth. The method comprises placing particles of sand into the upper atmosphere, wherein the particles are selected on the basis of size and refractive index such that the particles will scatter and reflect incoming sunlight having a wavelength in the near-IR back into space. In one aspect, the average diameter of the particles is between 1 μm and 2.5 μm. In another aspect, the average diameter of the particles is selected based on the index of refraction and the Mie scattering intensity for dielectric particles, to maximize the amount of light scattered at wavelengths between 0.8 μm and 2 μm. In yet two other aspects, the average diameter of the particles is selected based on the index of refraction and the Mie scattering intensity for dielectric particles, to minimize the amount of light scattered at wavelengths between 5 μm and 20 μm and/or to minimize the amount of light scattered at wavelengths near 0.662 and 0.430 μm.|(US9924640)|BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS|[0013] FIG. 1 is a set of Mie Scattering graphs for dielectric particles with different values of index of refraction (n).|[0014] FIG. 2 is a Mie Scattering graph for metallic spheres.|[0015] FIG. 3 shows the relationships between atmospheric temperature, atmospheric pressure and altitude above the Earth.|(US9924640)|DETAILED DESCRIPTION|[0016] Embodiments of the present invention are methods of selecting particles of sand and placing them into the upper atmosphere, where they will act to strongly scatter sunlight and reflect it back into space to reduce the amount sunlight that penetrates the atmosphere and warms the Earth. Particles of sand are predominately comprised of SiO2, which is not a metal oxide; they do not readily exhibit the Welsbach effect, which is not necessary for the practice of the present invention.|[0017] FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate Mie scattering, by dielectric and metallic particles respectively, where the vertical axes represent the dimensionless ratios of the cross-section for scattering light to the geometric cross section ((π/4)*particle diameter squared) of the particles, and the horizontal axes represent the dimensionless ratios (q in FIG. 1) of particle circumference (or π*particle diameter) to wavelength.|[0018] Calculations for dielectric particles, such as those resulting in the curves of FIG. 1, show that the largest peak scattering cross-section occurs when 2*q*(n−1)=4, where n is the index of refraction. For particles of sand (SiO2) with an index of refraction (n) of 1.5, the largest peak in Mie scattering will therefore occur at a wavelength of (π*particle diameter)/4.|[0019] For one embodiment, the particle diameter is chosen to be in a narrow range around 1.6 μm, so that the wavelength for the maximum scattering of sunlight will be at 1.26 μm, and so that strong scattering will occur through the near infrared (ranging from 0.8 μm to 2 μm). Thus, when introduced into the upper atmosphere, sand particles with a diameter around 1.6 μm can strongly scatter sunlight in the near infrared wavelength band. It is well known that about 34% of the total amount of energy in sunlight is contained within this band. Sand particles will also scatter sunlight in the visible range, but less strongly. Combining the reflectance across all wavelengths of sunlight, a modest density of sand particles distributed in the upper atmosphere would easily reflect 30% or more of the total incident energy from the sun back into space.|[0020] Moreover, for particles providing a peak scattering intensity at a wavelength of 1.26 μm, the first minimum for scattering light will occur at 0.662 μm, which corresponds to the red light required for photosynthesis. The second minimum is at 0.430 μm, which corresponds to the blue light required for photosynthesis. According to Mie scattering calculations of the type used to produce the curves of FIG. 1, the maximum scattering cross section is about 2* the average scattering level for short wavelengths, and the magnitude of scattering at the first two minima is approximately 0.6 times and 0.8 times the short-wavelength average. Thus, when introduced into the upper atmosphere, sand particles with a diameter around 1.6 μm will not impact visible light in the two bands necessary for photosynthesis nearly as strongly as the smaller sulfate aerosol particles proposed by others.|[0021] Furthermore, with a particle diameter around 1.6 μm and index of refraction of 1.5, the scattering of the black body radiation around 10 μm that cools the Earth would be very weakly affected. Scattering at wavelengths much longer than the wavelength of the peak falls off as 4th power of the wavelengths—see the regions of the Mie scattering curves of FIGS. 1 and 21 to the left of the first scattering peak. Compared with the peak scattering intensity at 1.26 μm, the scattering intensity at 5 μm would be about 50 times smaller, at 10 μm it would be about 1000 times smaller, and at 20 μm it would be about 1 million times smaller. Even with particles as large as 3 μm, used in some other embodiments of this invention, the scattering intensity at 5 μm would be about 10 times lower than the scattering intensity at the peak, and at 10 μm would be about 80 times lower than at that peak. 1 Although FIG. 2 concerns Mie scattering by metal spheres, the same fall off from the peak applies for scattering by dielectric particles as for metallic ones.|[0022] In the present invention, the portion of the spectrum of sunlight that will be reflected by these sand particles is adjusted by carefully selecting their composition (which determines their index of refraction), and their diameter. By an appropriate selection of these parameters, the presence of these particles in the upper atmosphere will reduce global warming by strongly scattering the part of the sunlight that lies in the near infrared. Depending on the density of particles that are placed in the upper atmosphere, 30% or more of the total incoming sunlight can in theory be reflected back into space before it can be absorbed by the ground and heat the earth.|[0023] At the same time, by carefully choosing their diameter and index of refraction so that the peak light scattering occurs near 1.26 μm, these particles are also tuned to minimize reflecting away the sunlight required by plants. Finally, again by carefully choosing the size and index of refraction of the particles so that the peak light scattering occurs near 1.26 μm, the black body radiation removing heat from the earth is not reflected back towards the Earth's surface but can escape into space.|[0024] It should be noted that throughout this disclosure “strong” or “strongly” in the context of light scattering is defined to mean that the light scattering cross-section of the particle (or particles) concerned is greater than the 2* the geometric cross-section of that particle (or those particles).|[0025] FIG. 3 illustrates the relationships between atmospheric temperature, atmospheric pressure and altitude above the Earth. It shows an altitude of about 15,000 m (typical for mid-latitudes) for the upper end of the lower atmosphere, the troposphere, and the lower end of the upper atmosphere, or the stratosphere. It also shows the air temperature decreasing with altitude in the lower atmosphere, or troposphere, and increasing with altitude in stratosphere, or upper atmosphere.|[0026] In one embodiment, sand is gathered, screened to obtain a narrow distribution of particle diameters, transported up to the upper atmosphere, and released as un-agglomerated, fine dust into the air. “Sand” is a common term used to identify naturally occurring deposits of particles with a size range that is from approximately 0.1 μm to approximately 3000 μm. Deposits of particles that are much smaller tend to be defined as clay. Deposits of particles that are much larger tend to be defined as gravel. “Sand” particles are often thought of as consisting of mostly SiO2. For many naturally occurring deposits of sand, this is true. However, in some locations, many elements and minerals are in the sand. The defining factor for “sand” is the range of particle sizes.|[0027] In one embodiment, the type of sand gathered is “old” sand, taken from one of the major deserts of the world like the Sahara Desert. “Old” sand tends to be free of clay and salt particles. “Old” sand has been blowing around in the desert for centuries. The particles tend to be round and smooth, rather than irregular with sharp corners or edges. Round sand has the advantages of having a more uniform cross-section for scattering light, being less harmful to humans and animals, if any becomes airborne during the transport process, and being less likely to agglomerate during transport and deployment.|[0028] Often, “old” sand from the major deserts is not composed of pure silicon dioxide (SiO2), but may contain some iron and iron oxide in addition. The presence of iron compounds will probably change the index of refraction a little, and therefore, also change the preferred size of the particles so that the peak of the light scattering remains near 1.26 μm. For example, the refractive index of iron oxide is higher than SiO2. Therefore, the average particle diameter may need to be a little smaller to keep the wavelength of peak scattering at the desired value. Also, if there is a wide range of the amount of iron, then there will be a wider range for the effective light scattering cross-sections. Finally, the presence of iron in the sand could be a major benefit. Iron is known to fertilize ocean waters and encourage the growth of plankton and algae. These additional photosynthetic organisms sequester some additional carbon dioxide, which could help cool the earth.|[0029] In one embodiment of the present invention, sand is gathered and screened to select particles of a specific size. Particles are first screened with a mesh that allows only particles below a set diameter to fall through the screen. Then, the sand is additionally screened and/or centrifuged to segment the particles by size so that the desired particles sizes can be selected. Screening is a standard process that is used for sand and gravel. Centrifuging is also a standard process used to separate heavier from lighter materials. With several stages of screening and centrifuging, first the particles that are too large are removed. Then, the particles that are too small are removed. Particles in the desired range of sizes remain. This is just one method by which sand can be processed to select particles of a desired average diameter and to control the distribution of diameters. There are many other well known particle sorting and selecting techniques that can be used to implement this invention.|[0030] In one embodiment, the particles are mostly comprised of SiO2 with an index of refraction (n) of 1.5, and the center of the distribution of particle diameters (aka the average particle diameter) is chosen to be 1.6 μm. With an average diameter of 1.6 μm and a refractive index (n) of 1.5, the peak intensity of light scattering will occur at a wavelength of approximately 1.26 μm. In other embodiments, depending on the exact composition of the sand and the desired scattering peak, the center of the distribution (or average particle diameter) may be chosen anywhere from approximately 1 μm to 2.5 μm. In still other embodiments, the distribution may be much wider to lower the cost of the screening process. The average particle diameter may be in the range from 0.5 μm to 5 μm.|[0031] It may be beneficial, but not essential, that the distribution be kept very tight, with a clear tradeoff existing between ultimate performance and cost and/or time to provide the selected distribution. In one embodiment, the distribution of particle diameters would be within +−10% of the average. With an accurate average particle diameter and a tight distribution, the amount of sunlight attenuation in the near infrared (0.8 μm to 2 μm wavelength) can be maximized. At the same time, the amount of sunlight attenuation at the red and blue wavelengths required for photosynthesis (0.662 μm and 0.430 μm) can be minimized.|[0032] In some embodiments, the center of the distribution, or the average particle diameter (d) may be less than or greater than 1.6 μm, or the sand particles may have a wide variation in composition, or the distribution of particle diameters may be wide. For these cases, the light scattering cross-section at the red and blue wavelengths used by plants will approach 2 times the geometric cross section, where the geometric cross section is (1/4)*(πd2). However, even for these embodiments, with an index of 1.5 and an average particle diameter of 1.6 μm, the light scattering cross-section in the near IR band (0.8 μm-2 μm) is still more than 4 times the geometric cross-section. Hence, the amount of light reflected at the near IR wavelengths is twice as great as the amount of light reflected at the red and blue wavelengths of light used by plants.|[0033] The total amount of sand particles required for a 16% reduction in sunlight energy is modest. (A 16% reduction is simply used as an example; such a large reduction may not be necessary). To calculate a rough estimate, consider that the geometric cross-section of each particle is 2*10^−12 m2 and the light scattering cross-section of each particle is approximately 8*10^−12 m2 at 1.26 um and averages 4*10^−12 m2 for wavelengths shorter than 0.8 μm. Therefore, looking down through 1 sq m of the upper atmosphere, 1.25*10^11 particles per m2 of surface area would reflect approximately 63% of the incident near IR energy. It will also reflect about 40% of the sunlight at wavelengths shorter than 0.8 μm. Combining these two effects, about 50% of the sunlight would be reflected. Therefore, to achieve a 16% reduction in the total sunlight energy, roughly 4*10^10 particles per m2 would be required. Please note that a 16% change in the amount of sunlight reaching the earth is a huge change and likely to be much more than necessary.|[0034] The total mass of particles is calculated according to the formula:|Total Mass=(areal density of particles)*(Surface area of Earth)*(density of SiO2)*(volume of each particle)|Total Mass≈4*10^10/m2*3.14*(13,000,000)^2m2*2.5 mtons/m3*0.5*(1.6*10-6)^3m3|≈110 million mtons (metric tons) of sand particles|[0035] Fine particles of sand will remain in the upper atmosphere for about 2 years. This has been observed after explosive volcanic eruptions like Krakatoa. In theory, the sand particles could be placed in the upper atmosphere exactly above the equator and 50% of them would be carried north and 50% would be carried south by the upper atmosphere air currents. A more reliable practice is to place the sand particles slightly to the north and slightly to the south of the equator. The upper air currents tend to flow from the north side of the equator and south from the south side. They do not tend to cross the equator. In one embodiment of the present invention, the fine particles of sand are introduced into the upper atmosphere at each of two locations, one 0-3000 km north of the equator, and the other 0-3000 km south of the equator. If the particles are introduced too far to the north or south of the equator, then they may not flow back toward the equator enough to reflect sunlight over the equator. In another embodiment, they are introduced 500 km north and 500 km south of the equator. Again, based on observations after explosive volcanic eruptions, the particles will distribute themselves laterally around the globe within several months and longitudinally toward the poles over a few years. The upper atmosphere has air currents that will quickly distribute the fine sand particles along the earth's parallels, (in the east-west direction) and more slowly along the medians, from the equator to the poles.|[0036] From their time of introduction in the upper atmosphere, the fine sand particles will remain above the Earth's surface for about 2 years. This was also observed after major volcanic eruptions. Therefore, each year, we will need to replace 55 million mtons of particles (about ½ of the total). There is little communication between the upper and lower atmosphere. Particles placed into the upper atmosphere are held aloft by air currents. They do not tend to fall down into the lower atmosphere. Instead, the particles come down either inside of rain drops during intense thunderstorms (where the clouds reach into the upper atmosphere) or in the polar vortex and the storms it creates at either pole, where the particles will mostly come down inside of snowflakes.|[0037] Gathering the sand would be a routine process. In places like the Sahara Desert, the sand would be loaded into dump trucks and transported to a nearby location where it could be screened. In one embodiment, the sand would first be screened with increasingly fine mesh screens that will remove all particles with diameters greater than about 5 μm. Then, the remaining particles would be further screened and/or centrifuged one or more times to remove all particles greater than the maximum diameter desired. Finally, the remaining particles would be centrifuged one or more times to remove the particles with diameters below the minimum desired diameter. For particles with an average diameter between 0.5 and 5 μm, a series of screening and/or centrifuge steps is a cost effective process. A variety of standard techniques are available to implement this process.|[0038] The processed sand with the desired average particle size and with the desired distribution of particles sizes would be transported (by rail, by truck, by sea, and/or by air) to an airstrip near the equator. The percentage of gathered sand that will pass the screening and meet the goal of a tight distribution is difficult to estimate. It will depend on the exact location from which the sand is taken, the desired distribution (+−10%, +−20%, etc), and the cost of screening for tighter distributions. To minimize ground transportation costs, the distance from the gathering location to the screening location should be short.|[0039] There are a number of methods by which to transport the distribution of fine sand particles to the upper atmosphere. In one embodiment, the screened sand is flown to the upper atmosphere in planes. An empty Boeing 737 airplane can carry a load of 25 mtons. Such a plane would have to be adapted to reach and briefly operate at an altitude of 18,000 m (60,000 feet) or higher. The altitude that forms the boundary between the bottom of the upper atmosphere and the top of the lower atmosphere is illustrated in FIG. 3. In the lower atmosphere, the air temperature falls with increasing altitude. In the upper atmosphere, the air temperature rises with increasing altitude. The boundary between the two is defined as the altitude at which the temp stops falling and begins rising. This is also shown in FIG. 3. This altitude varies with latitude. At the equator, this boundary occurs at an altitude of about 17,000 m. At mid-latitudes it is lower. At the poles, it is much lower, often under 10,000 m. The altitude of the boundary also varies with the seasons and other factors. It is important to deliver the fine sand particles at least as high as the bottom of the upper atmosphere so that the upper atmosphere air currents can distribute the particles throughout the upper atmosphere and so that very few sand particles are accidentally introduced into the lower atmosphere. In one embodiment, the particles are placed 1000 m or more above the altitude at which the air temperature begins to rise with increasing altitude. This will assure that the particles are placed reliably into the upper atmosphere. When introduced at or above the bottom of the upper atmosphere, the particles will spread out. The air currents in the upper atmosphere will carry them upwards into the lower 10,000-20,000 m of the upper atmosphere, around the planet and eventually, toward the two poles.|[0040] Delivering 55 million mtons per year would require 2,200,000 flights, or 630 planes flying 10 flights per day, 350 days per year. The planes would take off near the equator, quickly climb to 18,000 m, release the fine sand particles into a fast air stream to assure break up any possible clumps, then descend, land, refuel and reload. This is quite doable. 10 flights a day would require about 15-20 hours per day.|[0041] At a charter cost of $5000 per hour and a total time per load of 1.5 hours, the cost per mton would be $300. Gathering the sand, screening the sand, transporting the sand to an airstrip, and flying the sand into the upper atmosphere should cost less than $500 per mton. This would be a total cost of less than $30 billion per year. To combat the effects of a several trillion dollar per year fossil fuel industry, this would be a small amount of money, about 1% of annual revenues.|[0042] In addition to aircraft, in other embodiments, hydrogen or helium balloons, long flexible pipes held aloft by blimps, Thoth towers or other more exotic means may be used to deliver the fine sand particles to the upper atmosphere.|[0043] Sand particles with diameters below 2.5 μm are known to cause damage to the lungs when inhaled. Around the world, safe limits for airborne particles with diameters below 2.5 μm have been set. The limits vary from 8-35 μg/m3. In embodiments of the present invention, the maximum concentration of sand particles (with 1.6 μm average diameter) in the upper atmosphere (after being distributed by air currents over a range of altitudes from 20,000 to 30,000 m above the Earth) is around 4 x 10^6 particles per m3, which corresponds to a mass density of 20 μg/m3. This is close to or in some cases exceeds the health safety limits set by various countries, but of course no practical risk is posed as long as the particles remain in the upper atmosphere. Only if substantially all of these particles in the upper atmosphere were to fall into lower altitudes (for example from 0 to 10,000 m) in an airborne state would their resulting mass density of 20 μg/m3 violate some of the health safety limits noted above and be of concern.|[0044] Fortunately, there is little communication between the upper and lower atmosphere. Once in the upper atmosphere, the particles will stay there for a long time. There are essentially two routes or processes by which they eventually fall towards the Earth's surface. In one, they would be brought down to Earth inside the raindrops of the most powerful thunderstorms, whose cloud tops reach into the upper atmosphere. Alternatively, they may be brought down inside of snowflakes in the storms created by the polar vortex near either of the poles. In both cases, they arrive in the lower atmosphere safely encapsulated within rain drops or snowflakes, and fall harmlessly to the ground, rather than being breathed into the lungs of people or animals.|[0045] Embodiments described herein provide various benefits. In particular, embodiments may result in a significant reduction in global warming by introducing into the upper atmosphere particles selected (in composition, size, and size distribution) to provide high levels of reflection of near IR energy from the sun back into space, transmission of visible wavelengths in the red and blue bands necessary for photosynthesis through to the Earth's surface, and transmission of far IR energy produced at the Earth's surface out into space. Some embodiments use particles selected to avoid the risk of acid rain. Some embodiments use particles sourced in part according to their shape, such that health risks and tendency to agglomerate during gathering and transportation and deployment are minimized.|[0046] Although the present invention has been described with respect to embodiments thereof, these particular embodiments are merely illustrative, and not restrictive. It will also be appreciated that one or more of the elements depicted in the drawings/figures can also be implemented in a more separated or integrated manner, or even removed or rendered as inoperable in certain cases, as is useful in accordance with a particular application. Thus, while particular embodiments have been described herein, latitudes of modification, various changes, and substitutions are intended in the foregoing disclosures, and it will be appreciated that in some instances some features of particular embodiments will be employed without a corresponding use of other features without departing from the scope and spirit as set forth. Therefore, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the essential scope and spirit. | (US9924640)|FIELD OF INVENTION|[0001] This invention relates in general to methods of reducing global warming, and more specifically to doing so by increasing the effective reflectivity of the upper atmosphere to reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface, while allowing far IR radiation emitted by the Earth to pass through into space.|BACKGROUND|[0002] Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere. The Earth is warmed by absorbing sunlight and cooled by emitting blackbody radiation in the far infrared (IR) out into space. The greenhouse gases reduce the amount of IR radiation leaving the Earth. Hence, the Earth warms more in the presence of greenhouse gases, emitting more IR radiation, until the amount of IR radiation leaving the Earth is again in balance with the amount of sunlight energy arriving.|[0003] Most attempts to reduce global warming focus on reducing the amounts of the greenhouse gases (CO2, Methane, etc) in the lower atmosphere back to levels seen before 2005 or even back to levels seen in 1950. Unfortunately, even if we were to stop burning fossil fuels now and greatly reduce the amount of CO2 entering the atmosphere, the high level that is already there would last for something like 1000 years.|[0004] Therefore, alternate approaches, collectively called geo-engineering, have been proposed, in which something is introduced into the atmosphere to counteract the effects of the greenhouse gases. In one of these, a sulfate-based aerosol, made up of water droplets containing sulfuric acid, is introduced into the upper atmosphere, where the droplets will scatter sunlight and reflect some of the sunlight back into space. Since the total amount of sunlight that would reach the Earth is diminished, the Earth will cool, even through the CO2 is still trapping some of the IR radiation produced at the Earth's surface from leaving the Earth.|[0005] Unfortunately, placing huge quantities of sulfate-based aerosols into the upper atmosphere is highly controversial for several reasons. First, the sulfates will come down from the upper atmosphere in the form of acid rain. Acid rain is well known to have detrimental effects on trees, food crops and other plant life. Second, the droplets formed by adding sulfates to water are very small, in the range of 0.01-0.25 μm, with most around 0.05 μm. Particles of this size scatter short wavelength visible light more effectively than other parts of the sunlight spectrum. Both red and blue wavelengths of light are required by plants for photosynthesis. Scattering more of either red or blue could slow the growth of plants. It could adversely affect food production and slow the rate at which trees and other plants consume CO2. Finally, the time for which the SO2 water droplets will remain in the upper atmosphere is not known. There is a tendency for them to bump into each other and agglomerate. When big enough, they will fall more quickly down to Earth. If their lifetime in the upper atmosphere is too short, then more SO2 will be required to replace them and more acid rain will be created.|[0006] In another geo-engineering approach, it has been suggested that particles composed of metal oxides, like Al2O3, be introduced into the top of the lower atmosphere, from 7-13 km above the Earth, where the CO2 in the atmosphere tends to accumulate. These particles have much larger diameters ranging from 5 μm-10 μm.|[0007] A part of this approach is for these metal oxide particles to absorb the near IR (0.9 μm-2 μm) and re-radiate it back out into space. By doing so, about 30% of the energy in sunlight would not reach the surface of the Earth, causing the Earth to cool. Unfortunately, metal oxide particles, such as Al2O3 or Thorium Oxide particles that have been suggested for this approach, are quite transparent in the near IR and would not absorb much sunlight in this range of wavelengths. Since they absorb 10 μm wavelengths very well, they act like CO2, Methane and other greenhouse gases. They will reflect the black body radiation near 10 μm back to Earth and result in warming the Earth.|[0008] Another part of this approach is to use the Weisbach effect, where a material like Al2O3 absorbs energy at a wavelength of 10 μm and re-radiates it out as visible light. Gas lantern mantles use this effect to absorb the heat from burning gas and radiate a bright, white light. As Welsbach materials, Al2O3 or Thorium Oxide could absorb the 10 μm, black body radiation and re-radiate it as visible or ultra-violet light. As visible light, this energy would not be stopped by the CO2 and other greenhouse gases.|[0009] However, for this approach to be effective, these particles would have to be positioned within or below the CO2 layer. The black body energy from the Earth would have to hit these particles before it hit the CO2 layer. This would require that the particles are dispersed in the lower atmosphere at about 7 km, and certainly below 10 km. Unfortunately, in the lower atmosphere, particles in the air are quickly washed out of the air by rain. Particles with diameters in the range of 5 μm-10 μm fall out very quickly. Moreover, the cost of this approach would be high. One would have to mine relative pure Al2O3 or other metal oxides, and grind them into particles of the desired size.|[0010] Finally, people have also proposed introducing more water vapor into the upper atmosphere. Unfortunately, the water vapor tends to agglomerate readily to form large particles (ice crystals) of water. These ice crystals are commonly seen in the high Cirrus clouds that form in the upper part of the lower atmosphere. Water vapor and ice crystals are among the strongest greenhouse gases. While they might be effective in reflecting some sunlight back into space, their net effect is to reflect more heat back to the Earth.|[0011] There is, therefore, a need to identify and provide a different material from those previously considered, that could be positioned in the upper atmosphere to more efficiently provide the increased albedo effect desirous for reducing global warming, without incurring the risk of acid rain, negatively impacting photosynthesis, or increasing the reflection of IR radiation back to the Earth's surface.|SUMMARY|[0012] The present invention includes a method of lowering the temperature of the Earth. The method comprises placing particles of sand into the upper atmosphere, wherein the particles are selected on the basis of size and refractive index such that the particles will scatter and reflect incoming sunlight having a wavelength in the near-IR back into space. In one aspect, the average diameter of the particles is between 1 μm and 2.5 μm. In another aspect, the average diameter of the particles is selected based on the index of refraction and the Mie scattering intensity for dielectric particles, to maximize the amount of light scattered at wavelengths between 0.8 μm and 2 μm. In yet two other aspects, the average diameter of the particles is selected based on the index of refraction and the Mie scattering intensity for dielectric particles, to minimize the amount of light scattered at wavelengths between 5 μm and 20 μm and/or to minimize the amount of light scattered at wavelengths near 0.662 and 0.430 μm.|(US9924640)|BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS|[0013] FIG. 1 is a set of Mie Scattering graphs for dielectric particles with different values of index of refraction (n).|[0014] FIG. 2 is a Mie Scattering graph for metallic spheres.|[0015] FIG. 3 shows the relationships between atmospheric temperature, atmospheric pressure and altitude above the Earth.|(US9924640)|DETAILED DESCRIPTION|[0016] Embodiments of the present invention are methods of selecting particles of sand and placing them into the upper atmosphere, where they will act to strongly scatter sunlight and reflect it back into space to reduce the amount sunlight that penetrates the atmosphere and warms the Earth. Particles of sand are predominately comprised of SiO2, which is not a metal oxide; they do not readily exhibit the Welsbach effect, which is not necessary for the practice of the present invention.|[0017] FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate Mie scattering, by dielectric and metallic particles respectively, where the vertical axes represent the dimensionless ratios of the cross-section for scattering light to the geometric cross section ((π/4)*particle diameter squared) of the particles, and the horizontal axes represent the dimensionless ratios (q in FIG. 1) of particle circumference (or π*particle diameter) to wavelength.|[0018] Calculations for dielectric particles, such as those resulting in the curves of FIG. 1, show that the largest peak scattering cross-section occurs when 2*q*(n−1)=4, where n is the index of refraction. For particles of sand (SiO2) with an index of refraction (n) of 1.5, the largest peak in Mie scattering will therefore occur at a wavelength of (π*particle diameter)/4.|[0019] For one embodiment, the particle diameter is chosen to be in a narrow range around 1.6 μm, so that the wavelength for the maximum scattering of sunlight will be at 1.26 μm, and so that strong scattering will occur through the near infrared (ranging from 0.8 μm to 2 μm). Thus, when introduced into the upper atmosphere, sand particles with a diameter around 1.6 μm can strongly scatter sunlight in the near infrared wavelength band. It is well known that about 34% of the total amount of energy in sunlight is contained within this band. Sand particles will also scatter sunlight in the visible range, but less strongly. Combining the reflectance across all wavelengths of sunlight, a modest density of sand particles distributed in the upper atmosphere would easily reflect 30% or more of the total incident energy from the sun back into space.|[0020] Moreover, for particles providing a peak scattering intensity at a wavelength of 1.26 μm, the first minimum for scattering light will occur at 0.662 μm, which corresponds to the red light required for photosynthesis. The second minimum is at 0.430 μm, which corresponds to the blue light required for photosynthesis. According to Mie scattering calculations of the type used to produce the curves of FIG. 1, the maximum scattering cross section is about 2* the average scattering level for short wavelengths, and the magnitude of scattering at the first two minima is approximately 0.6 times and 0.8 times the short-wavelength average. Thus, when introduced into the upper atmosphere, sand particles with a diameter around 1.6 μm will not impact visible light in the two bands necessary for photosynthesis nearly as strongly as the smaller sulfate aerosol particles proposed by others.|[0021] Furthermore, with a particle diameter around 1.6 μm and index of refraction of 1.5, the scattering of the black body radiation around 10 μm that cools the Earth would be very weakly affected. Scattering at wavelengths much longer than the wavelength of the peak falls off as 4th power of the wavelengths—see the regions of the Mie scattering curves of FIGS. 1 and 21 to the left of the first scattering peak. Compared with the peak scattering intensity at 1.26 μm, the scattering intensity at 5 μm would be about 50 times smaller, at 10 μm it would be about 1000 times smaller, and at 20 μm it would be about 1 million times smaller. Even with particles as large as 3 μm, used in some other embodiments of this invention, the scattering intensity at 5 μm would be about 10 times lower than the scattering intensity at the peak, and at 10 μm would be about 80 times lower than at that peak. 1 Although FIG. 2 concerns Mie scattering by metal spheres, the same fall off from the peak applies for scattering by dielectric particles as for metallic ones.|[0022] In the present invention, the portion of the spectrum of sunlight that will be reflected by these sand particles is adjusted by carefully selecting their composition (which determines their index of refraction), and their diameter. By an appropriate selection of these parameters, the presence of these particles in the upper atmosphere will reduce global warming by strongly scattering the part of the sunlight that lies in the near infrared. Depending on the density of particles that are placed in the upper atmosphere, 30% or more of the total incoming sunlight can in theory be reflected back into space before it can be absorbed by the ground and heat the earth.|[0023] At the same time, by carefully choosing their diameter and index of refraction so that the peak light scattering occurs near 1.26 μm, these particles are also tuned to minimize reflecting away the sunlight required by plants. Finally, again by carefully choosing the size and index of refraction of the particles so that the peak light scattering occurs near 1.26 μm, the black body radiation removing heat from the earth is not reflected back towards the Earth's surface but can escape into space.|[0024] It should be noted that throughout this disclosure “strong” or “strongly” in the context of light scattering is defined to mean that the light scattering cross-section of the particle (or particles) concerned is greater than the 2* the geometric cross-section of that particle (or those particles).|[0025] FIG. 3 illustrates the relationships between atmospheric temperature, atmospheric pressure and altitude above the Earth. It shows an altitude of about 15,000 m (typical for mid-latitudes) for the upper end of the lower atmosphere, the troposphere, and the lower end of the upper atmosphere, or the stratosphere. It also shows the air temperature decreasing with altitude in the lower atmosphere, or troposphere, and increasing with altitude in stratosphere, or upper atmosphere.|[0026] In one embodiment, sand is gathered, screened to obtain a narrow distribution of particle diameters, transported up to the upper atmosphere, and released as un-agglomerated, fine dust into the air. “Sand” is a common term used to identify naturally occurring deposits of particles with a size range that is from approximately 0.1 μm to approximately 3000 μm. Deposits of particles that are much smaller tend to be defined as clay. Deposits of particles that are much larger tend to be defined as gravel. “Sand” particles are often thought of as consisting of mostly SiO2. For many naturally occurring deposits of sand, this is true. However, in some locations, many elements and minerals are in the sand. The defining factor for “sand” is the range of particle sizes.|[0027] In one embodiment, the type of sand gathered is “old” sand, taken from one of the major deserts of the world like the Sahara Desert. “Old” sand tends to be free of clay and salt particles. “Old” sand has been blowing around in the desert for centuries. The particles tend to be round and smooth, rather than irregular with sharp corners or edges. Round sand has the advantages of having a more uniform cross-section for scattering light, being less harmful to humans and animals, if any becomes airborne during the transport process, and being less likely to agglomerate during transport and deployment.|[0028] Often, “old” sand from the major deserts is not composed of pure silicon dioxide (SiO2), but may contain some iron and iron oxide in addition. The presence of iron compounds will probably change the index of refraction a little, and therefore, also change the preferred size of the particles so that the peak of the light scattering remains near 1.26 μm. For example, the refractive index of iron oxide is higher than SiO2. Therefore, the average particle diameter may need to be a little smaller to keep the wavelength of peak scattering at the desired value. Also, if there is a wide range of the amount of iron, then there will be a wider range for the effective light scattering cross-sections. Finally, the presence of iron in the sand could be a major benefit. Iron is known to fertilize ocean waters and encourage the growth of plankton and algae. These additional photosynthetic organisms sequester some additional carbon dioxide, which could help cool the earth.|[0029] In one embodiment of the present invention, sand is gathered and screened to select particles of a specific size. Particles are first screened with a mesh that allows only particles below a set diameter to fall through the screen. Then, the sand is additionally screened and/or centrifuged to segment the particles by size so that the desired particles sizes can be selected. Screening is a standard process that is used for sand and gravel. Centrifuging is also a standard process used to separate heavier from lighter materials. With several stages of screening and centrifuging, first the particles that are too large are removed. Then, the particles that are too small are removed. Particles in the desired range of sizes remain. This is just one method by which sand can be processed to select particles of a desired average diameter and to control the distribution of diameters. There are many other well known particle sorting and selecting techniques that can be used to implement this invention.|[0030] In one embodiment, the particles are mostly comprised of SiO2 with an index of refraction (n) of 1.5, and the center of the distribution of particle diameters (aka the average particle diameter) is chosen to be 1.6 μm. With an average diameter of 1.6 μm and a refractive index (n) of 1.5, the peak intensity of light scattering will occur at a wavelength of approximately 1.26 μm. In other embodiments, depending on the exact composition of the sand and the desired scattering peak, the center of the distribution (or average particle diameter) may be chosen anywhere from approximately 1 μm to 2.5 μm. In still other embodiments, the distribution may be much wider to lower the cost of the screening process. The average particle diameter may be in the range from 0.5 μm to 5 μm.|[0031] It may be beneficial, but not essential, that the distribution be kept very tight, with a clear tradeoff existing between ultimate performance and cost and/or time to provide the selected distribution. In one embodiment, the distribution of particle diameters would be within +−10% of the average. With an accurate average particle diameter and a tight distribution, the amount of sunlight attenuation in the near infrared (0.8 μm to 2 μm wavelength) can be maximized. At the same time, the amount of sunlight attenuation at the red and blue wavelengths required for photosynthesis (0.662 μm and 0.430 μm) can be minimized.|[0032] In some embodiments, the center of the distribution, or the average particle diameter (d) may be less than or greater than 1.6 μm, or the sand particles may have a wide variation in composition, or the distribution of particle diameters may be wide. For these cases, the light scattering cross-section at the red and blue wavelengths used by plants will approach 2 times the geometric cross section, where the geometric cross section is (1/4)*(πd2). However, even for these embodiments, with an index of 1.5 and an average particle diameter of 1.6 μm, the light scattering cross-section in the near IR band (0.8 μm-2 μm) is still more than 4 times the geometric cross-section. Hence, the amount of light reflected at the near IR wavelengths is twice as great as the amount of light reflected at the red and blue wavelengths of light used by plants.|[0033] The total amount of sand particles required for a 16% reduction in sunlight energy is modest. (A 16% reduction is simply used as an example; such a large reduction may not be necessary). To calculate a rough estimate, consider that the geometric cross-section of each particle is 2*10^−12 m2 and the light scattering cross-section of each particle is approximately 8*10^−12 m2 at 1.26 um and averages 4*10^−12 m2 for wavelengths shorter than 0.8 μm. Therefore, looking down through 1 sq m of the upper atmosphere, 1.25*10^11 particles per m2 of surface area would reflect approximately 63% of the incident near IR energy. It will also reflect about 40% of the sunlight at wavelengths shorter than 0.8 μm. Combining these two effects, about 50% of the sunlight would be reflected. Therefore, to achieve a 16% reduction in the total sunlight energy, roughly 4*10^10 particles per m2 would be required. Please note that a 16% change in the amount of sunlight reaching the earth is a huge change and likely to be much more than necessary.|[0034] The total mass of particles is calculated according to the formula:|Total Mass=(areal density of particles)*(Surface area of Earth)*(density of SiO2)*(volume of each particle)|Total Mass≈4*10^10/m2*3.14*(13,000,000)^2m2*2.5 mtons/m3*0.5*(1.6*10-6)^3m3|≈110 million mtons (metric tons) of sand particles|[0035] Fine particles of sand will remain in the upper atmosphere for about 2 years. This has been observed after explosive volcanic eruptions like Krakatoa. In theory, the sand particles could be placed in the upper atmosphere exactly above the equator and 50% of them would be carried north and 50% would be carried south by the upper atmosphere air currents. A more reliable practice is to place the sand particles slightly to the north and slightly to the south of the equator. The upper air currents tend to flow from the north side of the equator and south from the south side. They do not tend to cross the equator. In one embodiment of the present invention, the fine particles of sand are introduced into the upper atmosphere at each of two locations, one 0-3000 km north of the equator, and the other 0-3000 km south of the equator. If the particles are introduced too far to the north or south of the equator, then they may not flow back toward the equator enough to reflect sunlight over the equator. In another embodiment, they are introduced 500 km north and 500 km south of the equator. Again, based on observations after explosive volcanic eruptions, the particles will distribute themselves laterally around the globe within several months and longitudinally toward the poles over a few years. The upper atmosphere has air currents that will quickly distribute the fine sand particles along the earth's parallels, (in the east-west direction) and more slowly along the medians, from the equator to the poles.|[0036] From their time of introduction in the upper atmosphere, the fine sand particles will remain above the Earth's surface for about 2 years. This was also observed after major volcanic eruptions. Therefore, each year, we will need to replace 55 million mtons of particles (about ½ of the total). There is little communication between the upper and lower atmosphere. Particles placed into the upper atmosphere are held aloft by air currents. They do not tend to fall down into the lower atmosphere. Instead, the particles come down either inside of rain drops during intense thunderstorms (where the clouds reach into the upper atmosphere) or in the polar vortex and the storms it creates at either pole, where the particles will mostly come down inside of snowflakes.|[0037] Gathering the sand would be a routine process. In places like the Sahara Desert, the sand would be loaded into dump trucks and transported to a nearby location where it could be screened. In one embodiment, the sand would first be screened with increasingly fine mesh screens that will remove all particles with diameters greater than about 5 μm. Then, the remaining particles would be further screened and/or centrifuged one or more times to remove all particles greater than the maximum diameter desired. Finally, the remaining particles would be centrifuged one or more times to remove the particles with diameters below the minimum desired diameter. For particles with an average diameter between 0.5 and 5 μm, a series of screening and/or centrifuge steps is a cost effective process. A variety of standard techniques are available to implement this process.|[0038] The processed sand with the desired average particle size and with the desired distribution of particles sizes would be transported (by rail, by truck, by sea, and/or by air) to an airstrip near the equator. The percentage of gathered sand that will pass the screening and meet the goal of a tight distribution is difficult to estimate. It will depend on the exact location from which the sand is taken, the desired distribution (+−10%, +−20%, etc), and the cost of screening for tighter distributions. To minimize ground transportation costs, the distance from the gathering location to the screening location should be short.|[0039] There are a number of methods by which to transport the distribution of fine sand particles to the upper atmosphere. In one embodiment, the screened sand is flown to the upper atmosphere in planes. An empty Boeing 737 airplane can carry a load of 25 mtons. Such a plane would have to be adapted to reach and briefly operate at an altitude of 18,000 m (60,000 feet) or higher. The altitude that forms the boundary between the bottom of the upper atmosphere and the top of the lower atmosphere is illustrated in FIG. 3. In the lower atmosphere, the air temperature falls with increasing altitude. In the upper atmosphere, the air temperature rises with increasing altitude. The boundary between the two is defined as the altitude at which the temp stops falling and begins rising. This is also shown in FIG. 3. This altitude varies with latitude. At the equator, this boundary occurs at an altitude of about 17,000 m. At mid-latitudes it is lower. At the poles, it is much lower, often under 10,000 m. The altitude of the boundary also varies with the seasons and other factors. It is important to deliver the fine sand particles at least as high as the bottom of the upper atmosphere so that the upper atmosphere air currents can distribute the particles throughout the upper atmosphere and so that very few sand particles are accidentally introduced into the lower atmosphere. In one embodiment, the particles are placed 1000 m or more above the altitude at which the air temperature begins to rise with increasing altitude. This will assure that the particles are placed reliably into the upper atmosphere. When introduced at or above the bottom of the upper atmosphere, the particles will spread out. The air currents in the upper atmosphere will carry them upwards into the lower 10,000-20,000 m of the upper atmosphere, around the planet and eventually, toward the two poles.|[0040] Delivering 55 million mtons per year would require 2,200,000 flights, or 630 planes flying 10 flights per day, 350 days per year. The planes would take off near the equator, quickly climb to 18,000 m, release the fine sand particles into a fast air stream to assure break up any possible clumps, then descend, land, refuel and reload. This is quite doable. 10 flights a day would require about 15-20 hours per day.|[0041] At a charter cost of $5000 per hour and a total time per load of 1.5 hours, the cost per mton would be $300. Gathering the sand, screening the sand, transporting the sand to an airstrip, and flying the sand into the upper atmosphere should cost less than $500 per mton. This would be a total cost of less than $30 billion per year. To combat the effects of a several trillion dollar per year fossil fuel industry, this would be a small amount of money, about 1% of annual revenues.|[0042] In addition to aircraft, in other embodiments, hydrogen or helium balloons, long flexible pipes held aloft by blimps, Thoth towers or other more exotic means may be used to deliver the fine sand particles to the upper atmosphere.|[0043] Sand particles with diameters below 2.5 μm are known to cause damage to the lungs when inhaled. Around the world, safe limits for airborne particles with diameters below 2.5 μm have been set. The limits vary from 8-35 μg/m3. In embodiments of the present invention, the maximum concentration of sand particles (with 1.6 μm average diameter) in the upper atmosphere (after being distributed by air currents over a range of altitudes from 20,000 to 30,000 m above the Earth) is around 4 x 10^6 particles per m3, which corresponds to a mass density of 20 μg/m3. This is close to or in some cases exceeds the health safety limits set by various countries, but of course no practical risk is posed as long as the particles remain in the upper atmosphere. Only if substantially all of these particles in the upper atmosphere were to fall into lower altitudes (for example from 0 to 10,000 m) in an airborne state would their resulting mass density of 20 μg/m3 violate some of the health safety limits noted above and be of concern.|[0044] Fortunately, there is little communication between the upper and lower atmosphere. Once in the upper atmosphere, the particles will stay there for a long time. There are essentially two routes or processes by which they eventually fall towards the Earth's surface. In one, they would be brought down to Earth inside the raindrops of the most powerful thunderstorms, whose cloud tops reach into the upper atmosphere. Alternatively, they may be brought down inside of snowflakes in the storms created by the polar vortex near either of the poles. In both cases, they arrive in the lower atmosphere safely encapsulated within rain drops or snowflakes, and fall harmlessly to the ground, rather than being breathed into the lungs of people or animals.|[0045] Embodiments described herein provide various benefits. In particular, embodiments may result in a significant reduction in global warming by introducing into the upper atmosphere particles selected (in composition, size, and size distribution) to provide high levels of reflection of near IR energy from the sun back into space, transmission of visible wavelengths in the red and blue bands necessary for photosynthesis through to the Earth's surface, and transmission of far IR energy produced at the Earth's surface out into space. Some embodiments use particles selected to avoid the risk of acid rain. Some embodiments use particles sourced in part according to their shape, such that health risks and tendency to agglomerate during gathering and transportation and deployment are minimized.|[0046] Although the present invention has been described with respect to embodiments thereof, these particular embodiments are merely illustrative, and not restrictive. It will also be appreciated that one or more of the elements depicted in the drawings/figures can also be implemented in a more separated or integrated manner, or even removed or rendered as inoperable in certain cases, as is useful in accordance with a particular application. Thus, while particular embodiments have been described herein, latitudes of modification, various changes, and substitutions are intended in the foregoing disclosures, and it will be appreciated that in some instances some features of particular embodiments will be employed without a corresponding use of other features without departing from the scope and spirit as set forth. Therefore, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the essential scope and spirit. | AP unique ID|(US9924640 B1)|128082273|Family Number|(79164330)|79164330| | Optics|Other special machines | A01G-015/00 | A01G-015/00 | A01G-015/00|G02B-005/00 | A01G-015/00|G02B-005/00 | US20160158726|US20120241554|US20100071902|US20110013271|US20090116753|US20070069189|US5003186 | US20160158726 68605387 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=103|US20120241554 7963256 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=103|US20100071902 43862382 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=103|US20110013271 1846130 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=103|US20090116753 62102732 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US20070069189 44101936 WHO=Examiner SELF=N|US5003186 42690225 WHO=Applicant SELF=N | US20070069189; US20090116753; US20100071902; US20110013271; US20120241554; US20160158726; US5003186 | (US9924640)|Search Report references [Examiner]|-Maruyama et al., Possibility for Controlling Global Warming by Launching Nanoparticles Into the Stratosphere, 2015, Journal of Thermal Science and Technology, vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 1-18.|-Hovis, Infrared Spectral Reflectance of Some Common Minerals, Feb. 1966, Applied Optics, vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 245-248.|-Cox, Ask the Captain: How High Can a Plane Fly?, Feb. 2014, USA Today.|-Otterman, Earth-Atmosphere System and Surface Reflectivities in Arid Regions From Landsat Multispectral Scanner Measurements, Jun. 1976, Goddard Space Flight Center, p. 10.|-Hamill, P; “The Life Cycle of Stratospheric Aerosol Particles”, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol. 78, No. 7, Jul. 1997.|-Rotman, D; “A Cheap and Easy Plan to Stop Global Warming”, MIT Technology Review, Feb. 8, 2013.| | GRANTED | (US9924640)|GRANTED | ALIVE | (US9924640)|ALIVE | (US9924640)|LEGAL DETAILS FOR US9924640|Actual or expected expiration date=2037-01-20|Legal state=ALIVE|Status=GRANTED|Event publication date=2017-01-20|Event code=US/APP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Application details|Application country=US US15410954|Application date=2017-01-20|Standardized application number=2017US-15410954|Event publication date=2017-01-20|Event code=US/EXMR|Event group=Administrative notifications|USPTO Examiner Name|PRIMARY EXAMINER:MCCORMACK, JASON L|Event publication date=2017-01-20|Event code=US/ART|Event group=Administrative notifications|USPTO Art Group|ART=2881|Event publication date=2017-01-20|Event code=US/DK|Event group=Examination events|Attorney Docket Number|Docket Nbr: MSK04|Event publication date=2017-01-20|Event code=US/CUST|Event group=Examination events|Attorney/Agent Customer Number|Customer Nbr: 96178|Event publication date=2017-01-20|Event code=US/AIA|Event group=Administrative notifications|First Inventor File Indicated:|AIA=Yes|Event publication date=2017-01-20|Event code=US/SMALL|Event group=Administrative notifications|Appl Has Filed a Verified Statement of Micro to Small Entity Status|Business Entity Status: Small|Event publication date=2017-01-20|Event code=US/PTARDY|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Patent Term Adjustment - Ready for Examination|Event publication date=2017-01-20|Event code=US/PET|Event group=APL|Petition Entered|Event publication date=2017-01-20|Event code=US/ENT|Event group=Administrative notifications|Entity Status Set to Undiscounted|Event publication date=2017-01-27|Event code=US/SMALL|Event group=Administrative notifications|Appl Has Filed a Verified Statement of Micro to Small Entity Status|Event publication date=2017-01-30|Event code=US/APPFILEREC|Event group=Administrative notifications OAO|Filing Receipt|Event publication date=2017-03-03|Event code=US/DISCSEF|Event group=OAI|Electronic Information Disclosure Statement|Event publication date=2017-03-03|Event code=US/IDS|Event group=Examination events OAI|Information Disclosure Statement Filed|Event publication date=2017-03-09|Event code=US/POAC|Event group=Change of name or address|Change in Power of Attorney (May Include Associate POA)|Event publication date=2017-03-16|Event code=US/DOCK|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Case Docketed to Examiner|Event publication date=2017-04-06|Event code=US/PETDGMS|Event group=ACL|Record Petition Decision of Granted to Make Special|Event publication date=2017-05-18|Event code=US/DOCK|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Case Docketed to Examiner|Event publication date=2017-05-23|Event code=US/RESTREQ|Event group=Examination events Corrections OAO|Restriction/Election Requirement|Event publication date=2017-05-30|Event code=US/ELC|Event group=Examination events OAI|Response to Election / Restriction Filed|Event publication date=2017-06-15|Event code=US/CTNF|Event group=Examination events OA OAO|Non-Final Rejection|Event publication date=2017-06-22|Event code=US/112NF|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Non-final rejection reason 112 - subject matter in claims not properly defined|RJD=2017-06-22|R4R=112b|RJST=non-final|Rejected claims 1-13|Event publication date=2017-06-22|Event code=US/103NF|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Non-final rejection reason 103 - obvious subject matter in claims|RJD=2017-06-22|R4R=103|RJST=non-final|Rejected claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, and 12; 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US | (US9924640)|NAME=Keshner Marvin S, CITY=Sonora, STATE=CA , COUNTRY=US |NAME=Vaaler Erik Garth, CITY=Redwood City, STATE=CA , COUNTRY=US | 7 | 0 | (US9924640)|1 | (US9924640)|11 | (US9924640)|12 | 0 | 0 | 1 | (US9924640)|3 | 1 | 1 | (US9924640)|Number of Claims: NCL=12|Number of Drawings: NDR=3|Number of Figures: NFG=3|Independent Claim Number: ICL=1|Number of Independent Claims: NICL=1|Exemplary Claim Number: ECL=1|Primary examiner: McCormack Jason|Art Unit.: ART =2881| | (US9924640)|ENGLISH (ENG) | (US9924640)|Patent | Titre: (US9924640)|Modifying sunlight scatter in the upper atmosphere Résumé: (US9924640)|A method of lowering the temperature of the Earth comprises placing particles of sand into the upper atmosphere, wherein the particles are selected on the basis of size and refractive index such that the particles will scatter and reflect incoming sunlight having a wavelength in the near-IR back into space. The average diameter of the particles may be selected based on the index of refraction and the Mie scattering intensity for dielectric particles, to maximize the amount of light scattered at wavelengths between 0.8 μm and 2 μm. The average diameter of the particles may be selected based on the index of refraction and the Mie scattering intensity for dielectric particles, to minimize the amount of light scattered at wavelengths between 5 μm and 20 μm. Autre: (US9924640)|The invention claimed is:|1. A method of lowering the temperature of the Earth, the method comprising:| gathering, from one or more naturally occurring deposits, particles of sand comprising SiO2 and other minerals;| selecting from the gathered sand particles, without performing any chemical processing, a sub-set of sand particles, wherein the selection is based solely on| size and refractive index such that| the light scattering cross-section of the sand particles for wavelengths between 0.8 μm and 2.5 μm is greater than 2 x the geometric cross-section of the sand particles; and| placing the selected sub-set of sand particles into the upper atmosphere.|2. The method of claim 1, where the diameter of the particles is within +/−10% of 1.6 μm.|3. The method of claim 1, where the average diameter of the particles is selected based on the index of refraction and the Mie scattering intensity for dielectric particles, to maximize the amount of light scattered at wavelengths between 0.8 μm and 2 μm.|4. The method of claim 1, where the average diameter of the particles is selected based on the index of refraction and the Mie scattering intensity for dielectric particles, to minimize the amount of light scattered at wavelengths between 5 μm and 20 μm.|5. The method of claim 1, where the average diameter of the particles is selected based on the index of refraction and the Mie scattering intensity for dielectric particles, to minimize the amount of light scattered at or near the wavelengths of 0.662 μm and 0.430 μm.|6. The method of claim 1, where the particles are mostly composed of SiO2 having an index of refraction of 1.5.|7. The method of claim 6, where the average diameter of the particles is selected to be 1.6 μm.|8. The method of claim 1, where the particles are sand particles gathered from a desert.|9. The method of claim 1, where the placement of the particles comprises transporting the particles into the upper atmosphere and releasing them at a first location within 3000 km to the north of the equator and at a second location within 3000 km to the south of the equator.|10. The method of claim 1, where the placement of the particles comprises transporting the particles to a location above the lower edge of the upper atmosphere using a commercial airplane adapted to reach and operate at an altitude of 18,000 m or higher.|11. The method of claim 1, where the placement of the particles comprises transporting the particles to a location above the lower edge of the upper atmosphere using hydrogen or helium filled balloons.|12. The method of claim 1, where the selection of particles comprises screening using fine mesh screens and/or centrifuges to retain only particles that fall within a desired range of diameters. | 5 | Abstract | gpt-4o-mini | yes | The patent describes a method of injecting particles into the upper atmosphere to scatter and reflect sunlight, which aligns with solar geoengineering techniques aimed at cooling the Earth. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 7 | FR2407851 | FR2407851 | FR3164599 | 117503524 | FR3164599 A1 2026-01-23 [FR3164599] | 2024-07-17 | 2024-07-17 | 2026-01-23 | (FR3164599)|2044-07-17 | (FR3164599)|Atmospheric dehydration system to mitigate global warming and weaken weather events | (FR3164599)|A system for mitigating global warming and weakening meteorological events comprises a device located in the stratosphere, a structure connecting the device in the stratosphere and the device for launching the stratospheric device and the structure located on the surface of the earth. The structure will make it possible to locally reduce the moisture content in the environment of the trajectory of the structure thanks to the properties of the materials used, preferably hydrophobic and hydrophilic. The drop in humidity in the troposphere will attenuate the energy of weather events and the drop in humidity to the top of the stratosphere will attenuate the potential for a terrestrial greenhouse effect. | GAUDART GEORGES ([FR]) | (FR3164599)|gaudart georges ([FR]) | GAUDART GEORGES | (FR3164599)|Gaudart Georges | (FR3164599)|A great deal of meteorological research is being carried out, which is leading to an increasingly detailed knowledge of cyclones and, among other things, to an increasingly reliable prediction of their trajectory and intensity, which makes it possible to alert populations in advance.|In order to remain on the simplest structure of the wire, the wire must advantageously be composed of materials preferably having hydrophobic or even super-hydrophobic properties and of hydrophilic materials.|It is advantageous to have humidity sensors preferably on the probe or airship or platform and possibly on the launching device in order to monitor the evolution of humidity in the environment close to the system.|It is therefore once again these zones that must be targeted for the dehumidification of the entire column that goes up to the top of the stratosphere.|To give a little more detail about an example embodiment, [FIG. 51 shows a more complex system composed of 2 airships D1 and D2 in the maritime launch frame with 2 boats B1 and B2.| | (FR3164599)|1. A system for mitigating global warming and weakening meteorological events comprising: - A device capable of moving and remaining in the stratosphere for as long as possible, a probe or preferably an airship or platform - A device made of hydrophobic and/or super hydrophobic and hydrophilic material called a structure and linking the device positioned in the stratosphere and the device for launching the structure and the probe or airship - A device for launching the probe or airship and launching the structure linked to the probe or airship located at the level of the land or sea surface. Characterized in that the structure will make it possible to locally reduce the moisture content in the environment of the trajectory of the structure in the troposphere and in the stratosphere thanks to the properties of the materials used. The hydrophilic materials will facilitate coalescence and the hydrophobic materials will facilitate the sliding of the water drops.| | (FR3164599)|METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH DEAL(100,1)|TRAJECTORY RELIABLE PREDICTION(100,1)|MARITIME LAUNCH(82,1)|MITIGATING GLOBAL WARMING(82,1)|LAUNCHING PROBE(81,1)|WEAKENING METEOROLOGICAL EVENT(72,1)|METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH(69,1)|HUMIDITY EVOLUTION(68,1)|AIRSHIP(65,19)|ALERT POPULATION(65,1)|RELIABLE PREDICTION(65,1)|STRATOSPHERE(60,24)|PROBE(52,7)|RECOVERING RAINWATER(52,1)|BOAT B1(49,1)|ENTIRE COLUMN DEHUMIDIFICATION(47,1)|SUPER HYDROPHOBIC MATERIAL(39,1)|LAUNCH(36,6)|STRUCTURE TRAJECTORY(34,1)|HYDROPHOBIC MATERIAL(33,3)|COALESCENCE(33,2)|TROPOSPHERE(32,8)|ABSORBENT MATERIAL(32,6)|MOISTURE CONTENT(32,4)|PLATFORM(31,5)|SUPER HYDROPHOBIC(27,2)|CYCLONE DETAILED KNOWLEDGE(26,1)|LAUNCHING STRUCTURE(25,2)|STRATOSPHERE TOP(25,2)|FULL COLUMN(24,1)|HUMIDITY SENSOR(23,1)|NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL PHENOMENA(21,1)|EVEN SUPER HYDROPHOBIC(17,2)|DEPLOYMENT STRUCTURE(17,1)|NITROGLYCERIN POLYETHER(16,2)|DETAILED KNOWLEDGE(15,1)|METEOROLOGICAL PROBE BALLOON(15,1)|WATER DROP(15,1)|GLOBAL TERRESTRIAL WARMING(14,1)|STRATOSPHERE DEHUMIDIFICATION(14,1)|TROPOSPHERE DEHYDRATING COLUMN(13,1)|CYCLONE ROUTE HISTORY(11,1)|METEOROLOGICAL REALITY(11,1)|STORM FURY(11,1)|SUBMICRON PARTICLE TON(11,1)|ORANGE OVAL(10,2)|CONVECTIVE CLOUD(10,1)|CYCLONE BIRTH(10,1)|TROPICAL PHENOMENA ENERGY(10,1)|ZONE DEHUMIDIFICATION(10,1)|ALTITUDE(8,4)|ARTIFICIAL CLOUDINESS LIMITING(8,1)|CYCLONE DRIVER(8,1)|CYCLONE EYE(8,1)|EARTH GLOBAL RADIATIVE BALANCE(8,1)|FUTURISTIC RADIATIVE BALANCE(8,1)|HYDROPHOBIC SUPER(8,1)|RADIATIVE FORCING IDEA(8,1)|STRATOSPHERE ZONE(8,1)|TROPICAL REGION SWIRLING PHENOMENON(8,1)|TROPICAL WEATHER PHENOMENA(8,1)|FISHING REEL(7,3)|CREATION HOT ZONE(7,1)|CYCLONE CREATION(7,1)|DEATH CONFIRMATION(7,1)|HURRICANE EYE WALL INOCULATION(7,1)|RAINDROP FORMATION(7,1)|SUPER MOISTURE ABSORBING POLYMER(7,1)|TERRESTRIAL RADIATIVE BALANCE DIAGRAM(7,1)|BOAT(6,4)|AIR HUMIDITY(6,2)|TROPICS(6,2)|ATMOSPHERE ZONE(5,1)|COMPLEX PHENOMENON(5,1)|COMPLEX SYSTEM(5,1)|FORMATION DRIVER(5,1)|HURRICANE COVER(5,1)|INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION(5,1)|MITIGATION(5,1)|OUTSIDE BIRD MIGRATION ZONE(5,1)|REGULAR WIND(5,1)|SAFE CHEMICAL(5,1)|TERM CYCLONE(5,1)|TERM TYPHOON(5,1)|UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT(5,1)| | (FR3164599)|1. A system for mitigating global warming and weakening meteorological events comprising: - A device capable of moving and remaining in the stratosphere for as long as possible, a probe or preferably an airship or platform - A device made of hydrophobic and/or super hydrophobic and hydrophilic material called a structure and linking the device positioned in the stratosphere and the device for launching the structure and the probe or airship - A device for launching the probe or airship and launching the structure linked to the probe or airship located at the level of the land or sea surface. Characterized in that the structure will make it possible to locally reduce the moisture content in the environment of the trajectory of the structure in the troposphere and in the stratosphere thanks to the properties of the materials used. The hydrophilic materials will facilitate coalescence and the hydrophobic materials will facilitate the sliding of the water drops.|2. System according to claim 1, characterized in that 2 systems are connected by cables (3).|3. System according to claim 1, wherein the length of the structure is managed at the launch device and/or at the device in the stratosphere.|4. The system according to claim 1, wherein the dimensions of the deployed structure are approximately 50 km in the direction of the height and also approximately 50 km in the direction of the width.|5. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a device for recovering rainwater. | (FR3164599)|Technical field of the invention|[0001] The invention aims to decrease the humidity in the atmosphere in order to decrease the global greenhouse effect of the Earth. More specifically, the invention aims to weaken meteorological events in general and in particular tropical events, the most violent of which are cyclones.|State of the art|[0002] The terms typhoon, cyclone and hurricane cover one and the same meteorological reality, that is to say a swirling phenomenon of tropical regions accompanied by winds whose speed is greater than or equal to 120 km/h. Subsequently, the term cyclone will be used to describe this phenomenon.|[0003] Global warming has multiple consequences on life and infrastructure. While experts cannot say that cyclones and other extreme weather events will be more frequent, the majority agree that their severity and the damage caused will be increasingly significant. Regarding cyclones, not only is it shown that increasingly strong winds (e.g. Cyclone IRMA in 2017) are observed and to be expected, but the affected areas will also be wider and wider.|To put it in perspective, Katrina in 2015 accounted for 1,836 confirmed deaths, 80% of New Orleans flooded, and more than one million Louisianans displaced by the disaster, at a cost of more than $180 billion.|To put into perspective the fact that about 80 cyclones form each year!|[0004] A great deal of meteorological research is being carried out, which is leading to an increasingly detailed knowledge of cyclones and, among other things, to an increasingly reliable prediction of their trajectory and intensity, which makes it possible to alert populations in advance.|[0005] Conditions for creating a cyclone include:|[0006] - a surface temperature of ocean waters above 26°C over a depth of about 50 meters - no wind at altitude so as not to disperse convective clouds or regular winds - a pressure gradient to allow the movement of masses of humid air and cause depression - a geographical position of the place of formation distant from the equator by a few degrees of latitude so that the value of the Coriolis force is not zero, thus promoting the creation of a circular movement of the masses of air - a supply of hot and humid air from the gas exchanges between the ocean and the atmosphere.|[0007] - a moisture content greater than 70% in the troposphere to promote the formation of cumulonimbus-type cloud masses|[0008] With regard to global warming, lowering the humidity level in the stratosphere promotes the overall radiative balance by reducing the greenhouse effect associated with the presence of water molecules in the stratosphere.|[0009] Intertropical convergence zones are moisture-feeding zones of the stratosphere and therefore tackling dehumidification of these zones contributes both to combating global warming while combating the tropical weather phenomena in creation.|[0010] Regarding cyclones, about 100 patents have been filed in order to weaken cyclones or prevent their formation without concrete realization to date.|[0011] The majority of patents will focus on declining ocean temperatures, which is the main driver of the cyclone.|[0012] Some patents propose to act on solar radiation either by means of reflecting surfaces or by means of injections of substances in order to influence the global or more futuristic radiative balance by a network of microwave beam satellites to stifle cyclones.|[0013] Others will tackle moisture and this is not recent because already in 1891 US462795 proposes to produce rain with dry ice.|[0014] Or U.S. Pat. No. 2,007,114,298 which proposes to use oatmeal which will capture a large quantity of water. The claims include the use of dry ice.|[0015] U.S. Pat. No. 6,315,213 also proposes dispersing super moisture-absorbing polymers using aircraft.|[0016] U.S. Pat. No. 5,441,200 proposes introducing hydrated agents, for example copper sulfate, into the wall of the eye of the cyclone in order to disturb the cyclone.|[0017] Concerning the stratosphere, several patents relate to radiative forcing in order to improve the global radiative balance of the earth and gradually reduce the earth's temperature.|[0018] RU2012133493 proposes to use aerosols in the stratosphere comprising, for example, mixtures of nitroglycerin polyethers, metal oxides in order to create artificial cloudiness limiting the solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface.|[0019] GB2487289 proposes to inject 500,000 tons of submicron particles into the stratosphere over a period of one year with an airship fed from the Earth's surface via a duct connected to the airship. The aim here too is to limit the incident solar radiation with particles having high refractive indices.|[0020] Still with the same idea of radiative forcing, several patents propose injecting SO2, as is the case with GB2448595 via a balloon or U.S. Pat. No. 8,152,091 from an airplane.|[0021] US5003186 proposes an injection of aluminum oxide or thorium.|[0022] Inoculation of hurricane eye walls with silver iodide was attempted as part of a United States government project called Storm Fury. The results were inconclusive and silver iodide is not necessarily an environmentally safe chemical.|[0023] These are probably the reasons why all these patents have not led to concrete achievements, that is to say the possible and uncontrolled consequences of injection of substance into the atmosphere and may be of interaction between different substances.|[0024] This is why the present invention proposes another approach without injecting substance into the atmosphere.|Description of the invention|[0025] The idea is to have a structure between the Earth's surface (whether on land or at sea) and the stratosphere, which will reduce the level of humidity in the atmosphere, which will both reduce the Earth's greenhouse effect and mitigate weather phenomena.|[0026] The system includes a launch device, a structure and a device in the stratosphere.|[0027] To give a schematic view, the simplest structure that can be imagined is a wire connecting, for example, a boat or a buoy or, in general, an object floating at sea level to a balloon of the meteorological probe balloon type or an airship or a larger platform located in the stratosphere (see [Fig. 1]). Similarly, the wire can connect the land from a fixed or mobile device to a balloon or airship or a platform located in the stratosphere.|[0028] The device, fixed or mobile, located on the surface of the earth (on land or at sea) shall be capable of launching the probe or airship and the structure. The adaptation of the length of the structure must preferably be done from this launching device for reasons of ease and weight. To give simple examples, we can imagine devices of the fishing reel type making it possible to adapt the length of the structure as a function of the displacement constraints at the level of the surface of the earth, at the level of the troposphere and at the level of the stratosphere, among other things, between day and night, and all this in order not to stress the wire (the structure) too mechanically. For safety reasons, the launching device and the probe or airship or platform must have means enabling detection. This device is preferably located outside air traffic zones and also outside bird migration zones. It is advantageous to have humidity sensors preferably on the probe or airship or platform and possibly on the launching device in order to monitor the evolution of humidity in the environment close to the system.|[0029] The idea is to have this system in place permanently throughout the year and over a number of years. The larger the number of systems and the larger the size of the system, the more easily the effects can be measured and the more positively the system will impact.|[0030] In order to remain on the simplest structure of the wire, the wire must advantageously be composed of materials preferably having hydrophobic or even super-hydrophobic properties and of hydrophilic materials. To make a very simple of a complex phenomenon which is the formation of raindrops, the idea is to use both hydrophilic properties in order to facilitate coalescence (formation of large drops from smaller drops) and hydrophobic or even super hydrophobic properties to facilitate the sliding of the drops.|[0031] The wire is preferably made of polymers that can withstand mechanical stresses, thermal stresses with temperatures of about -60°c at the tropopause (border between the troposphere and the stratosphere), UV, sea salt in about the surface of the oceans.|[0032] To give an order of magnitude, considering a probe balloon with a payload of 60 kg and a polymer wire with a length of 50,000 m, a density of 1500 kem-3 and a diameter lmm, the mass of the wire corresponds to the payload of 60 kg. It is for this reason, among other things, that it will be preferable to turn to an airship which has a larger payload and which also has the virtue of being airship-like unlike the probe. The airship can also have flight times in the stratosphere of the order of the year. The platform is an idea but will require the use of airships.|[0033] If a focus is made on tropical events, the idea of the invention therefore aims, in order to reduce the energy of tropical phenomena, to target preferentially the hottest zones of creation of tropical events by dehydrating columns of the troposphere (zone of the atmosphere between the level and the surface of the earth and an altitude of approximately 12,000 m). For the tropical phenomena of the North Atlantic, the areas to be targeted are preferably fairly large areas around the Cape Verde islands or certain areas of the Caribbean Sea. Indeed, the moisture content in the troposphere is one of the conditions of formation of tropical events. So one of the ideas is to try to dehumidify this column of air in the troposphere first.|[0034] The dehumidification of the stratosphere (the area of the atmosphere between the troposphere and an altitude of about 50,000 m) will also reduce the greenhouse effect associated with the presence of moisture in the stratosphere and globally in the atmosphere from the Earth's surface to the top of the stratosphere. It should be noted that a large part of the moist air enters the stratosphere at the tropics and therefore it is important for the global greenhouse effect to act at the tropics. Reducing the greenhouse effect also means reducing the temperature, which is also one of the drivers of the formation of tropical events.|[0035] Dehumidification will also create a flow of water colder than that present on the surface of the oceans, which will allow additional cooling. This is not the essential point but we can imagine if necessary a device for recovering fresh water.|[0036] The system is unique and depending on its terrestrial positioning it will target more the reduction of the greenhouse effect or more the mitigation of weather events or more globally the 2 at the same time.|[0037] To summarize, in the fight against tropical phenomena, the launch device is preferably positioned at sea and the aim is to preferentially tackle moisture in the troposphere. When the reduction of the terrestrial greenhouse effect is targeted, the device is not necessarily on the sea and the target is preferably the humidity in the stratosphere.|Brief description of the figures|[0038] The purpose of these figures is to illustrate the idea in order to make it better understood|[FIG. 1] is an example of an embodiment of the invention, with the use of a boat (10) used for launching the structure (20) and the airship (30). The airship will position itself in the stratosphere. The airship (30) and the boat (10) are movable. The length of the structure (20) is preferably managed from the boat (10) in this embodiment. It should be understood that even if a certain form of the invention is illustrated, it must not be limited to the specific form or to the specific arrangement represented here. It will be clear to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention should not be considered as being limited to what is shown and described in the description and drawings.|[Fig.2] is a representation of 150 years of history of cyclone routes in the North Atlantic and it can be seen that many cyclones originate around the Cape Verde islands (orange oval and mark 1). It is therefore mainly this area of the North Atlantic that must be targeted for the positioning of the system or of the set of systems. There may also be cyclones that catch in the Caribbean Sea (orange oval and mark 2).|[Fig.3] is an example of a temperature map in the North Atlantic with 2 notable areas of very high temperature in dark red with the Horn of Africa on the one hand and the Caribbean Sea on the other hand which also correspond to the areas of birth of cyclones seen in [Fig.2]. It is therefore once again these zones that must be targeted for the dehumidification of the entire column that goes up to the top of the stratosphere.|[FIG. 4] is a very simplified diagram of the terrestrial radiative balance to explain that the aim of the invention for the global terrestrial warming part is to increase the radiative flux exiting through the stratosphere by decreasing the moisture content in the stratosphere in order to decrease the greenhouse effect potential of the stratosphere.|FIG. 51 is another embodiment more complex than that of FIG. 1. In the case of [FIG. 51] there is a meshed structure positioned above the sea and comprising 2 airships and 2 boats.|[0039] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AN EMBODIMENT|[0040] [Fig. 1] illustrates in a simple way the idea of the invention which consists in dehydrating the troposphere and the stratosphere in the vicinity of the structure connecting the earth's surface to the stratosphere.|[0041] To give a little more detail about an example embodiment, [FIG. 51 shows a more complex system composed of 2 airships D1 and D2 in the maritime launch frame with 2 boats B1 and B2.|[0042] The structure is composed|A cable (1) connecting respectively B1 to Dl|cable (2) connecting respectively B 2 to D 2|Cables (3) connecting (1) to (2)|A cable (4) passing through the middle of the cables (3)|[0043] The order of magnitude of the length of cables 1,2 and 3 is 60 km.|[0044] The distance between 2 cables 3 is of order of magnitude 1 km.|[0045] The cables are composed of materials preferably having hydrophobic or even super-hydrophobic properties and of hydrophilic materials. Advantageously produced by alternating materials preferably with hydrophobic properties (see super hydrophobic) and hydrophilic materials. Depending on the altitude and temperature, the % of hydrophobic materials and the % of hydrophilic materials may vary.|[0046] In this example, Dl and D2 are launched from Bl. In this embodiment, the length of the cables 1, 2 and 3 are chosen to facilitate the launching of D1 and then D2. Another boat B 2 is subsequently responsible for managing D 2. The assembly Dl, Bl, D 2 and B 2 is coordinated so as not to apply stress on the structure and so as to position the structure for the most effective dehumidification.|[0047] The length of cables 1 and 2 can be managed by fishing reel systems. These « reels » are preferably located on B 1 and B 2 but can also be positioned on D 1 and D 2 in order to give the system more flexibility in use.|[0048] As stated above, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention should not be considered as being limited to what is described in this exemplary embodiment. | (FR3164599)|Technical field of the invention|[0001] The invention aims to decrease the humidity in the atmosphere in order to decrease the global greenhouse effect of the Earth. More specifically, the invention aims to weaken meteorological events in general and in particular tropical events, the most violent of which are cyclones.|State of the art|[0002] The terms typhoon, cyclone and hurricane cover one and the same meteorological reality, that is to say a swirling phenomenon of tropical regions accompanied by winds whose speed is greater than or equal to 120 km/h. Subsequently, the term cyclone will be used to describe this phenomenon.|[0003] Global warming has multiple consequences on life and infrastructure. While experts cannot say that cyclones and other extreme weather events will be more frequent, the majority agree that their severity and the damage caused will be increasingly significant. Regarding cyclones, not only is it shown that increasingly strong winds (e.g. Cyclone IRMA in 2017) are observed and to be expected, but the affected areas will also be wider and wider.|To put it in perspective, Katrina in 2015 accounted for 1,836 confirmed deaths, 80% of New Orleans flooded, and more than one million Louisianans displaced by the disaster, at a cost of more than $180 billion.|To put into perspective the fact that about 80 cyclones form each year!|[0004] A great deal of meteorological research is being carried out, which is leading to an increasingly detailed knowledge of cyclones and, among other things, to an increasingly reliable prediction of their trajectory and intensity, which makes it possible to alert populations in advance.|[0005] Conditions for creating a cyclone include:|[0006] - a surface temperature of ocean waters above 26°C over a depth of about 50 meters - no wind at altitude so as not to disperse convective clouds or regular winds - a pressure gradient to allow the movement of masses of humid air and cause depression - a geographical position of the place of formation distant from the equator by a few degrees of latitude so that the value of the Coriolis force is not zero, thus promoting the creation of a circular movement of the masses of air - a supply of hot and humid air from the gas exchanges between the ocean and the atmosphere.|[0007] - a moisture content greater than 70% in the troposphere to promote the formation of cumulonimbus-type cloud masses|[0008] With regard to global warming, lowering the humidity level in the stratosphere promotes the overall radiative balance by reducing the greenhouse effect associated with the presence of water molecules in the stratosphere.|[0009] Intertropical convergence zones are moisture-feeding zones of the stratosphere and therefore tackling dehumidification of these zones contributes both to combating global warming while combating the tropical weather phenomena in creation.|[0010] Regarding cyclones, about 100 patents have been filed in order to weaken cyclones or prevent their formation without concrete realization to date.|[0011] The majority of patents will focus on declining ocean temperatures, which is the main driver of the cyclone.|[0012] Some patents propose to act on solar radiation either by means of reflecting surfaces or by means of injections of substances in order to influence the global or more futuristic radiative balance by a network of microwave beam satellites to stifle cyclones.|[0013] Others will tackle moisture and this is not recent because already in 1891 US462795 proposes to produce rain with dry ice.|[0014] Or U.S. Pat. No. 2,007,114,298 which proposes to use oatmeal which will capture a large quantity of water. The claims include the use of dry ice.|[0015] U.S. Pat. No. 6,315,213 also proposes dispersing super moisture-absorbing polymers using aircraft.|[0016] U.S. Pat. No. 5,441,200 proposes introducing hydrated agents, for example copper sulfate, into the wall of the eye of the cyclone in order to disturb the cyclone.|[0017] Concerning the stratosphere, several patents relate to radiative forcing in order to improve the global radiative balance of the earth and gradually reduce the earth's temperature.|[0018] RU2012133493 proposes to use aerosols in the stratosphere comprising, for example, mixtures of nitroglycerin polyethers, metal oxides in order to create artificial cloudiness limiting the solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface.|[0019] GB2487289 proposes to inject 500,000 tons of submicron particles into the stratosphere over a period of one year with an airship fed from the Earth's surface via a duct connected to the airship. The aim here too is to limit the incident solar radiation with particles having high refractive indices.|[0020] Still with the same idea of radiative forcing, several patents propose injecting SO2, as is the case with GB2448595 via a balloon or U.S. Pat. No. 8,152,091 from an airplane.|[0021] US5003186 proposes an injection of aluminum oxide or thorium.|[0022] Inoculation of hurricane eye walls with silver iodide was attempted as part of a United States government project called Storm Fury. The results were inconclusive and silver iodide is not necessarily an environmentally safe chemical.|[0023] These are probably the reasons why all these patents have not led to concrete achievements, that is to say the possible and uncontrolled consequences of injection of substance into the atmosphere and may be of interaction between different substances.|[0024] This is why the present invention proposes another approach without injecting substance into the atmosphere.|Description of the invention|[0025] The idea is to have a structure between the Earth's surface (whether on land or at sea) and the stratosphere, which will reduce the level of humidity in the atmosphere, which will both reduce the Earth's greenhouse effect and mitigate weather phenomena.|[0026] The system includes a launch device, a structure and a device in the stratosphere.|[0027] To give a schematic view, the simplest structure that can be imagined is a wire connecting, for example, a boat or a buoy or, in general, an object floating at sea level to a balloon of the meteorological probe balloon type or an airship or a larger platform located in the stratosphere (see [Fig. 1]). Similarly, the wire can connect the land from a fixed or mobile device to a balloon or airship or a platform located in the stratosphere.|[0028] The device, fixed or mobile, located on the surface of the earth (on land or at sea) shall be capable of launching the probe or airship and the structure. The adaptation of the length of the structure must preferably be done from this launching device for reasons of ease and weight. To give simple examples, we can imagine devices of the fishing reel type making it possible to adapt the length of the structure as a function of the displacement constraints at the level of the surface of the earth, at the level of the troposphere and at the level of the stratosphere, among other things, between day and night, and all this in order not to stress the wire (the structure) too mechanically. For safety reasons, the launching device and the probe or airship or platform must have means enabling detection. This device is preferably located outside air traffic zones and also outside bird migration zones. It is advantageous to have humidity sensors preferably on the probe or airship or platform and possibly on the launching device in order to monitor the evolution of humidity in the environment close to the system.|[0029] The idea is to have this system in place permanently throughout the year and over a number of years. The larger the number of systems and the larger the size of the system, the more easily the effects can be measured and the more positively the system will impact.|[0030] In order to remain on the simplest structure of the wire, the wire must advantageously be composed of materials preferably having hydrophobic or even super-hydrophobic properties and of hydrophilic materials. To make a very simple of a complex phenomenon which is the formation of raindrops, the idea is to use both hydrophilic properties in order to facilitate coalescence (formation of large drops from smaller drops) and hydrophobic or even super hydrophobic properties to facilitate the sliding of the drops.|[0031] The wire is preferably made of polymers that can withstand mechanical stresses, thermal stresses with temperatures of about -60°c at the tropopause (border between the troposphere and the stratosphere), UV, sea salt in about the surface of the oceans.|[0032] To give an order of magnitude, considering a probe balloon with a payload of 60 kg and a polymer wire with a length of 50,000 m, a density of 1500 kem-3 and a diameter lmm, the mass of the wire corresponds to the payload of 60 kg. It is for this reason, among other things, that it will be preferable to turn to an airship which has a larger payload and which also has the virtue of being airship-like unlike the probe. The airship can also have flight times in the stratosphere of the order of the year. The platform is an idea but will require the use of airships.|[0033] If a focus is made on tropical events, the idea of the invention therefore aims, in order to reduce the energy of tropical phenomena, to target preferentially the hottest zones of creation of tropical events by dehydrating columns of the troposphere (zone of the atmosphere between the level and the surface of the earth and an altitude of approximately 12,000 m). For the tropical phenomena of the North Atlantic, the areas to be targeted are preferably fairly large areas around the Cape Verde islands or certain areas of the Caribbean Sea. Indeed, the moisture content in the troposphere is one of the conditions of formation of tropical events. So one of the ideas is to try to dehumidify this column of air in the troposphere first.|[0034] The dehumidification of the stratosphere (the area of the atmosphere between the troposphere and an altitude of about 50,000 m) will also reduce the greenhouse effect associated with the presence of moisture in the stratosphere and globally in the atmosphere from the Earth's surface to the top of the stratosphere. It should be noted that a large part of the moist air enters the stratosphere at the tropics and therefore it is important for the global greenhouse effect to act at the tropics. Reducing the greenhouse effect also means reducing the temperature, which is also one of the drivers of the formation of tropical events.|[0035] Dehumidification will also create a flow of water colder than that present on the surface of the oceans, which will allow additional cooling. This is not the essential point but we can imagine if necessary a device for recovering fresh water.|[0036] The system is unique and depending on its terrestrial positioning it will target more the reduction of the greenhouse effect or more the mitigation of weather events or more globally the 2 at the same time.|[0037] To summarize, in the fight against tropical phenomena, the launch device is preferably positioned at sea and the aim is to preferentially tackle moisture in the troposphere. When the reduction of the terrestrial greenhouse effect is targeted, the device is not necessarily on the sea and the target is preferably the humidity in the stratosphere.|Brief description of the figures|[0038] The purpose of these figures is to illustrate the idea in order to make it better understood|[FIG. 1] is an example of an embodiment of the invention, with the use of a boat (10) used for launching the structure (20) and the airship (30). The airship will position itself in the stratosphere. The airship (30) and the boat (10) are movable. The length of the structure (20) is preferably managed from the boat (10) in this embodiment. It should be understood that even if a certain form of the invention is illustrated, it must not be limited to the specific form or to the specific arrangement represented here. It will be clear to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention should not be considered as being limited to what is shown and described in the description and drawings.|[Fig.2] is a representation of 150 years of history of cyclone routes in the North Atlantic and it can be seen that many cyclones originate around the Cape Verde islands (orange oval and mark 1). It is therefore mainly this area of the North Atlantic that must be targeted for the positioning of the system or of the set of systems. There may also be cyclones that catch in the Caribbean Sea (orange oval and mark 2).|[Fig.3] is an example of a temperature map in the North Atlantic with 2 notable areas of very high temperature in dark red with the Horn of Africa on the one hand and the Caribbean Sea on the other hand which also correspond to the areas of birth of cyclones seen in [Fig.2]. It is therefore once again these zones that must be targeted for the dehumidification of the entire column that goes up to the top of the stratosphere.|[FIG. 4] is a very simplified diagram of the terrestrial radiative balance to explain that the aim of the invention for the global terrestrial warming part is to increase the radiative flux exiting through the stratosphere by decreasing the moisture content in the stratosphere in order to decrease the greenhouse effect potential of the stratosphere.|FIG. 51 is another embodiment more complex than that of FIG. 1. In the case of [FIG. 51] there is a meshed structure positioned above the sea and comprising 2 airships and 2 boats.|[0039] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AN EMBODIMENT|[0040] [Fig. 1] illustrates in a simple way the idea of the invention which consists in dehydrating the troposphere and the stratosphere in the vicinity of the structure connecting the earth's surface to the stratosphere.|[0041] To give a little more detail about an example embodiment, [FIG. 51 shows a more complex system composed of 2 airships D1 and D2 in the maritime launch frame with 2 boats B1 and B2.|[0042] The structure is composed|A cable (1) connecting respectively B1 to Dl|cable (2) connecting respectively B 2 to D 2|Cables (3) connecting (1) to (2)|A cable (4) passing through the middle of the cables (3)|[0043] The order of magnitude of the length of cables 1,2 and 3 is 60 km.|[0044] The distance between 2 cables 3 is of order of magnitude 1 km.|[0045] The cables are composed of materials preferably having hydrophobic or even super-hydrophobic properties and of hydrophilic materials. Advantageously produced by alternating materials preferably with hydrophobic properties (see super hydrophobic) and hydrophilic materials. Depending on the altitude and temperature, the % of hydrophobic materials and the % of hydrophilic materials may vary.|[0046] In this example, Dl and D2 are launched from Bl. In this embodiment, the length of the cables 1, 2 and 3 are chosen to facilitate the launching of D1 and then D2. Another boat B 2 is subsequently responsible for managing D 2. The assembly Dl, Bl, D 2 and B 2 is coordinated so as not to apply stress on the structure and so as to position the structure for the most effective dehumidification.|[0047] The length of cables 1 and 2 can be managed by fishing reel systems. These « reels » are preferably located on B 1 and B 2 but can also be positioned on D 1 and D 2 in order to give the system more flexibility in use.|[0048] As stated above, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention should not be considered as being limited to what is described in this exemplary embodiment. | AP unique ID|(FR3164599 A1)|180696833|Family Number|(117503524)|117503524| | Other special machines | A01G-015/00|B01D-005/00/33|B01D-005/00/9|E03B-003/28 | A01G-015/00|B01D-005/00/33|B01D-005/00/9|E03B-003/28 | A01G-015/00 | A01G-015/00 | US20190030475|EP2840184|US3748867|RU2012133493|GB2487289|US8152091|GB2448595|US20070114298|US6315213|US5441200|US5003186|US-462795 | US20190030475 83232297 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=Y|EP2840184 46250826 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=Y|US3748867 42189346 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=Y|RU2012133493 61854624 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|GB2487289 7963256 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US8152091 43838389 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|GB2448595 45647 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US20070114298 44111695 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US6315213 43221107 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US5441200 42874753 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US5003186 42690225 WHO=Applicant SELF=N|US-462795 38974166 WHO=Applicant SELF=N | EP2840184; US3748867; US20190030475; US2007114298; US-462795; US20070114298; US6315213; US5441200; RU2012133493; GB2487289; GB2448595; US8152091; US5003186 | PENDING | (FR3164599)|PENDING | ALIVE | (FR3164599)|ALIVE | (FR3164599)|LEGAL DETAILS FOR FR3164599|Actual or expected expiration date=2044-07-17|Legal state=ALIVE|Status=PENDING|Event publication date=2024-07-17|Event code=FR/APP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Application details|Application country=FR FR2407851|Application date=2024-07-17|Standardized application number=2024FR-0007851|Event publication date=2025-07-09|Event code=FR/PLFP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Payment or non-payment notifications Restitution or restoration|Fee payment|Derniere annuite payee|Annual fees payment date=2025-07-09|Year of payment of annual fees=2|Event publication date=2026-01-23|Event code=FR/A1|Event group=Examination events|Application for patent of invention, (first publ.)|Publication country=FR|Publication number=FR3164599|Publication stage code=A1|Publication date=2026-01-23|Standardized publication number=FR3164599|Event publication date=2026-01-23|Event code=FR/PLSC|Event group=Administrative notifications Examination events|Search report ready|Publication du rapport de recherche preliminaire|Effective date of the event=2026-01-23 | (FR3164599)|FR | https://www.orbit.com/GetPDF?gui=crypt&callingapp=EDOFF&key=P4fDBRIb1JTloUs+UvNoCaCa4vFyxJplNoC7YXsv59YGnqhCiah71aMBN8cII1otJsj+r4XrQ7A=&n=1 | https://sobj.orbit.com/sobj/getMosaic?bdi=na&userid=ZIBNDZZF&key=FR0000000006013186&ekey=2442&xpn=FR3164599&kind=A1 | https://data.inpi.fr/brevets/FR3164599 | https://permalink.orbit.com/RenderStaticFirstPage?XPN=4ASk6vlZwtU1zTc2PWcWRHfDUqlXTJ5uwQdFuycu4uk%3D%26n%3D1&id=0&base=FAMPAT | FR | (FR3164599)|FR | (FR3164599)|NAME=gaudart georges 170 allée JF Thorrand , CITY=VOREPPE , POSTCODE=38340 , COUNTRY=FR | (FR3164599)|FR | (FR3164599)|NAME=Gaudart Georges, CITY=VOREPPE, POSTCODE=38340, COUNTRY=FR | 12 | 0 | (FR3164599)|1 | (FR3164599)|4 | (FR3164599)|5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | (FR3164599)|5 | 1 | 1 | (FR3164599)|Number of Claims: NCL=5|Gazette number: GAZNUM=2026-04| | (FR3164599)|FRENCH (FRE) | (FR3164599)|Patent | Titre: (FR3164599)|Atmospheric dehydration system to mitigate global warming and weaken weather events Résumé: (FR3164599)|A system for mitigating global warming and weakening meteorological events comprises a device located in the stratosphere, a structure connecting the device in the stratosphere and the device for launching the stratospheric device and the structure located on the surface of the earth. The structure will make it possible to locally reduce the moisture content in the environment of the trajectory of the structure thanks to the properties of the materials used, preferably hydrophobic and hydrophilic. The drop in humidity in the troposphere will attenuate the energy of weather events and the drop in humidity to the top of the stratosphere will attenuate the potential for a terrestrial greenhouse effect. Autre: (FR3164599)|1. A system for mitigating global warming and weakening meteorological events comprising: - A device capable of moving and remaining in the stratosphere for as long as possible, a probe or preferably an airship or platform - A device made of hydrophobic and/or super hydrophobic and hydrophilic material called a structure and linking the device positioned in the stratosphere and the device for launching the structure and the probe or airship - A device for launching the probe or airship and launching the structure linked to the probe or airship located at the level of the land or sea surface. Characterized in that the structure will make it possible to locally reduce the moisture content in the environment of the trajectory of the structure in the troposphere and in the stratosphere thanks to the properties of the materials used. The hydrophilic materials will facilitate coalescence and the hydrophobic materials will facilitate the sliding of the water drops.|2. System according to claim 1, characterized in that 2 systems are connected by cables (3).|3. System according to claim 1, wherein the length of the structure is managed at the launch device and/or at the device in the stratosphere.|4. The system according to claim 1, wherein the dimensions of the deployed structure are approximately 50 km in the direction of the height and also approximately 50 km in the direction of the width.|5. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a device for recovering rainwater. | 7 | Abstract | gpt-4o-mini | no | The article focuses on reducing humidity to mitigate global warming and weather events, rather than injecting aerosols into the stratosphere to reflect solar radiation. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8 | DE102022102326|WOEP2023/052231|IN202427060462 | CL2024002291|WOEP2023/052231|IN202427060462|ZA202406024|JOP20240160|AEP2024-01882|MA67281|AU2023215586|CN202380019007|IL314469|MX2024009352|DE102022102326 | ZA202406024|MA67281|CL2024002291|IN202427060462|AU2023215586|CN118613153|IL314469|AEP2024-01882|MX2024009352|JOP20240160|WO2023/148137|DE102022102326 | 105972271 | CL2024002291 A1 2025-01-17 [CL202402291]|WO2023/148137 A1 2023-08-10 [WO2023148137]|IN202427060462 A 2024-09-27 [IN202427060462]|ZA202406024 B 2025-04-30 [ZA202406024]|JOP20240160 A1 2024-07-23 [JO20240160]|AEP2024-01882 A1 2024-08-12 [AE202401882]|MA67281 A1 2025-02-28 [MA--67281]|AU2023215586 A1 2024-09-12 [AU2023215586]|CN118613153 A 2024-09-06 [CN118613153]|IL314469 A 2024-09-01 [IL-314469]|MX2024009352 A 2024-08-09 [MX2024009352]|DE102022102326 A1 2023-08-03 [DE102022102326] | 2022-02-01|2023-01-31|2024-08-09 | 2024-07-30|2023-01-31|2024-08-09|2024-08-05|2024-07-23|2024-07-22|2023-01-31|2023-01-31|2023-01-31|2023-01-31|2023-01-31|2022-02-01 | 2025-04-30|2025-02-28|2025-01-17|2024-09-27|2024-09-12|2024-09-06|2024-09-01|2024-08-12|2024-08-09|2024-07-23|2023-08-10|2023-08-03 | |||(ZA202406024)|2025-04-30|(MA--67281)|2025-02-28||||||| | (WO2023/148137)|2025-08-01|(DE102022102326)|2042-02-01|(CN118613153)|2043-01-31|(ZA202406024)|2043-01-31|(MA67281)|2043-01-31|(CL2024002291)|2044-07-30|(IN202427060462)|2043-01-31|(AU2023215586)|2043-01-31|(IL314469)|2043-01-31|(AEP2024-01882)|2043-01-31|(MX2024009352)|2043-01-31|(JOP20240160)|2043-01-31 | (WO2023/148137)|Method for reducing the global greenhouse effect | (WO2023/148137)|The invention relates to a method for reducing the global greenhouse effect, in which a gas that is inactive for long-wave radiation is introduced into the Earth's atmosphere, preferably the troposphere, thereby increasing the total volume of the Earth's atmosphere. According to the invention, in order to provide an alternative method for reducing the global greenhouse effect, a mass of climate-damaging gases contained in the Earth's atmosphere remains constant, such that the increase in the total volume brings about a relative reduction in the content of climate-damaging gases in the Earth's atmosphere relative to the total volume of the Earth's atmosphere. | HENSCHEN STEFAN | (WO2023/148137)|HENSCHEN, Stefan ([DE])|(DE102022102326)|Henschen Stefan ([DE])|(CN118613153)|HENSCHEN, STEFAN ([DE])|(ZA202406024)|Dr. Stefan Henschen|(MA67281)|HENSCHEN, Stefan|(CL2024002291)|Stefan HENSCHEN|(IN202427060462)|Henschen Stefan|(AU2023215586)|HENSCHEN Stefan|(IL314469)|HENSCHEN, Stefan ([DE])||(MX2024009352)|Stefan HENSCHEN|(JOP20240160)|HENSCHEN, Stefan | HENSCHEN STEFAN | (WO2023/148137)|HENSCHEN, Stefan | (WO2023/148137)|BAUER WAGNER PELLENGAHR SROKA PATENT- & RECHTSANWALTS PARTG MBB ([DE])|(DE102022102326)|BAUER WAGNER PELLENGAHR SROKA Patent- & Rechtsanwalts PartG mbB ([DE])|(CN118613153)|ZHANG WEI;SHENZHEN ZHONGYI UNION INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AGENCY CO., LTD.|Reg. Nb: 44414|(AU2023215586)|Madderns Pty Ltd ([AU])|(IL314469)|REINHOLD COHN AND PARTNERS ([IL])|(AEP2024-01882)|JAH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY L L C|Reg. Nb: 638955 | (WO2023/148137)|Furthermore, in particular, an increase in the proportion of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere to a certain extent advantageously has no negative influence on humans and the eco-system of the earth, so that the proportion of oxygen can be increased without any concerns.|These molecular compounds can in turn utilize the carbon dioxide contained in the earth's atmosphere and/or the carbon contained therein for new molecular compounds and thus advantageously remove the carbon dioxide from the earth's atmosphere.|[07] The process according to the invention has many advantages. In particular, the method makes it possible to reduce the greenhouse effect.|At the same time, these processes can cause the emission of other greenhouse gases such as methane.|It is known that oxygen and nitrogen do not lead to an increase in the global average temperature, since they are inactive for the longer-wave heat radiation, thus do not absorb and subsequently emit it and thus do not contribute to the greenhouse effect.|This is due to the fact that corresponding diatomic gas molecules have a symmetrical structure and, for this reason, do not experience any excitation of vibrations by long-wave radiation.| | (WO2023/148137)|1. Method for reducing the global greenhouse effect, in which a gas which is inactive for long-wave radiation is introduced into the earth 's atmosphere, preferably the troposphere, as a result of which the total volume of the earth' s atmosphere is increased, in such a way that a mass of the climate-harmful gases contained in the earth 's atmosphere remains constant, so that the increase in the total volume brings about a relative reduction in the content of climate-harmful gases contained in the earth' s atmosphere, based on the total volume of the earth 's atmosphere.| | (WO2023/148137)|The invention relates to a method for reducing the global greenhouse effect, in which a gas that is inactive for long-wave radiation is introduced into the Earth's atmosphere, preferably the troposphere, thereby increasing the total volume of the Earth's atmosphere. According to the invention, in order to provide an alternative method for reducing the global greenhouse effect, a mass of climate-damaging gases contained in the Earth's atmosphere remains constant, such that the increase in the total volume brings about a relative reduction in the content of climate-damaging gases in the Earth's atmosphere relative to the total volume of the Earth's atmosphere.|[04] It is therefore an object of the present invention to develop an alternative method for reducing the greenhouse effect.|[06] For the purposes of the present invention, a "gas which is inactive for long-wave radiation" is, in particular, a gas which, owing to its chemical structure, is not capable of absorbing and emitting long-wave radiation.| | (WO2023/148137)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(100,48)|TOTAL VOLUME(100,19)|GAS(100,15)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE VOLUME(100,12)|REDUCTION(100,12)|LONG WAVE RADIATION(100,11)|CLIMATE HARMFUL GAS(100,8)|GLOBAL GREENHOUSE EFFECT(100,5)|CLIMATE HARMFUL GAS MASS(100,4)|TROPOSPHERE(100,4)|CLIMATE HARMFUL GAS CONTENT(100,3)|EARTH TOTAL VOLUME(100,1)|CLIMATE DAMAGING GAS(57,2)|CLIMATE DAMAGING GAS MASS(43,1)|CLIMATE DAMAGING GAS CONTENT(42,1)|GAS ATOM(42,1)|EARTH CRUST(28,4)|NEGATIVE INFLUENCE(24,2)|METHANE(22,1)|MOLECULAR COMPOUND(18,3)|GREENHOUSE GAS(18,1)|SYMMETRICAL STRUCTURE(18,1)|GREENHOUSE EFFECT(16,5)|GAS INTRODUCTION(14,10)|THAWING PERMAFROST SOILS(14,1)|SEAWATER ALKALINITY(13,2)|SILICON DIOXIDE REDUCTION(12,2)|BOYLE MARIOTTE LAW(12,1)|ECONOMICALLY JUSTIFIABLE EXPENDITURE(12,1)|OCEAN FERTILIZATION(11,2)|HEAT RADIATION(11,1)|CARBON DIOXIDE(10,26)|REGENERATIVE ENERGY SOURCE(9,2)|CLOUD LIGHTENING(9,1)|NITRATE DENITRIFICATION(9,1)|OCEAN ECOSYSTEM(9,1)|DESERT SPREAD(8,1)|ISOTOPE INVESTIGATION(8,1)|LONG WAVE HEAT RADIATION(8,1)|CARBON DIOXIDE PROPORTION(7,5)|SOLAR ENERGY(7,3)|WIND ENERGY(7,2)|DALTON LAW(7,1)|METHANE EJECTION(7,1)|CHEMICAL STRUCTURE(5,1)|CLIMATE DAMAGING AVERAGE SPACING(5,1)|EMITTED RADIATION(5,1)|RAIN WALL RECOVERY(5,1)|INFRARED RADIATION(4,4)|OXYGEN CONTENT(4,2)|TEMPORAL CHANGE(4,2)|BANDING(4,1)|OUTLAY(4,1)|SOLAR RADIATION INCIDENT(4,1)|STEADILY INCREASING PROPORTION(4,1)||(DE102022102326)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(100,39)|GLOBAL GREENHOUSE EFFECT(100,4)|REDUCING GLOBAL GREENHOUSE EFFECT(100,1)|GAS ATOM(66,1)|TROPOSPHERE(60,4)|EARTH CRUST(44,4)|EARTH TOTAL VOLUME(44,1)|NEGATIVE INFLUENCE(39,2)|LONG WAVE RADIATION(37,11)|METHANE(35,1)|TOTAL VOLUME(30,13)|GREENHOUSE GAS(29,1)|SYMMETRICAL STRUCTURE(29,1)|MOLECULAR COMPOUND(28,3)|GREENHOUSE EFFECT(26,5)|GAS INTRODUCTION(22,10)|THAWING PERMAFROST SOILS(22,1)|SEAWATER ALKALINITY(20,2)|BOYLE MARIOTTE LAW(20,1)|ECONOMICALLY JUSTIFIABLE EXPENDITURE(20,1)|SILICON DIOXIDE REDUCTION(19,2)|OCEAN FERTILIZATION(18,2)|HEAT RADIATION(18,1)|CARBON DIOXIDE(17,26)|REGENERATIVE ENERGY SOURCE(15,2)|CLOUD LIGHTENING(14,1)|NITRATE DENITRIFICATION(14,1)|OCEAN ECOSYSTEM(14,1)|CARBON DIOXIDE PROPORTION(12,5)|DESERT SPREAD(12,1)|ISOTOPE INVESTIGATION(12,1)|LONG WAVE HEAT RADIATION(12,1)|SOLAR ENERGY(11,3)|WIND ENERGY(11,2)|DALTON LAW(11,1)|METHANE EJECTION(11,1)|REDUCTION(9,3)|CHEMICAL STRUCTURE(9,1)|CLIMATE DAMAGING AVERAGE SPACING(9,1)|EMITTED RADIATION(9,1)|RAIN WALL RECOVERY(9,1)|INFRARED RADIATION(7,4)|OXYGEN CONTENT(7,2)|TEMPORAL CHANGE(7,2)|BANDING(7,1)|CLIMATE HARMFUL GAS CONTENT(7,1)|CLIMATE HARMFUL GAS MASS(7,1)|OUTLAY(7,1)|SOLAR RADIATION INCIDENT(7,1)|STEADILY INCREASING PROPORTION(7,1)|STRATOSPHERE(7,1)|ACCUMULATOR(5,1)||(CN118613153)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(100,47)|REDUCING GLOBAL WARMING(100,5)|CLIMATE DAMAGING GAS(57,10)|SOIL ECOSYSTEM(44,1)|CLIMATE DAMAGING GAS MASS(39,4)|CLIMATE DAMAGING GAS CONTENT(38,4)|TROPOSPHERE(37,4)|CLIMATE DAMAGING GAS QUALITY(28,1)|TOTAL VOLUME(27,16)|EARTH CRUST(22,4)|CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION(21,1)|REASONABLE EFFORT(18,1)|OXYGEN PROPORTION(17,12)|THERMAL RADIATION(14,4)|MOLECULAR COMPOUND(14,3)|LONG WAVE(14,1)|REDUCING SILICA(14,1)|GAS INTRODUCTION(12,9)|GREENHOUSE EFFECT FORMATION(12,1)|THERMAL RADIATION LONG WAVE(12,1)|CARBON DIOXIDE(11,26)|LONG WAVE RADIATION(11,11)|SEAWATER ALKALINITY(10,2)|GREENHOUSE EFFECT REDUCTION(10,1)|SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION(8,1)|REDUCTION(7,4)|TOTAL VOLUME RESULT(7,4)|GREENHOUSE EFFECT(6,4)|SOLAR ENERGY(6,3)|AVERAGE DISTANCE(6,2)|WIND ENERGY(6,2)|GAS LONG TERM STORAGE(6,1)|LONG TERM STORAGE(6,1)|MARINE FATTENING(6,1)|MARINE FERTILITY(6,1)|NITRATE DENITRIFICATION(6,1)|PERMANENT FROZEN SOIL(6,1)|CARBON DIOXIDE PROPORTION(5,4)|BOMA LAW(5,1)|RAIN FOREST INCREASING FELLING(5,1)|WEATHER NEUTRALITY(5,1)|GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE(4,9)|ARTIFICIALLY CREATED CLIMATE CHANGE(4,2)|RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE(4,2)|AEROSOL INTRODUCTION(4,1)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE DROP(4,1)|FILLING EARTH ATMOSPHERE(4,1)|GAS ATOM(4,1)|GLACIER START(4,1)|INSTALLING MIRROR(4,1)|METHANE EMISSION(4,1)|NITROGEN SIMULTANEOUS INTRODUCTION(4,1)|INFRARED RADIATION(3,4)|DESERT REGION(3,1)|DESERTIFICATION(3,1)|EMITTED RADIATION(3,1)|MOLTEN SALT ELECTROLYSIS(3,1)|SOLAR RADIATION INCIDENT(3,1)|STRATOSPHERE(3,1)|WEATHER DESTRUCTIVE GAS(3,1)|AGRICULTURE(2,1)|ARTIFICIAL CLIMATE CHANGE(2,1)|BIOSPHERE(2,1)||(IN202427060462)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(100,49)|TOTAL VOLUME(100,19)|GAS(100,13)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE VOLUME(100,12)|LONG WAVE RADIATION(100,11)|REDUCING GLOBAL GREENHOUSE EFFECT(100,4)|TROPOSPHERE(100,4)|ECONOMICALLY JUSTIFIABLE EFFORT(70,1)|CLIMATE DAMAGING GAS(52,11)|CLIMATE DAMAGING GAS CONTENT(41,4)|CLIMATE DAMAGING GAS MASS(40,5)|CLIMATE DAMAGING(28,1)|EARTH CRUST(25,4)|CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION(25,1)|NEGATIVE IMPACT(22,2)|METHANE(19,1)|MOLECULAR COMPOUND(16,3)|GREENHOUSE GAS(16,1)|CARBON DIOXIDE(12,26)|GAS INTRODUCTION(12,10)|GREENHOUSE EFFECT(11,4)|SEAWATER ALKALINITY(11,2)|BOYLE MARIOTTE LAW(11,1)|GREENHOUSE EFFECT REDUCTION(11,1)|OCEAN FERTILIZATION(10,2)|RAINFOREST DEFORESTATION(10,1)|THERMAL RADIATION(9,3)|REDUCING SILICON DIOXIDE(9,2)|SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION(9,1)|REDUCTION(8,4)|REGENERATIVE ENERGY SOURCE(8,2)|NITRATE DENITRIFICATION(8,1)|THAWING PERMAFROST(8,1)|CARBON DIOXIDE PROPORTION(7,5)|ENRICHING EARTH ATMOSPHERE(7,1)|GAS LONG TERM STORAGE(7,1)|LONG TERM STORAGE(7,1)|SOLAR ENERGY(6,3)|LONG WAVE THERMAL RADIATION(6,2)|WIND ENERGY(6,2)|DALTON LAW(6,1)|METHANE EMISSION(6,1)|NITROGEN INTRODUCTION(5,2)|EMITTED RADIATION(5,1)|FUZE SALT ELECTROLYSIS(5,1)|GAS ATOM(5,1)|GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE(4,9)|INFRARED RADIATION(4,4)|TEMPORAL CHANGE(4,2)|DESERT REGION(4,1)|DESERTIFICATION(4,1)|OCEANIC ECOSYSTEM(4,1)|SOLAR RADIATION INCIDENT(4,1)|STEADILY INCREASING PROPORTION(4,1)|STRATOSPHERE(4,1)|AGRICULTURE(3,1)||(AU2023215586)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE(100,49)|TOTAL VOLUME(100,19)|GAS(100,14)|EARTH ATMOSPHERE VOLUME(100,13)|LONG WAVE RADIATION(100,11)|REDUCING GLOBAL GREENHOUSE EFFECT(100,4)|TROPOSPHERE(100,4)|ECONOMICALLY JUSTIFIABLE EFFORT(67,1)|CLIMATE DAMAGING GAS(52,10)|CLIMATE DAMAGING GAS CONTENT(39,4)|CLIMATE DAMAGING GAS MASS(38,5)|CLIMATE DAMAGING(27,1)|EARTH CRUST(24,4)|CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION(24,1)|NEGATIVE IMPACT(21,2)|METHANE(19,1)|GREENHOUSE GAS(16,1)|MOLECULAR COMPOUND(15,3)|GAS INTRODUCTION(12,10)|CARBON DIOXIDE(11,26)|GREENHOUSE EFFECT(11,4)|BOYLE MARIOTTE LAW(11,1)|GREENHOUSE EFFECT REDUCTION(11,1)|SEAWATER ALKALINITY(10,2)|RAINFOREST DEFORESTATION(10,1)|OCEAN FERTILIZATION(9,2)|REDUCING SILICON DIOXIDE(9,2)|SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION(9,1)|REDUCTION(8,4)|THERMAL RADIATION(8,3)|REGENERATIVE ENERGY SOURCE(8,2)|NITRATE DENITRIFICATION(8,1)|THAWING PERMAFROST(8,1)|ENRICHING EARTH ATMOSPHERE(7,1)|GAS LONG TERM STORAGE(7,1)|LONG TERM STORAGE(7,1)|CARBON DIOXIDE PROPORTION(6,5)|SOLAR ENERGY(6,3)|LONG WAVE THERMAL RADIATION(6,2)|WIND ENERGY(6,2)|DALTON LAW(6,1)|METHANE EMISSION(6,1)|NITROGEN INTRODUCTION(5,2)|EMITTED RADIATION(5,1)|FUZE SALT ELECTROLYSIS(5,1)|GAS ATOM(5,1)|GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE(4,9)|INFRARED RADIATION(4,4)|TEMPORAL CHANGE(4,2)|DESERT REGION(4,1)|DESERTIFICATION(4,1)|OCEANIC ECOSYSTEM(4,1)|SOLAR RADIATION INCIDENT(4,1)|STEADILY INCREASING PROPORTION(4,1)|STRATOSPHERE(4,1)|AGRICULTURE(3,1)| | (WO2023/148137)|Claims|1. Method for reducing the global greenhouse effect, in which a gas which is inactive for long-wave radiation is introduced into the earth 's atmosphere, preferably the troposphere, as a result of which the total volume of the earth' s atmosphere is increased, in such a way that a mass of the climate-harmful gases contained in the earth 's atmosphere remains constant, so that the increase in the total volume brings about a relative reduction in the content of climate-harmful gases contained in the earth' s atmosphere, based on the total volume of the earth 's atmosphere.|2. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the amount of gas introduced is in a range between 0.1% and 30.0%, based on the total volume of the earth's atmosphere.|3. Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the introduced gas contains or consists of oxygen and/or nitrogen.|4. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the introduced gas is obtained from the earth's crust, preferably by means of a reduction method.|5. Process according to Claim 4, characterized in that the oxygen is obtained by means of reduction of silicon dioxide, the silicon dioxide preferably taken from desert sand.|6. Method according to Claim 4 or 5, characterized in that a regenerative energy source, in particular solar energy and/ or wind energy, is used at least partially, preferably completely, in the reduction method. | (WO2023/148137)|[0001] Method for reducing global greenhouse effect | [0002] DESCRIPTION | [0003] Introduction | [0004] [01] Current climate models predict an increase in the global average temperature from 1.5 °C to 2030 year due to climate change made by humans. The climate change made by humans can be attributed, inter alia, to the steadily increasing proportion of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere. carbon dioxide largely allows short-wave radiation to pass, while it absorbs longer-wave thermal radiation and finally emits it again. Part of the emitted radiation is directed in the direction of the earth's surface, which is thereby heated and likewise emits thermal radiation. This is absorbed and emitted again on the carbon dioxide molecules contained in the earth's atmosphere. This process is continued continuously. Overall, the system is thus heated, which leads to an increase in the global average temperature. The ejection of methane additionally contributes to the greenhouse effect because of the thawing permafrost soils. The consequences of the air conditioning change are already noticeable in the form of dams, towers and flooding. | [0005] [02] In order to reduce the climate change caused by humans as a result of the increase in carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere, a large number of methods are known. Thus, methods are known which provide or propose ocean fertilization to remove carbon dioxide from the earth's atmosphere. In addition, it is proposed that the alkalinity of the seawater be increased or largely increased. However, ocean fertilization or else an increase in the alkalinity of seawater would have considerable effects on the ocean ecosystems and on the pH with unknown consequences. At the same time, these processes can cause the emission of other greenhouse gases such as methane. In particular, the extraction of carbon dioxide from the air entails a problem of long-term storage of the gas. Suitable accumulators would have to have a corresponding capacity and a long-lived tightness. For the forestry, large areas are required which are not available because of the original banding, agriculture and the spread of the desert. | [0006] [03] Furthermore, a large number of methods are known which are intended to reduce the proportion of solar radiation incident on the surface of the earth, for example the installation of mirror surfaces in space, the introduction of aerosols into the stratosphere, the lightening of clouds above the sea or else the whitening of surfaces. However, the above measures involve considerable outlay or, in turn, produce large amounts of carbon dioxide during the reaction. | [0007] Task | [0008] [04] It is therefore an object of the present invention to develop an alternative method for reducing the greenhouse effect. | [0009] Solution | [0010] [05] The above object is achieved by a method according to claim 1. The method provides for a gas which is inactive for long-wave radiation to be introduced into the earth's atmosphere in a correspondingly large amount, preferably the troposphere, as a result of which the total volume of the earth's atmosphere is increased. A mass of the climate-harmful gases contained in the earth's atmosphere remains constant, so that the increase in the total volume brings about a relative reduction in the content of climate-harmful gases contained in the earth's atmosphere, based on the total volume of the earth's atmosphere. | [0011] [06] For the purposes of the present invention, a "gas which is inactive for long-wave radiation" is, in particular, a gas which, owing to its chemical structure, is not capable of absorbing and emitting long-wave radiation. This is due to the fact that corresponding diatomic gas molecules have a symmetrical structure and, for this reason, do not experience any excitation of vibrations by long-wave radiation. The gas thus acts transparently for long-wave radiation. Long-wave radiation, which also includes infrared radiation, is understood to be electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from about 780 nm to 1 mm. | [0012] [07] The process according to the invention has many advantages. In particular, the method makes it possible to reduce the greenhouse effect. The main constituents of the earth's atmosphere are nitrogen in a proportion by volume of about 78%, oxygen in a proportion by volume of about 21% and argon in a proportion by volume of about 0.9%. Added to this are further trace gases, in particular carbon dioxide in a proportion by volume of about 400 ppm (parts per million, proportion per Million). In particular, carbon dioxide acts as a gas which is harmful to the climate, since it absorbs infrared radiation and prevents subsequent emission of the infrared radiation starting from the surface of the earth and thus leads to earth heating. [08] When the gas which is inactive for long-wave radiation is introduced into the earth's atmosphere, preferably into the troposphere, the gases already contained in the earth's atmosphere are mixed with the introduced gas as a result of weather events, thermal influences and Coriolis force, so that the introduced gas is distributed uniformly in the earth's atmosphere. | [0013] [09] At the same time, according to Dalton's law, the partial pressure of this gas is increased due to the introduction of the gas, while the partial pressures of the gases already contained in the earth's atmosphere do not change. As a result, the air pressure measurable on the earth changes, the air pressure being correspondingly increased by the partial pressure of the introduced gas. | [0014] [10] As a result of the increased air pressure, in addition to the increase in the total mass of the earth's atmosphere according to Boyle Mariotte's law, there is also an increase in the total volume of the gases contained in the earth's atmosphere. Since the mass of the climate-harmful gases already contained in the earth's atmosphere, in particular carbon dioxide, remains constant, the increase in the total volume brings about a relative reduction in the content of climate-harmful gases already contained in the earth's atmosphere, based on the total volume of the earth's atmosphere. In other words, the mass of the climate-harmful gases contained in the earth's atmosphere is not changed by the method. This is because the introduced gas itself is inactive for long-wave radiation, can therefore not absorb long-wave radiation and thus does not have a damaging effect on the climate. | [0015] [11] Because of the increased total volume, the average distances between the molecules of the climate-harmful gases increase, which has the consequence that a higher proportion of the infrared radiation can be radiated without being absorbed by the carbon dioxide molecules. Overall, the greenhouse effect can thus be reduced. As a result, the global average temperature is lowered. The method is therefore particularly suitable for controlling the climate change caused by humans and should be included in an economic consideration in order to avoid climate damage which results in particular after the increase in the global average temperature of 1.5 °C. has been exceeded. | [0016] [12] The effect described above could be demonstrated by investigating the temporal change in the proportion of carbon dioxide and oxygen and the temporal change in the global average temperature over a period of from about 80 million years to about 65 million years, it was possible to determine by means of an isotope investigation that the proportion of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere has risen by 5% at the start of the ice time, as can be seen from Fig. 1. | [0017] [13] In the same period of time, the proportion of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere fell from 710 ppm (parts per million, parts per Million) to 220 ppm (parts per million, parts per Million), as can be seen from. | [0018] [14] In the same time period, the global average temperature has dropped to 2 °C., as can be seen from Fig. 3. | [0019] [15] In summary, it can be stated that an increase in the proportion of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere correlates with a reduction in the global average temperature. | [0020] [16] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the amount of gas introduced is in a range between 0.1% and 30.0 relative to the total volume of the earth's atmosphere. It has been found that such an amount can be produced with technically and economically justifiable expenditure and is likewise well suited to lead to an effective increase in the total volume of the earth's atmosphere, so that the average spacings of the climate-damaging molecules are increased in such a way that a significant reduction in the global average temperature can be brought about. | [0021] [17] A preferred embodiment of the invention provides that the introduced gas contains or consists of oxygen and/or nitrogen. Because of their "climate neutrality", these two gases have proven to be particularly advantageous for enriching the earth's atmosphere with a gas. This is due to the fact that the introduction of these gases admittedly leads to the desired increase in volume of the earth's atmosphere, but without having a negative influence on the climate. The necessary changes in the proportion of these gases are also harmless to the biosphere. It is known that oxygen and nitrogen do not lead to an increase in the global average temperature, since they are inactive for the longer-wave heat radiation, thus do not absorb and subsequently emit it and thus do not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Furthermore, in particular, an increase in the proportion of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere to a certain extent advantageously has no negative influence on humans and the eco-system of the earth, so that the proportion of oxygen can be increased without any concerns. The increase in the oxygen content is particularly advantageous, in particular also taking into account the increasing recovery of rain walls and the associated reduction in the proportion of oxygen obtained by means of photosynthesis. | [0022] [18] Likewise, an increase in the proportion of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere leads to molecular compounds which are formed in biological and chemical processes. These molecular compounds can in turn utilize the carbon dioxide contained in the earth's atmosphere and/or the carbon contained therein for new molecular compounds and thus advantageously remove the carbon dioxide from the earth's atmosphere. In other words, the increase in the proportion of oxygen thus also leads indirectly to a reduction in the proportion of carbon dioxide, the reduction in the proportion of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere likewise having a positive effect on the climate. | [0023] [19] For example, by increasing the oxygen content from 21% to 21.5%,the carbon dioxide concentration can be reduced by 2.4 ppm (parts per million, parts per Million). 2.4 ppm (parts per million, parts per Million) is the amount of carbon dioxide currently introduced annually into the earth's atmosphere. This is a purely physical consideration. The possible reduction of the carbon dioxide concentration by biological and chemical processes as described above is not taken into account here. An increase in the proportion of oxygen from 21% to 21.5%, based on the total volume of the earth's atmosphere, is therefore particularly preferred. | [0024] [20] Furthermore, provision can preferably be made for nitrogen to be introduced at the same time in order to be able to maintain the current relative volume ratio of nitrogen to oxygen. Provision can preferably be made in this case for the proportion of oxygen which is introduced into the earth's atmosphere to be equalized by means of an introduction of nitrogen, preferably in a ratio of 3:1, more preferably a ratio of 4:1, nitrogen making up the higher proportion, so that the natural relative volume ratio can be maintained. Provision may be made for the proportion of oxygen to be increased in a range from 0.1% to 15.0%, based on the total volume, while the proportion of nitrogen is increased in a range from 0.1% to 45%, based on the total volume. In addition, the introduction of nitrogen would further reduce the proportion of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere because of the associated increase in the total volume of the earth's atmosphere. Nitrogen can be obtained, for example, by denitrification of nitrates which can be obtained from large occurrences in areas such as the Atacama desert in Chile. [21] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the introduced gas is obtained from the earth's crust, preferably by means of a reduction process. By extracting the gas from the earth's crust, it is advantageously possible to ensure that the method can be carried out on the earth. For example, the melt flow electrolysis can be used as a reduction process in which oxides are reduced with the formation of oxygen and which is likewise to be used for obtaining oxygen on the moon. | [0025] [22] In this case, a further preferred refinement of the invention provides for the oxygen to be obtained by means of reduction of silicon dioxide, the silicon dioxide preferably being removed from desert sand. Desert sand is present in large almost "inexhaustive" quantities and cannot be used in the construction industry because of its coarse grain size. Advantageously, the use of desert sand does not at the same time cause a caking of other raw materials. However, another oxide occurring in the earth's crust can also be used to recover the oxygen. | [0026] [23] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, provision is furthermore made for a regenerative energy source, in particular solar energy and/ or wind energy, to be used at least partially, preferably completely, in the reduction method. In contrast to the known processes, therefore, only a small proportion of carbon dioxide, but preferably no further carbon dioxide, is produced during the removal of the carbon dioxide itself from the earth's atmosphere. The method is therefore likewise largely neutral to the climate. In particular, if oxygen is used as the gas to be introduced into the earth's atmosphere, which is obtained by reducing desert sand, the use of solar energy is particularly suitable because of the strong solar radiation in the corresponding desert areas. | (WO2023/148137)|[0001] Method for reducing global greenhouse effect | [0002] DESCRIPTION | [0003] Introduction | [0004] [01] Current climate models predict an increase in the global average temperature from 1.5 °C to 2030 year due to climate change made by humans. The climate change made by humans can be attributed, inter alia, to the steadily increasing proportion of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere. carbon dioxide largely allows short-wave radiation to pass, while it absorbs longer-wave thermal radiation and finally emits it again. Part of the emitted radiation is directed in the direction of the earth's surface, which is thereby heated and likewise emits thermal radiation. This is absorbed and emitted again on the carbon dioxide molecules contained in the earth's atmosphere. This process is continued continuously. Overall, the system is thus heated, which leads to an increase in the global average temperature. The ejection of methane additionally contributes to the greenhouse effect because of the thawing permafrost soils. The consequences of the air conditioning change are already noticeable in the form of dams, towers and flooding. | [0005] [02] In order to reduce the climate change caused by humans as a result of the increase in carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere, a large number of methods are known. Thus, methods are known which provide or propose ocean fertilization to remove carbon dioxide from the earth's atmosphere. In addition, it is proposed that the alkalinity of the seawater be increased or largely increased. However, ocean fertilization or else an increase in the alkalinity of seawater would have considerable effects on the ocean ecosystems and on the pH with unknown consequences. At the same time, these processes can cause the emission of other greenhouse gases such as methane. In particular, the extraction of carbon dioxide from the air entails a problem of long-term storage of the gas. Suitable accumulators would have to have a corresponding capacity and a long-lived tightness. For the forestry, large areas are required which are not available because of the original banding, agriculture and the spread of the desert. | [0006] [03] Furthermore, a large number of methods are known which are intended to reduce the proportion of solar radiation incident on the surface of the earth, for example the installation of mirror surfaces in space, the introduction of aerosols into the stratosphere, the lightening of clouds above the sea or else the whitening of surfaces. However, the above measures involve considerable outlay or, in turn, produce large amounts of carbon dioxide during the reaction. | [0007] Task | [0008] [04] It is therefore an object of the present invention to develop an alternative method for reducing the greenhouse effect. | [0009] Solution | [0010] [05] The above object is achieved by a method according to claim 1. The method provides for a gas which is inactive for long-wave radiation to be introduced into the earth's atmosphere in a correspondingly large amount, preferably the troposphere, as a result of which the total volume of the earth's atmosphere is increased. A mass of the climate-harmful gases contained in the earth's atmosphere remains constant, so that the increase in the total volume brings about a relative reduction in the content of climate-harmful gases contained in the earth's atmosphere, based on the total volume of the earth's atmosphere. | [0011] [06] For the purposes of the present invention, a "gas which is inactive for long-wave radiation" is, in particular, a gas which, owing to its chemical structure, is not capable of absorbing and emitting long-wave radiation. This is due to the fact that corresponding diatomic gas molecules have a symmetrical structure and, for this reason, do not experience any excitation of vibrations by long-wave radiation. The gas thus acts transparently for long-wave radiation. Long-wave radiation, which also includes infrared radiation, is understood to be electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from about 780 nm to 1 mm. | [0012] [07] The process according to the invention has many advantages. In particular, the method makes it possible to reduce the greenhouse effect. The main constituents of the earth's atmosphere are nitrogen in a proportion by volume of about 78%, oxygen in a proportion by volume of about 21% and argon in a proportion by volume of about 0.9%. Added to this are further trace gases, in particular carbon dioxide in a proportion by volume of about 400 ppm (parts per million, proportion per Million). In particular, carbon dioxide acts as a gas which is harmful to the climate, since it absorbs infrared radiation and prevents subsequent emission of the infrared radiation starting from the surface of the earth and thus leads to earth heating. [08] When the gas which is inactive for long-wave radiation is introduced into the earth's atmosphere, preferably into the troposphere, the gases already contained in the earth's atmosphere are mixed with the introduced gas as a result of weather events, thermal influences and Coriolis force, so that the introduced gas is distributed uniformly in the earth's atmosphere. | [0013] [09] At the same time, according to Dalton's law, the partial pressure of this gas is increased due to the introduction of the gas, while the partial pressures of the gases already contained in the earth's atmosphere do not change. As a result, the air pressure measurable on the earth changes, the air pressure being correspondingly increased by the partial pressure of the introduced gas. | [0014] [10] As a result of the increased air pressure, in addition to the increase in the total mass of the earth's atmosphere according to Boyle Mariotte's law, there is also an increase in the total volume of the gases contained in the earth's atmosphere. Since the mass of the climate-harmful gases already contained in the earth's atmosphere, in particular carbon dioxide, remains constant, the increase in the total volume brings about a relative reduction in the content of climate-harmful gases already contained in the earth's atmosphere, based on the total volume of the earth's atmosphere. In other words, the mass of the climate-harmful gases contained in the earth's atmosphere is not changed by the method. This is because the introduced gas itself is inactive for long-wave radiation, can therefore not absorb long-wave radiation and thus does not have a damaging effect on the climate. | [0015] [11] Because of the increased total volume, the average distances between the molecules of the climate-harmful gases increase, which has the consequence that a higher proportion of the infrared radiation can be radiated without being absorbed by the carbon dioxide molecules. Overall, the greenhouse effect can thus be reduced. As a result, the global average temperature is lowered. The method is therefore particularly suitable for controlling the climate change caused by humans and should be included in an economic consideration in order to avoid climate damage which results in particular after the increase in the global average temperature of 1.5 °C. has been exceeded. | [0016] [12] The effect described above could be demonstrated by investigating the temporal change in the proportion of carbon dioxide and oxygen and the temporal change in the global average temperature over a period of from about 80 million years to about 65 million years, it was possible to determine by means of an isotope investigation that the proportion of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere has risen by 5% at the start of the ice time, as can be seen from Fig. 1. | [0017] [13] In the same period of time, the proportion of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere fell from 710 ppm (parts per million, parts per Million) to 220 ppm (parts per million, parts per Million), as can be seen from. | [0018] [14] In the same time period, the global average temperature has dropped to 2 °C., as can be seen from Fig. 3. | [0019] [15] In summary, it can be stated that an increase in the proportion of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere correlates with a reduction in the global average temperature. | [0020] [16] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the amount of gas introduced is in a range between 0.1% and 30.0 relative to the total volume of the earth's atmosphere. It has been found that such an amount can be produced with technically and economically justifiable expenditure and is likewise well suited to lead to an effective increase in the total volume of the earth's atmosphere, so that the average spacings of the climate-damaging molecules are increased in such a way that a significant reduction in the global average temperature can be brought about. | [0021] [17] A preferred embodiment of the invention provides that the introduced gas contains or consists of oxygen and/or nitrogen. Because of their "climate neutrality", these two gases have proven to be particularly advantageous for enriching the earth's atmosphere with a gas. This is due to the fact that the introduction of these gases admittedly leads to the desired increase in volume of the earth's atmosphere, but without having a negative influence on the climate. The necessary changes in the proportion of these gases are also harmless to the biosphere. It is known that oxygen and nitrogen do not lead to an increase in the global average temperature, since they are inactive for the longer-wave heat radiation, thus do not absorb and subsequently emit it and thus do not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Furthermore, in particular, an increase in the proportion of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere to a certain extent advantageously has no negative influence on humans and the eco-system of the earth, so that the proportion of oxygen can be increased without any concerns. The increase in the oxygen content is particularly advantageous, in particular also taking into account the increasing recovery of rain walls and the associated reduction in the proportion of oxygen obtained by means of photosynthesis. | [0022] [18] Likewise, an increase in the proportion of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere leads to molecular compounds which are formed in biological and chemical processes. These molecular compounds can in turn utilize the carbon dioxide contained in the earth's atmosphere and/or the carbon contained therein for new molecular compounds and thus advantageously remove the carbon dioxide from the earth's atmosphere. In other words, the increase in the proportion of oxygen thus also leads indirectly to a reduction in the proportion of carbon dioxide, the reduction in the proportion of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere likewise having a positive effect on the climate. | [0023] [19] For example, by increasing the oxygen content from 21% to 21.5%,the carbon dioxide concentration can be reduced by 2.4 ppm (parts per million, parts per Million). 2.4 ppm (parts per million, parts per Million) is the amount of carbon dioxide currently introduced annually into the earth's atmosphere. This is a purely physical consideration. The possible reduction of the carbon dioxide concentration by biological and chemical processes as described above is not taken into account here. An increase in the proportion of oxygen from 21% to 21.5%, based on the total volume of the earth's atmosphere, is therefore particularly preferred. | [0024] [20] Furthermore, provision can preferably be made for nitrogen to be introduced at the same time in order to be able to maintain the current relative volume ratio of nitrogen to oxygen. Provision can preferably be made in this case for the proportion of oxygen which is introduced into the earth's atmosphere to be equalized by means of an introduction of nitrogen, preferably in a ratio of 3:1, more preferably a ratio of 4:1, nitrogen making up the higher proportion, so that the natural relative volume ratio can be maintained. Provision may be made for the proportion of oxygen to be increased in a range from 0.1% to 15.0%, based on the total volume, while the proportion of nitrogen is increased in a range from 0.1% to 45%, based on the total volume. In addition, the introduction of nitrogen would further reduce the proportion of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere because of the associated increase in the total volume of the earth's atmosphere. Nitrogen can be obtained, for example, by denitrification of nitrates which can be obtained from large occurrences in areas such as the Atacama desert in Chile. [21] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the introduced gas is obtained from the earth's crust, preferably by means of a reduction process. By extracting the gas from the earth's crust, it is advantageously possible to ensure that the method can be carried out on the earth. For example, the melt flow electrolysis can be used as a reduction process in which oxides are reduced with the formation of oxygen and which is likewise to be used for obtaining oxygen on the moon. | [0025] [22] In this case, a further preferred refinement of the invention provides for the oxygen to be obtained by means of reduction of silicon dioxide, the silicon dioxide preferably being removed from desert sand. Desert sand is present in large almost "inexhaustive" quantities and cannot be used in the construction industry because of its coarse grain size. Advantageously, the use of desert sand does not at the same time cause a caking of other raw materials. However, another oxide occurring in the earth's crust can also be used to recover the oxygen. | [0026] [23] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, provision is furthermore made for a regenerative energy source, in particular solar energy and/ or wind energy, to be used at least partially, preferably completely, in the reduction method. In contrast to the known processes, therefore, only a small proportion of carbon dioxide, but preferably no further carbon dioxide, is produced during the removal of the carbon dioxide itself from the earth's atmosphere. The method is therefore likewise largely neutral to the climate. In particular, if oxygen is used as the gas to be introduced into the earth's atmosphere, which is obtained by reducing desert sand, the use of solar energy is particularly suitable because of the strong solar radiation in the corresponding desert areas. | AP unique ID|(DE102022102326 A1)|165097275|(WO2023148137 A1)|165223413|(IL-314469 A)|172132253|(CN118613153 A)|172158696|(AU2023215586 A1)|172253418|(IN202427060462 A)|172626881|(MX2024009352 A)|172903622|(CL202402291 A1)|175174341|(MA--67281 A1)|175613072|(ZA202406024 B)|176548985|(AE202401882 A1)|179873488|(JO20240160 A1)|181677139|Family Number|(105972271)|105972271| | Materials, metallurgy|Other special machines | A01G-015/00|C01B-013/02/03|C01B-033/023 | A01G-015/00|C01B-013/02/03|C01B-033/023 | A01G-015/00|C01B-013/02|C01B-021/02|C01B-033/023 | A01G-015/00|C01B-013/02|C01B-021/02|C01B-033/023 | US20140356247|US20140356247|CN112956367|CN207048091U|DE102020129375|US20120022172|DE102004028356 | US20140356247 45423663 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=Y|US20140356247 45423663 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=Y|CN112956367 94697324 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=A|CN207048091U 78925302 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=A|DE102020129375 99988445 WHO=Unknown SELF=N|US20120022172 4178913 WHO=Unknown SELF=N|DE102004028356 14066930 WHO=Unknown SELF=N | |XP093035231; XP086549582; US20140356247|||||US20140356247||CN207048091U; CN112956367|||DE102004028356; DE102020129375; US20120022172 | (WO2023/148137)|International Search Report [Examiner]|-BERNER ROBERT A. ET AL: "Oxygen and Evolution", SCIENCE (AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE), 27 April 2007 (2007-04-27), Washington, DC, pages 557 - 558, XP093035231, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://jvandenbrooks.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/science-2007.pdf> [retrieved on 20230328], DOI: 10.1126/science.1140273|-WU DI ET AL: "Microbial potential for denitrification in the hyperarid Atacama Desert soils", SOIL BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY, PERGAMON, OXFORD, GB, vol. 157, 10 April 2021 (2021-04-10), XP086549582, ISSN: 0038-0717, [retrieved on 20210410], DOI: 10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2021.108248|||||||||||| | GRANTED | (WO2023/148137)|LAPSED|(DE102022102326)|PENDING|(CN118613153)|PENDING|(ZA202406024)|GRANTED|(MA67281)|GRANTED|(CL2024002291)|PENDING|(IN202427060462)|PENDING|(AU2023215586)|PENDING|(IL314469)|PENDING|(AEP2024-01882)|PENDING|(MX2024009352)|PENDING|(JOP20240160)|PENDING | ALIVE | 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AL, IT, AM, AO, AT, ZM, AU, AZ, RO, ZW, BA, BB, RS, JM, RU, BG, JO, RW, BH, JP, BN, SA, BR, SC, SD, SE, SG, BW, BY, BZ, SK, SL, KE, KG, KH, CA, ST, KN, SV, CH, KP, SY, KR, CL, CN, CO, KW, CR, KZ, CU, CV, TH, LA, TJ, CZ, LC, TM, TN, TR, LK, TT, DE, DJ, LR, TZ, DK, LS, DM, LU, DO, UA, LY, UG, MA, DZ, MD, MG, EC, MK, US, EE, MN, EG, UZ, MW, MX, MY, MZ, VC, ES, NA, VN, NG, NI, NO, FI, NZ, GB, WS, GD, GE, OM, GH, GM, GT, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL | (WO2023/148137)|AE; AU; BW; CN; DZ; IL; IN; IQ; IR; JO; MA; MX; PE; ZA|(DE102022102326)|DE|(CN118613153)|CN|(ZA202406024)|ZA|(MA67281)|MA|(CL2024002291)|CL|(IN202427060462)|IN|(AU2023215586)|AU|(IL314469)|IL|(AEP2024-01882)|AE|(MX2024009352)|MX|(JOP20240160)|JO | https://www.orbit.com/GetPDF?gui=crypt&callingapp=EDOFF&key=icjTorqguCBTAeE5lDqgKt0P/F2Pwh1EkaV0SMUACwOCCKReMmHu7M9Ry4MrhQjLALkMBz8hwaI=&n=1 | https://sobj.orbit.com/sobj/getMosaic?bdi=na&userid=ZIBNDZZF&key=WO0000000006272756&ekey=2569&xpn=WO2023148137&kind=A1 | http://www.wipo.int/patentscope/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2023148137&redirectedID=true | https://permalink.orbit.com/RenderStaticFirstPage?XPN=8aV6LWb0vZvjJSp09B5pj7msLuw%252FR4oY%252BQgpgFzVRnM%3D%26n%3D1&id=0&base=FAMPAT | DE | |(WO2023/148137)|DE|(DE102022102326)|DE | (CL2024002291)|NAME=Stefan HENSCHEN Dennewartstraße 25-27, DE|(WO2023/148137)|NAME=HENSCHEN, Stefan Dennewartstraße 25-27 52068 Aachen , COUNTRY=DE|(DE102022102326)|NAME=Henschen Stefan , CITY=Aachen , POSTCODE=52068 , COUNTRY=DE | (WO2023/148137)|DE|(DE102022102326)|DE||(AU2023215586)|AU|(IL314469)|IL| | (WO2023/148137)|NAME=BAUER WAGNER PELLENGAHR SROKA PATENT- & RECHTSANWALTS PARTG MBB Grüner Weg 1 52070 Aachen , POSTCODE=52070 , COUNTRY=DE|(DE102022102326)|NAME=BAUER WAGNER PELLENGAHR SROKA Patent- & Rechtsanwalts PartG mbB , CITY=Aachen , POSTCODE=52070 , COUNTRY=DE|(CN118613153)|NAME=ZHANG WEI;SHENZHEN ZHONGYI UNION INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AGENCY CO., LTD. , REG=44414|(AU2023215586)|NAME=Madderns Pty Ltd GPO Box 2752 , CITY=Adelaide , STATE=SA , POSTCODE=5001 , COUNTRY=AU|(IL314469)|NAME=REINHOLD COHN AND PARTNERS 26a HABARZEL ST. RAMAT HACHAYAL TEL AVIV - YAFO 69710 , COUNTRY=IL|(AEP2024-01882)|NAME=JAH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY L L C Office 218, owned by Nasir Ahmed Nasir Lotah, Bur Dubai, Um herair 1 , REG=638955 | (WO2023/148137)|DE|(DE102022102326)|DE|||||||(AEP2024-01882)|DE|| | (WO2023/148137)|NAME=HENSCHEN, Stefan Dennewartstraße 25-27 52068 Aachen, POSTCODE=52068, COUNTRY=DE|(DE102022102326)|NAME=Henschen Stefan, CITY=Aachen, POSTCODE=52068, COUNTRY=DE|(CN118613153)|NAME=HENSCHEN, STEFAN|(ZA202406024)|NAME=Dr. Stefan Henschen|(MA67281)|NAME=HENSCHEN, Stefan|(CL2024002291)|NAME=Stefan HENSCHEN Dennewartstraße 25-27|(IN202427060462)|NAME=Henschen Stefan|(AU2023215586)|NAME=HENSCHEN, Stefan|(AEP2024-01882)|NAME=HENSCHEN Stefan Dennewartstraße 25-27 52068 Aachen, COUNTRY=DE|(MX2024009352)|NAME=HENSCHEN Stefan|(JOP20240160)|NAME=HENSCHEN, Stefan | 6 | 0 | (WO2023/148137)|1|(IN202427060462)|1|(AU2023215586)|1|(CN118613153)|1|(DE102022102326)|1 | (WO2023/148137)|5|(IN202427060462)|5|(AU2023215586)|5|(CN118613153)|5|(DE102022102326)|5 | (WO2023/148137)|6|(DE102022102326)|6|(CN118613153)|6|(IN202427060462)|6|(AU2023215586)|6|(AEP2024-01882)|6 | 1 | 31 | 12 | (WO2023/148137)|2|(IN202427060462)|3|(AU2023215586)|3|(CN118613153)|3| | 3 | 12 | (CN118613153)|WO2023/148137|(ZA202406024)|WO2023/148137|(MA67281)|WO2023/148137|(IN202427060462)|WO2023/148137|(AU2023215586)|WO2023/148137|(IL314469)|WO2023/148137|(AEP2024-01882)|WO2023/148137|(MX2024009352)|WO2023/148137|(JOP20240160)|WO2023/148137 | (WO2023/148137)|Number of Claims: NCL=6|Extended kind: EXTK=x||(DE102022102326)|Number of Claims: NCL=6||(CN118613153)|Number of Claims: NCL=6|Gazette date: GAZDATE=2024-09-06|Gazette number: GAZNUM=40-3602|Substantial examination effective date: 20250214|Number of Pages: NPAGES=8||(IN202427060462)|Number of Claims: NCL=6||(AU2023215586)|Number of Claims: NCL=6||(AEP2024-01882)|Number of Claims: NCL=6|PCT National Entry| | (WO2023/148137)|GERMAN (GER) | (ZA202406024)|Patent|(MA--67281)|Patent|(CL202402291)|Patent|(IN202427060462)|Patent|(AU2023215586)|Patent|(CN118613153)|Patent|(IL-314469)|Patent|(AE202401882)|Patent|(MX2024009352)|Patent|(JO20240160)|Patent|(WO2023148137)|Patent|(DE102022102326)|Patent | Titre: (WO2023/148137)|Method for reducing the global greenhouse effect Résumé: (WO2023/148137)|The invention relates to a method for reducing the global greenhouse effect, in which a gas that is inactive for long-wave radiation is introduced into the Earth's atmosphere, preferably the troposphere, thereby increasing the total volume of the Earth's atmosphere. According to the invention, in order to provide an alternative method for reducing the global greenhouse effect, a mass of climate-damaging gases contained in the Earth's atmosphere remains constant, such that the increase in the total volume brings about a relative reduction in the content of climate-damaging gases in the Earth's atmosphere relative to the total volume of the Earth's atmosphere. Autre: (WO2023/148137)|Claims|1. Method for reducing the global greenhouse effect, in which a gas which is inactive for long-wave radiation is introduced into the earth 's atmosphere, preferably the troposphere, as a result of which the total volume of the earth' s atmosphere is increased, in such a way that a mass of the climate-harmful gases contained in the earth 's atmosphere remains constant, so that the increase in the total volume brings about a relative reduction in the content of climate-harmful gases contained in the earth' s atmosphere, based on the total volume of the earth 's atmosphere.|2. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the amount of gas introduced is in a range between 0.1% and 30.0%, based on the total volume of the earth's atmosphere.|3. Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the introduced gas contains or consists of oxygen and/or nitrogen.|4. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the introduced gas is obtained from the earth's crust, preferably by means of a reduction method.|5. Process according to Claim 4, characterized in that the oxygen is obtained by means of reduction of silicon dioxide, the silicon dioxide preferably taken from desert sand.|6. Method according to Claim 4 or 5, characterized in that a regenerative energy source, in particular solar energy and/ or wind energy, is used at least partially, preferably completely, in the reduction method. | 6 | Abstract | gpt-4o-mini | no | The method described involves introducing a gas into the troposphere to reduce greenhouse gases, which does not relate to stratospheric aerosol injection or solar radiation management. | |||||||||||||||||
| 9 | ES201800182|WOEP2019/068978 | WOEP2019/068978|US17/263,601|EP19746019|CN201980051698|ES201800182 | US20210190039|EP3803112|CN112513456|WO2020/025300|ES2739898 | 87509189 | WO2020/025300 A1 2020-02-06 [WO202025300]|US20210190039 A1 2021-06-24 [US20210190039]|EP3803112 A1 2021-04-14 [EP3803112]|CN112513456 A 2021-03-16 [CN112513456]|ES2739898 A1 2020-02-04 [ES2739898] | 2018-08-03|2019-07-15 | 2019-07-15|2019-07-15|2019-07-15|2019-07-15|2018-08-03 | 2021-06-24|2021-04-14|2021-03-16|2020-02-06|2020-02-04 | (EP3803112)|2021-06-04|(US20210190039)|2023-04-07|(WO2020/025300)|2022-02-03|(CN112513456)|2024-12-13|(ES2739898)|2020-08-27 | (EP3803112)|Wind turbine tower system for second natural frequency modification | (EP3803112)|Method for second natural frequency wind turbine tower modification. The method comprises the steps of: a) determining the second natural frequency of the wind turbine; b) calculating the anti-node of the second natural frequency to determine the point of the wind turbine tower (1) that suffers the greatest displacement during the second natural vibration mode; c) determining an height (H) of the tower (1) corresponding with the anti-node calculated in b); d) calculating a mass (2) to be placed at said height (H) of the tower to modify the second natural frequency considering that a heavier mass leads to a lower second natural frequency; e) placing the mass (2) calculated in step d) at the height (H) determined in step c). | SIEMENS GAMESA RENEWABLE ENERGY INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGY|SIEMENS GEMESA RENEWABLE ENERGY INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGY | (EP3803112)|Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy Innovation & Technology, S.L. ([ES])|(US20210190039)|Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy Innovation & Technology S.L. ([ES])|(WO2020/025300)|SIEMENS GAMESA RENEWABLE ENERGY INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGY S.L. ([ES])|(CN112513456)|Siemens Gemeihao Renewable Energy Innovation and Technology Co.,Ltd. ([ES])|(ES2739898)|SIEMENS GAMESA RENEWABLE ENERGY INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGY SL ([ES]) | SAN VICENTE LARRECHI BORJA|UNANUA HERMOSO DE MENDOZA PABLO | (EP3803112)|SAN VICENTE LARRECHI, Borja|UNANUA HERMOSO DE MENDOZA, Pablo | (EP3803112)|Aspacher, Karl-Georg;Siemens Wind Power GmbH & Co. KG ([DE])|Reg. Nb: 101651598|(WO2020/025300)|ASPACHER, Karl-Georg ([DE])|(CN112513456)|ZOU LONGHUI;CHINA PATENT AGENT (H.K.) LTD.|Reg. Nb: 72001|SI KUNMING;CHINA PATENT AGENT (H.K.) LTD.|Reg. Nb: 72001 | (US20210190039)|In FIG. 1 it can be appreciated a wind turbine tower ( 1 ) section with a receptacle ( 3 ), placed at the height (H) corresponding to the anti-node.|In FIG. 2 it can be appreciated a zoom view of the section of the wind turbine tower in which the receptacle ( 3 ) is placed.|It can be appreciated also a sand pump ( 4 ) with which the sand is pumped to the receptacle ( 3 ).|For the sake of clarity, it is to be understood that the use of "a" or "an" throughout this application does not exclude a plurality, and "comprising" does not exclude other steps or elements.| | (US20210190039)|1 . A method for second natural frequency wind turbine tower modification wherein it comprises the steps of: a) determining the second natural frequency of the wind turbine; b) calculating the anti-node of the second natural frequency to determine the point of the wind turbine tower that suffers the greatest displacement during the second natural vibration mode; c) determining a height of the tower corresponding with the anti-node calculated in b); d) calculating a mass to be placed at said height of the tower to modify the second natural frequency considering that a heavier mass leads to a lower second natural frequency; and e) placing the mass calculated in step d) at the height determined in step c).|9 . A wind turbine tower wherein it comprises a mass placed at a height of the tower corresponding to the anti-node of the second natural frequency said mass causing a modification of a previous wind turbine second natural frequency.| | (US20210190039)|A method for second natural frequency wind turbine tower modification is provided. The method includes the steps of: a) determining the second natural frequency of the wind turbine; b) calculating the anti-node of the second natural frequency to determine the point of the wind turbine tower that suffers the greatest displacement during the second natural vibration mode; c) determining an height of the tower corresponding with the anti-node calculated in b); d) calculating a mass to be placed at the height of the tower to modify the second natural frequency considering that a heavier mass leads to a lower second natural frequency; e) placing the mass calculated in step d) at the height determined in step c).| | (EP3803112)|NATURAL FREQUENCY MODIFICATION(100,1)|WIND TURBINE(100,1)|WIND TURBINE TOWER(100,1)||(US20210190039)|WIND TURBINE(100,62)|NATURAL FREQUENCY(100,53)|WIND TURBINE TOWER(100,24)|NATURAL FREQUENCY WIND TURBINE(100,9)|TOWER MODIFICATION(100,6)|NATURAL FREQUENCY MODIFICATION(100,3)|NATURAL FREQUENCY ANTINODE(51,7)|RECEPTACLE(48,11)|ANTINODE(37,15)|HEAVY MASS(37,4)|SAND PUMP(33,1)|NATURAL VIBRATION MODE(28,4)|TOWER RIGIDITY(28,4)|TURBINE MODIFICATION(26,1)|SAND(22,1)|NUMERIC SIMULATION(20,4)|NACELLE(15,6)|SANDBOX(15,2)|SUBSTEP(15,2)|TOWER NATURAL FREQUENCY(8,7)|TURBINE VIABILITY(8,1)|WIND TURBINE TOWER OSCILLATION(8,1)|DETUNER(7,3)|DYNAMIC COLLISION(7,2)|ZOOM VIEW(7,2)|DAMPER DAMPING FREQUENCY(7,1)|PERIODIC COMPONENT(6,4)|INERTIA MASS(6,2)|TORSIONAL RESONANCE FREQUENCY(6,2)|WIND TURBINE BLADE(6,2)|DAMPED OSCILLATION(6,1)|INVARIANT NODE(6,1)|ITERATIVE CALCULATION(6,1)|TOP HEAD MASS(5,3)|TOWER COMPONENT(5,3)|ROTOR FREQUENCY(5,2)|TOWER DESIGN(5,2)|ADJUSTABLE DAMPER(5,1)|BIG GENERATOR(5,1)|BLADE EXCITATION FREQUENCY(5,1)|DAMP VIBRATION(5,1)|EXCITATORY FREQUENCY(5,1)|SECTION ZOOM VIEW(5,1)|TURBULENT WIND VARIABLE FREQUENCY(5,1)|WIND TURBINE VIBRATION DAMPING(5,1)|TOWER MASS DISTRIBUTION(4,2)|TOWER WALL(4,2)|HEIGHT TOWER(4,1)||(WO2020/025300)|WIND TURBINE(100,53)|NATURAL FREQUENCY(100,46)|NATURAL FREQUENCY WIND TURBINE(100,8)|TOWER MODIFICATION(100,5)|WIND TURBINE TOWER(91,18)|NATURAL FREQUENCY ANTINODE(59,4)|TOWER(55,21)|RECEPTACLE(50,8)|TOWER RIGIDITY(48,4)|TURBINE MODIFICATION(45,1)|HEAVY MASS(39,3)|ANTINODE(36,13)|NUMERIC SIMULATION(34,4)|NATURAL VIBRATION MODE(29,3)|SANDBOX(26,2)|SUBSTEP(26,2)|NACELLE(25,6)|TOWER NATURAL FREQUENCY(15,7)|TURBINE VIABILITY(15,1)|WIND TURBINE TOWER OSCILLATION(15,1)|DYNAMIC COLLISION(13,2)|DAMPER DAMPING FREQUENCY(13,1)|DETUNER(12,3)|PERIODIC COMPONENT(11,4)|DAMPED OSCILLATION(11,1)|INVARIANT NODE(11,1)|ITERATIVE CALCULATION(11,1)|NONLIMITING CHARACTER(11,1)|INERTIA MASS(10,2)|TORSIONAL RESONANCE FREQUENCY(10,2)|WIND TURBINE BLADE(10,2)|TOP HEAD MASS(9,3)|TOWER COMPONENT(9,3)|ROTOR FREQUENCY(9,2)|TOWER DESIGN(9,2)|ADJUSTABLE DAMPER(9,1)|BIG GENERATOR(9,1)|BLADE EXCITATION FREQUENCY(9,1)|DAMP VIBRATION(9,1)|EXCITATORY FREQUENCY(9,1)|TURBULENT WIND VARIABLE FREQUENCY(9,1)|WIND TURBINE VIBRATION DAMPING(9,1)|TOWER MASS DISTRIBUTION(8,2)|TOWER WALL(8,2)||(CN112513456)|WIND TURBINE(100,62)|NATURAL FREQUENCY(100,54)|WIND TURBINE TOWER(100,24)|NATURAL FREQUENCY WIND TURBINE(100,9)|TOWER MODIFICATION(100,6)|NATURAL FREQUENCY MODIFICATION(100,3)|NATURAL FREQUENCY ANTINODE(67,7)|TOWER(50,27)|TOWER STIFFNESS(33,4)|NATURAL MODE(30,1)|ANTINODE(27,16)|TURBINE MODIFICATION(27,1)|TOWER FREQUENCY(26,4)|NACELLE MASS(25,3)|NUMERIC SIMULATION(20,4)|MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT(19,1)|SUBSTEP(17,2)|HEAVY MASS RESULT(16,3)|NATURAL VIBRATION MODE(12,3)|SANDBOX(10,2)|TOWER DAMPING OSCILLATION(10,1)|TOWER NATURAL FREQUENCY(9,8)|DESIRED REDUCTION(9,1)|TOWER OSCILLATION TOWER FREQUENCY(9,1)|WIND TURBINE TOWER OSCILLATION(9,1)|DAMPER DAMPING FREQUENCY(8,1)|VIBRATION MODE(7,7)|DETUNER(7,3)|PERIODIC COMPONENT(6,4)|TOP MASS(6,3)|TOWER MASS DISTRIBUTION(6,3)|INERTIA MASS(6,2)|TORSIONAL RESONANCE FREQUENCY(6,2)|WIND TURBINE BLADE(6,2)|INVARIANT NODE(6,1)|ITERATIVE CALCULATION(6,1)|TALL TOWER(6,1)|ROTOR FREQUENCY(5,2)|TOWER DESIGN(5,2)|ADJUSTABLE DAMPER(5,1)|BLADE EXCITATION FREQUENCY(5,1)|DYNAMIC COLLISION(5,1)|DYNAMIC CONFLICT(5,1)|ENTIRE TURBINE DYNAMIC FEASIBILITY(5,1)|TURBULENT WIND VARIABLE FREQUENCY(5,1)|WIND TURBINE VIBRATION DAMPING(5,1)|ROTOR BLADE(4,2)|MASS PLACING(4,1)|NATURAL FREQUENCY DAMP VIBRATION(4,1)|POCKET MASS(4,1)|SAND PUMP(4,1)|STIFFNESS DISTRIBUTION(4,1)|DAMPING FORCE(3,1)|DEMODULATOR(3,1)|EXCITATION SOURCE(3,1)|MASS CALCULATION(3,1)| | (US20210190039)|1. A method for second natural frequency wind turbine tower modification wherein it comprises the steps of:| a) determining the second natural frequency of the wind turbine;| b) calculating the anti-node of the second natural frequency to determine the point of the wind turbine tower that suffers the greatest displacement during the second natural vibration mode;| c) determining a height of the tower corresponding with the anti-node calculated in b);| d) calculating a mass to be placed at said height of the tower to modify the second natural frequency considering that a heavier mass leads to a lower second natural frequency; and| e) placing the mass calculated in step d) at the height determined in step c).|2. The method for second natural frequency wind turbine tower modification according to claim 1 wherein the step d) is calculated considering how much is going to be modified the second natural frequency of the wind turbine tower, the rigidity of the tower, the mass of the tower and the top head mass comprising the mass of the rotor and of the nacelle.)|3. The method for second natural frequency wind turbine tower modification according to claim 1 wherein the step b) is calculated analytically or with numerical simulation.|4. The method for second natural frequency wind turbine tower modification according to claim 1 the step d) is calculated with numerical simulation or according to Rayleigh method.|5. The method for second natural frequency wind turbine modification according to claim 1 wherein it further comprises a sub-step of placing a receptacle at the height determined in step c) and a sub-step of filling the receptacle with a mass as calculated in step d).|6. The method for second natural frequency wind turbine modification according to claim 5 wherein the receptacle is a sandbox and the mass which the receptacle is filled is sand.|7. The method for second natural frequency wind turbine modification according to claim 1 wherein step e) is done by welding the mass in the interior of the tower).|8. The method for second natural frequency wing turbine modification according to claim 1 wherein the wind turbine tower is manufactured in sections and step d) is performed placing the mass in the section of the tower corresponding with the specific location of the height of the tower determined in step c).|9. A wind turbine tower wherein it comprises a mass placed at a height of the tower corresponding to the anti-node of the second natural frequency said mass causing a modification of a previous wind turbine second natural frequency. | (US20210190039)|CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS|[0001] This application claims priority to PCT Application No. PCT/EP2019/068978, having a filing date of Jul. 15, 2019, which is based off of ES Application No. P201800182, having a filing date of Aug. 4, 2018, the entire contents both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.|(US20210190039)|FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY|[0002] The following relates to a wind turbine tower system for second natural frequency modification. The modification of the second natural frequency of the tower is achieved by modifying the mass distribution of the tower.|BACKGROUND|[0003] In the state of the art a plurality of solutions to modify, generally to mitigate or counteract, the amplitudes of several vibration modes of wind turbine towers.|[0004] Wind turbine towers have to be dynamically compatible with the remaining elements of the wind turbine (i.e. rotor, blades, etc.). Some of these elements are exciting sources that generate additional loads at a certain frequency and it essential to avoid a dynamic collision among them. For example, the rotor is a load source which rotates at a frequency known as 1P, and the blades have an individual pitch known as 3P.|[0005] The frequency of the towers, generally, decreases for higher towers having the same base diameter. At the same time, for an already designed tower, if the mass at the end of the tower (rotor and nacelle weight) the frequency is lower. Because of these reasons and due to the tendency of this technology field of increasing the measures of the rotor and the nominal power, the weight at the end of the tower has been increasing. At the same time, the height of the towers is higher in order to capture higher wind speeds.|[0006] According to what has been explained, the natural frequencies of the wind turbine towers vary depending on a plurality of different parameters in a wide range, from a high frequency in small towers to a low frequency in high towers.|[0007] Small height towers with high frequencies do not usually have dynamic collisions since their natural frequency tends to be higher than the 1P. However, in towers that are higher and/or have higher power or a bigger generator the frequencies decrease and they can collide with 1P. When this situation occurs, and the height of the tower cannot be modified, the tower structure has to be modified by changing the distribution of the mass of the tower so the first natural frequency does not collide with the 1P. That means that the structure of the tower will no longer be the optimal and it will be more expensive.|[0008] In document US2016252079 it is disclosed a method of damping wind turbine tower oscillations. The method comprises connecting a bag of material or liquid to a tower component at a first lateral distance away from a tower wall. The bag is also suspended from the tower component by a first vertical distance. The height of the tower component is known such that the first vertical distance corresponds to a particular height within the tower. The first lateral distance, first vertical distance, and mass of the bag are such that the bag is configured to hit said tower wall during oscillations in said wind turbine tower, in order to damp said oscillations in said wind turbine tower.|[0009] Document WO2012003832 discloses a wind turbine comprising a detuner. The drive train of the wind turbine comprises at least one rotatable driving element configured to provide at least one torsional resonance frequency in the drive train, a first detuner having at least one first mass element with a first mass inertia and at least one first elastic element with first elastic properties and a second detuner having at least one second mass element with a second mass inertia and at least one second elastic element with second elastic properties. The first and second mass elements and first and second elastic elements are arranged to rotate during operation of the wind turbine thus influencing the torsional resonance frequency.|[0010] It is also known document WO2017144061 which discloses a method for damping oscillation of a tower of a wind turbine. The pitch angle of each of the one or more rotor blades is individually adjustable, and the method comprises damping the oscillation of the tower by pitching each rotor blade individually according to tower damping pitch control signals. Each tower damping pitch control signal comprises a first periodic component, where a first frequency of the first periodic component corresponds to a frequency difference between a tower frequency of the oscillation of the tower and a rotor frequency of a rotation of the rotor, and where a second periodic component has been reduced or removed. A second frequency of the second periodic component corresponds to a frequency sum of the tower frequency and the rotor frequency.|[0011] Also document US2013280064 describes a wind turbine with adjustable damper including a movable mass. The damper is adapted for variably adjusting a frequency response of the wind turbine. And document US2013195653 describes a wind turbine vibration damping method in which a damper is adjusted to damp vibration in a natural frequency of a wind turbine and an additional damper is adjusted to dam vibration in a variable frequency of turbulent wind flowing into the wind turbine and/or a frequency of a rotation speed of a wind-turbine blade, and a pitch-angle control portion provided with a correction portion which adjusts a damping frequency of the additional damper which obtains the damping force by changing the pitch angle of the wind-turbine blade.|[0012] All the described solutions imply the use of dampers.|[0013] Also, when a wind turbine is designed, dynamical viability of the complete turbine must be checked as there are movable parts that could excite some components at some of its natural frequencies.|[0014] One of the most important checks to be made when designing the tower is to analyze if the first and second tower natural frequencies are excited by rotor and blade excitation frequencies, known as 1P, 3P and 6P (second multiple of the blade pitch 3P).|[0015] In the state of the art, when there is collision between the tower second natural frequency and an excitation frequency, the problem is solved by modifying the tower structure to change this second tower natural frequency. This means, moving the tower from its optimal (cost-efficiency) structural design to a not optimal one. These structural changes imply adding steel to the tower, and/or modifying the stiffness distribution by means of diameter changes. All these changes imply an extra cost from the optimal tower design.|SUMMARY|[0016] An aspect relates to a wind turbine tower system for second natural frequency modification. In this case the modification of the second natural frequency of the tower is achieved by modifying the mass distribution of the tower.|[0017] With embodiments of this invention the collisions between the second vibration modes with possible exciting frequencies, as for example the 6P, are avoided. This solution is achieved in an efficient way and minimizing the modification of the first natural frequency of the tower.|[0018] An important advantage of embodiments of the present invention is that it avoids collision problems that could appear when modifying the frequency of the tower.|[0019] That is to say, embodiments of the invention solve efficiently the problem generated when a second natural frequency of a tower is in collision with any excitatory frequency from the wind turbine tower.|[0020] By using a specific mass placed at a specific height near the center of the tower, the second natural frequency of the tower can be modified, without modifying significantly the first natural frequency. Therefore, the problems of the second natural frequency collisions are solved without modifying the tower structural design.|[0021] To achieve this modification, embodiments of the invention describe a method comprising a step of placing a mass which weight depends on the mass of the wind turbine and the percentage of desired decrease in the second vibration mode.|[0022] The mass has to be placed at a specific height in the tower so the effect is achieved in the most efficient way. This height corresponds to the anti-node of the second vibration mode of the tower. The mentioned height is different for each tower since it depends on the specific distribution of masses and the rigidity of the tower.|[0023] The method comprises a first step of determining the second natural frequency of the wind turbine and afterwards a step of using the second natural frequency to calculate the anti-node of said second natural frequency. The anti-node determines the point of the wind turbine tower that remains invariant during the second natural vibration mode.|[0024] The height of the tower in which the mass has to be placed corresponds with the height between the base of the tower and the anti-node point. The mass to be placed has to be calculated considering that a heavier mass leads to a lower second natural frequency. The mass also depends on how much is going to be modified the second natural frequency of the wind turbine tower, the rigidity of the tower, the mass of the tower and the top head mass comprising the mass of the rotor and of the nacelle.|[0025] Lastly, the method comprises a step of placing the mass previously calculated at the height corresponding to the anti-node of the second natural frequency.|[0026] An aspect relates to a wind turbine tower comprising a mass placed at the anti-node of the second natural frequency. The mass is such as to modify a previous wind turbine natural frequency.|(US20210190039)|BRIEF DESCRIPTION|[0027] Some of the embodiments will be described in detail, with reference to the following figures, wherein like designations denote like members, wherein:|[0028] FIG. 1. shows a wind turbine tower with the system of the invention; and|[0029] FIG. 2. shows a zoom view of the section of the tower in which the mass is added.|(US20210190039)|DETAILED DESCRIPTION|[0030] A method for second natural frequency wind turbine tower modification to avoid the collisions between the second vibration modes with possible exciting frequencies of the wind turbine is proposed.|[0031] The method comprises the following steps:|a) determining the second natural frequency of the wind turbine;|b) calculating the anti-node of the second natural frequency to determine the point of the wind turbine tower (1) that remains invariant during the second natural vibration mode;| - c) determining a height (H) of the tower (1) corresponding with the anti-node calculated in b);| - d) calculating a mass (2) to be placed at said height (H) of the tower to modify the second natural frequency considering that a heavier mass (2) leads to a lower second natural frequency;| - e) placing the mass (2) calculated in d) at the height (H) determined in c).|[0035] The step of determining the second natural frequency of the wind turbine considers the frequencies of the wind turbine with all its components. It is to be considered the whole wind turbine with the rotor and nacelle and not only the frequencies of the tower (1). This is essential since the wind turbine will comprise all its components when completely installed and the possible collisions with the second natural frequency will appear in that situation.|[0036] The anti-node is a point of the tower (1) which is placed between two invariant nodes, that is to say, between two points that do not displace. The anti-node to be found in step b) is to be found approximately at a 0.6*H (around the 60% of the height of the tower). The exact location can be obtained by the deflection of the second vibration modes. The anti-node can be determined analytically or with numerical simulation.|[0037] When the anti-node has been calculated, the next step is to determine the height (H) of the tower (1) in which the anti-node has been found. Said height (H) corresponds to the distance between the anti-node and the base of the tower (1).|[0038] Step d) of calculating a mass (2) to be placed is done considering how much is going to be modified the second natural frequency of the wind turbine tower (1), the rigidity of the tower (1), the mass of the tower (1) and the top head mass comprising the mass of the rotor and of the nacelle.|[0039] As explained above, the rotor and nacelle have to be considered in the method because both elements are present when the wind turbine is working and thus, they are present when the possible collisions between vibration modes appear.|[0040] The step d) of calculating the mass (2) to be placed in the anti-node is done with numerical simulation or according to Rayleigh method. The determination of the mass (2) can be done with iterative calculations, for example, it can be simulated a 1 ton mass (2) placed in the anti-node and the natural frequencies of the wind turbine are calculated.|[0041] Then, considering that placing a higher mass (2) leads to a decrease in the second natural frequency, the simulation can be repeated with a higher or a lower mass (2) according to the modification to be made. When a lower second natural frequency is to be achieved, the mass has to be increased.|[0042] In an exemplary embodiment of the invention the method further comprises a sub-step of placing a receptacle (3) at the height (H) determined in step c) and a sub-step of filling the receptacle (3) with a mass (2) as calculated in step d).|[0043] In FIG. 1 it can be appreciated a wind turbine tower (1) section with a receptacle (3), placed at the height (H) corresponding to the anti-node. Said figure represents an embodiment of the invention in which the receptacle (3) is a sandbox and the mass (2) with which the receptacle (3) is filled is sand. It can be appreciated also a sand pump (4) with which the sand is pumped to the receptacle (3).|[0044] In another embodiment of the invention step e) of placing the mass (2) at the height corresponding with the anti-node is done by welding the mass (2) in the interior of the tower (1).|[0045] When the method is going to be performed in a wind turbine tower that is manufactured in sections (S), step d) is performed placing the mass (2) in the section (S) of the tower (1) corresponding with the specific location of the height (H) of the tower determined in step c). In FIG. 2 it can be appreciated a zoom view of the section of the wind turbine tower in which the receptacle (3) is placed.|[0046] A further aspect relates to provide a wind turbine tower (1) that comprises a mass (2) placed at a height (H) of the tower corresponding to the anti-node of the second natural frequency. The mass (2) comprised by the tower being a mass (2) causing a desired modification of a previous wind turbine second natural frequency.|[0047] Although the present invention has been disclosed in the form of preferred embodiments and variations thereon, it will be understood that numerous additional modifications and variations could be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention.|[0048] For the sake of clarity, it is to be understood that the use of “a” or “an” throughout this application does not exclude a plurality, and “comprising” does not exclude other steps or elements. | (US20210190039)|CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS|[0001] This application claims priority to PCT Application No. PCT/EP2019/068978, having a filing date of Jul. 15, 2019, which is based off of ES Application No. P201800182, having a filing date of Aug. 4, 2018, the entire contents both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.|(US20210190039)|FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY|[0002] The following relates to a wind turbine tower system for second natural frequency modification. The modification of the second natural frequency of the tower is achieved by modifying the mass distribution of the tower.|BACKGROUND|[0003] In the state of the art a plurality of solutions to modify, generally to mitigate or counteract, the amplitudes of several vibration modes of wind turbine towers.|[0004] Wind turbine towers have to be dynamically compatible with the remaining elements of the wind turbine (i.e. rotor, blades, etc.). Some of these elements are exciting sources that generate additional loads at a certain frequency and it essential to avoid a dynamic collision among them. For example, the rotor is a load source which rotates at a frequency known as 1P, and the blades have an individual pitch known as 3P.|[0005] The frequency of the towers, generally, decreases for higher towers having the same base diameter. At the same time, for an already designed tower, if the mass at the end of the tower (rotor and nacelle weight) the frequency is lower. Because of these reasons and due to the tendency of this technology field of increasing the measures of the rotor and the nominal power, the weight at the end of the tower has been increasing. At the same time, the height of the towers is higher in order to capture higher wind speeds.|[0006] According to what has been explained, the natural frequencies of the wind turbine towers vary depending on a plurality of different parameters in a wide range, from a high frequency in small towers to a low frequency in high towers.|[0007] Small height towers with high frequencies do not usually have dynamic collisions since their natural frequency tends to be higher than the 1P. However, in towers that are higher and/or have higher power or a bigger generator the frequencies decrease and they can collide with 1P. When this situation occurs, and the height of the tower cannot be modified, the tower structure has to be modified by changing the distribution of the mass of the tower so the first natural frequency does not collide with the 1P. That means that the structure of the tower will no longer be the optimal and it will be more expensive.|[0008] In document US2016252079 it is disclosed a method of damping wind turbine tower oscillations. The method comprises connecting a bag of material or liquid to a tower component at a first lateral distance away from a tower wall. The bag is also suspended from the tower component by a first vertical distance. The height of the tower component is known such that the first vertical distance corresponds to a particular height within the tower. The first lateral distance, first vertical distance, and mass of the bag are such that the bag is configured to hit said tower wall during oscillations in said wind turbine tower, in order to damp said oscillations in said wind turbine tower.|[0009] Document WO2012003832 discloses a wind turbine comprising a detuner. The drive train of the wind turbine comprises at least one rotatable driving element configured to provide at least one torsional resonance frequency in the drive train, a first detuner having at least one first mass element with a first mass inertia and at least one first elastic element with first elastic properties and a second detuner having at least one second mass element with a second mass inertia and at least one second elastic element with second elastic properties. The first and second mass elements and first and second elastic elements are arranged to rotate during operation of the wind turbine thus influencing the torsional resonance frequency.|[0010] It is also known document WO2017144061 which discloses a method for damping oscillation of a tower of a wind turbine. The pitch angle of each of the one or more rotor blades is individually adjustable, and the method comprises damping the oscillation of the tower by pitching each rotor blade individually according to tower damping pitch control signals. Each tower damping pitch control signal comprises a first periodic component, where a first frequency of the first periodic component corresponds to a frequency difference between a tower frequency of the oscillation of the tower and a rotor frequency of a rotation of the rotor, and where a second periodic component has been reduced or removed. A second frequency of the second periodic component corresponds to a frequency sum of the tower frequency and the rotor frequency.|[0011] Also document US2013280064 describes a wind turbine with adjustable damper including a movable mass. The damper is adapted for variably adjusting a frequency response of the wind turbine. And document US2013195653 describes a wind turbine vibration damping method in which a damper is adjusted to damp vibration in a natural frequency of a wind turbine and an additional damper is adjusted to dam vibration in a variable frequency of turbulent wind flowing into the wind turbine and/or a frequency of a rotation speed of a wind-turbine blade, and a pitch-angle control portion provided with a correction portion which adjusts a damping frequency of the additional damper which obtains the damping force by changing the pitch angle of the wind-turbine blade.|[0012] All the described solutions imply the use of dampers.|[0013] Also, when a wind turbine is designed, dynamical viability of the complete turbine must be checked as there are movable parts that could excite some components at some of its natural frequencies.|[0014] One of the most important checks to be made when designing the tower is to analyze if the first and second tower natural frequencies are excited by rotor and blade excitation frequencies, known as 1P, 3P and 6P (second multiple of the blade pitch 3P).|[0015] In the state of the art, when there is collision between the tower second natural frequency and an excitation frequency, the problem is solved by modifying the tower structure to change this second tower natural frequency. This means, moving the tower from its optimal (cost-efficiency) structural design to a not optimal one. These structural changes imply adding steel to the tower, and/or modifying the stiffness distribution by means of diameter changes. All these changes imply an extra cost from the optimal tower design.|SUMMARY|[0016] An aspect relates to a wind turbine tower system for second natural frequency modification. In this case the modification of the second natural frequency of the tower is achieved by modifying the mass distribution of the tower.|[0017] With embodiments of this invention the collisions between the second vibration modes with possible exciting frequencies, as for example the 6P, are avoided. This solution is achieved in an efficient way and minimizing the modification of the first natural frequency of the tower.|[0018] An important advantage of embodiments of the present invention is that it avoids collision problems that could appear when modifying the frequency of the tower.|[0019] That is to say, embodiments of the invention solve efficiently the problem generated when a second natural frequency of a tower is in collision with any excitatory frequency from the wind turbine tower.|[0020] By using a specific mass placed at a specific height near the center of the tower, the second natural frequency of the tower can be modified, without modifying significantly the first natural frequency. Therefore, the problems of the second natural frequency collisions are solved without modifying the tower structural design.|[0021] To achieve this modification, embodiments of the invention describe a method comprising a step of placing a mass which weight depends on the mass of the wind turbine and the percentage of desired decrease in the second vibration mode.|[0022] The mass has to be placed at a specific height in the tower so the effect is achieved in the most efficient way. This height corresponds to the anti-node of the second vibration mode of the tower. The mentioned height is different for each tower since it depends on the specific distribution of masses and the rigidity of the tower.|[0023] The method comprises a first step of determining the second natural frequency of the wind turbine and afterwards a step of using the second natural frequency to calculate the anti-node of said second natural frequency. The anti-node determines the point of the wind turbine tower that remains invariant during the second natural vibration mode.|[0024] The height of the tower in which the mass has to be placed corresponds with the height between the base of the tower and the anti-node point. The mass to be placed has to be calculated considering that a heavier mass leads to a lower second natural frequency. The mass also depends on how much is going to be modified the second natural frequency of the wind turbine tower, the rigidity of the tower, the mass of the tower and the top head mass comprising the mass of the rotor and of the nacelle.|[0025] Lastly, the method comprises a step of placing the mass previously calculated at the height corresponding to the anti-node of the second natural frequency.|[0026] An aspect relates to a wind turbine tower comprising a mass placed at the anti-node of the second natural frequency. The mass is such as to modify a previous wind turbine natural frequency.|(US20210190039)|BRIEF DESCRIPTION|[0027] Some of the embodiments will be described in detail, with reference to the following figures, wherein like designations denote like members, wherein:|[0028] FIG. 1. shows a wind turbine tower with the system of the invention; and|[0029] FIG. 2. shows a zoom view of the section of the tower in which the mass is added.|(US20210190039)|DETAILED DESCRIPTION|[0030] A method for second natural frequency wind turbine tower modification to avoid the collisions between the second vibration modes with possible exciting frequencies of the wind turbine is proposed.|[0031] The method comprises the following steps:|a) determining the second natural frequency of the wind turbine;|b) calculating the anti-node of the second natural frequency to determine the point of the wind turbine tower (1) that remains invariant during the second natural vibration mode;| - c) determining a height (H) of the tower (1) corresponding with the anti-node calculated in b);| - d) calculating a mass (2) to be placed at said height (H) of the tower to modify the second natural frequency considering that a heavier mass (2) leads to a lower second natural frequency;| - e) placing the mass (2) calculated in d) at the height (H) determined in c).|[0035] The step of determining the second natural frequency of the wind turbine considers the frequencies of the wind turbine with all its components. It is to be considered the whole wind turbine with the rotor and nacelle and not only the frequencies of the tower (1). This is essential since the wind turbine will comprise all its components when completely installed and the possible collisions with the second natural frequency will appear in that situation.|[0036] The anti-node is a point of the tower (1) which is placed between two invariant nodes, that is to say, between two points that do not displace. The anti-node to be found in step b) is to be found approximately at a 0.6*H (around the 60% of the height of the tower). The exact location can be obtained by the deflection of the second vibration modes. The anti-node can be determined analytically or with numerical simulation.|[0037] When the anti-node has been calculated, the next step is to determine the height (H) of the tower (1) in which the anti-node has been found. Said height (H) corresponds to the distance between the anti-node and the base of the tower (1).|[0038] Step d) of calculating a mass (2) to be placed is done considering how much is going to be modified the second natural frequency of the wind turbine tower (1), the rigidity of the tower (1), the mass of the tower (1) and the top head mass comprising the mass of the rotor and of the nacelle.|[0039] As explained above, the rotor and nacelle have to be considered in the method because both elements are present when the wind turbine is working and thus, they are present when the possible collisions between vibration modes appear.|[0040] The step d) of calculating the mass (2) to be placed in the anti-node is done with numerical simulation or according to Rayleigh method. The determination of the mass (2) can be done with iterative calculations, for example, it can be simulated a 1 ton mass (2) placed in the anti-node and the natural frequencies of the wind turbine are calculated.|[0041] Then, considering that placing a higher mass (2) leads to a decrease in the second natural frequency, the simulation can be repeated with a higher or a lower mass (2) according to the modification to be made. When a lower second natural frequency is to be achieved, the mass has to be increased.|[0042] In an exemplary embodiment of the invention the method further comprises a sub-step of placing a receptacle (3) at the height (H) determined in step c) and a sub-step of filling the receptacle (3) with a mass (2) as calculated in step d).|[0043] In FIG. 1 it can be appreciated a wind turbine tower (1) section with a receptacle (3), placed at the height (H) corresponding to the anti-node. Said figure represents an embodiment of the invention in which the receptacle (3) is a sandbox and the mass (2) with which the receptacle (3) is filled is sand. It can be appreciated also a sand pump (4) with which the sand is pumped to the receptacle (3).|[0044] In another embodiment of the invention step e) of placing the mass (2) at the height corresponding with the anti-node is done by welding the mass (2) in the interior of the tower (1).|[0045] When the method is going to be performed in a wind turbine tower that is manufactured in sections (S), step d) is performed placing the mass (2) in the section (S) of the tower (1) corresponding with the specific location of the height (H) of the tower determined in step c). In FIG. 2 it can be appreciated a zoom view of the section of the wind turbine tower in which the receptacle (3) is placed.|[0046] A further aspect relates to provide a wind turbine tower (1) that comprises a mass (2) placed at a height (H) of the tower corresponding to the anti-node of the second natural frequency. The mass (2) comprised by the tower being a mass (2) causing a desired modification of a previous wind turbine second natural frequency.|[0047] Although the present invention has been disclosed in the form of preferred embodiments and variations thereon, it will be understood that numerous additional modifications and variations could be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention.|[0048] For the sake of clarity, it is to be understood that the use of “a” or “an” throughout this application does not exclude a plurality, and “comprising” does not exclude other steps or elements. | AP unique ID|(WO202025300 A1)|140799355|(ES2739898 A1)|140804348|(US20210190039 A1)|148764063|(CN112513456 A)|148840259|(EP3803112 A1)|149429387|Family Number|(87509189)|87509189| | Engines, pumps, turbines | F03D-007/02/96|F03D-013/20|F03D-013/30|F03D-013/35|F03D-017/00|F03D-080/00|F05B-2260/964|Y02E-010/72|Y02E-010/728 | 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date=2019-07-15|Event code=EP/APP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Application details|Application country=EP EP19746019|Application date=2019-07-15|Standardized application number=2019EP-0746019|Event publication date=2019-08-09|Event code=EP/STAAUK|Event group=Administrative notifications|Unknown|Original code: STAA|Event publication date=2020-02-08|Event code=EP/STAAPCT|Event group=Examination events Entry into national phase|The international publication has been made|Original code: STAA|Event publication date=2021-03-12|Event code=EP/PUAI|Event group=Administrative notifications|PUBLIC REFERENCE MADE UNDER ARTICLE 153(3) EPC TO A PUBLISHED INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION THAT HAS ENTERED THE EUROPEAN PHASE|Publication in section i.1 EP bulletin|Original code: 0009012|Event publication date=2021-03-12|Event code=EP/STAARQ|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Request for examination was made|Original code: STAA|Event publication date=2021-04-14|Event code=EP/A1|Event group=Examination events|Application published with search report|Publication country=EP|Publication number=EP3803112|Publication stage code=A1|Publication date=2021-04-14|Standardized publication number=EP3803112|Event publication date=2021-04-14|Event code=EP/17P|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Request for examination filed|Pruefungsantrag gestellt|Effective date of the event=2021-01-08|Event publication date=2021-04-14|Event code=EP/AK|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Designated states|Designated contracting states:|Benannte vertragsstaaten|Designated contracting states=AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR|Event publication date=2021-04-14|Event code=EP/AX|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Designated states|REQUEST FOR EXTENSION OF THE EUROPEAN PATENT|Request for extension of the european patent to|Designated contracting states=BA ME|Event publication date=2021-06-11|Event code=EP/STAAWD|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Event indicating Not In Force|The application has been withdrawn|Original code: STAA|Event publication date=2021-07-14|Event code=EP/18W|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Event indicating Not In Force|Application withdrawn|Effective date of the event=2021-06-04|(US20210190039)|LEGAL DETAILS FOR US20210190039|Actual or expected expiration date=2023-04-07|Legal state=DEAD|Status=LAPSED|Event publication date=2019-07-15|Event code=US/APP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Application details|Application country=US US17263601|Application date=2019-07-15|Standardized application number=2019US-17263601|Event publication date=2019-07-15|Event code=US/EXMR|Event group=Administrative notifications|USPTO Examiner Name|PRIMARY EXAMINER:SEABE, JUSTIN D|Event publication date=2019-07-15|Event code=US/DK|Event group=Examination events|Attorney Docket Number|Docket Nbr: 80000.01154-NY|Event publication date=2019-07-15|Event 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name or address Reassignment|Assignment|ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST|Assignors:SAN VICENTE LARRECHI, BORJA;UNANUA HERMOSO DE MENDOZA, PABLO|Reel/frame:055043/0955|OWNER:SIEMENS GAMESA RENEWABLE ENERGY INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGY S.L., SPAIN|Effective date of the event=2021-01-19|Event publication date=2021-03-16|Event code=US/APPFILEREC|Event group=Administrative notifications OAO|Filing Receipt|Event publication date=2021-03-16|Event code=US/M903|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events OAO|Notice of DO/EO Acceptance Mailed|Event publication date=2021-05-26|Event code=US/APE|Event group=Corrections|Preliminary amendments|Event publication date=2021-06-24|Event code=US/A1|Event group=Examination events|Application published|Publication country=US|Publication number=US20210190039|Publication stage code=A1|Publication date=2021-06-24|Standardized publication number=US20210190039|Event publication date=2021-06-24|Event code=US/PGPUBN|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events OAO|PG-Pub Issue Notification|Event publication date=2021-08-23|Event code=US/DOCK|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Case Docketed to Examiner|Event publication date=2021-10-03|Event code=US/DOCK|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Case Docketed to Examiner|Event publication date=2022-09-30|Event code=US/CTNF|Event group=Examination events OA OAO|Non-Final Rejection|Event publication date=2022-10-05|Event code=US/112NF|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Non-final rejection reason 112 - subject matter in claims not properly defined|RJD=2022-10-05|R4R=112b|RJST=non-final|Rejected claims 1-9|Event publication date=2022-10-05|Event code=US/102NF|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Non-final rejection reason 102 - non-novel subject matter in claims|RJD=2022-10-05|R4R=102a|RJST=non-final|Rejected claims 1, 3, 8, and 9|RJCT=US10024378|RJCT=US8322975|Event publication date=2022-10-05|Event code=US/103NF|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Non-final rejection reason 103 - obvious subject matter in claims|RJD=2022-10-05|R4R=103|RJST=non-final|Rejected claims 2; 4; 5; 6|RJCT=US10767628|RJCT=WO2017198481|RJCT=US8418413|RJCT=US10024378|RJCT=EP1008747|RJCT=US20160123303|Event publication date=2023-04-07|Event code=US/ABNOA|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Event indicating Not In Force OAO|Abandoned -- Failure to Respond to an Office Action|(WO2020/025300)|LEGAL DETAILS FOR WO2020/025300|Actual or expected expiration date=2022-02-03|Legal state=DEAD|Status=LAPSED|Event publication date=2019-07-15|Event code=WO/APP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Application details|Application country=WO WOEP2019/068978|Application date=2019-07-15|Standardized application number=2019WO-EP68978|Event publication date=2020-02-06|Event code=WO/A1|Event group=Examination events|Published application with search report|Publication country=WO|Publication number=WO2020/025300|Publication 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informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application|Corresponding cc:|Designated or member state=EP|Event publication date=2021-01-15|Event code=WO/ENP|Event group=Entry into national phase|Entry into the national phase|Effective date of the event=2021-01-08|Corresponding cc:|Designated or member state=EP|Event publication date=2021-07-14|Event code=EP/STCHG|Patent Status changed by the national office|Corresponding cc:|Designated or member state=EP|MEMBER STATE LEGAL DETAILS FOR US20210190039|Actual or expected expiration date=2023-04-07|Legal state=DEAD|Status=LAPSED|Corresponding cc:|Designated or member state=US Corresponding appl: US17263601|Application date in the designated or member state=2019-07-15|Application number in the designated or member state=2019US-17263601|Corresponding cc:|Designated or member state=US Corresponding pat: US20210190039|Publication stage code in the designated or member state=A1|Publication date in the designated or member state=2021-06-24|Publication number in the designated or member state=US20210190039|Event publication date=2023-04-07|Event code=US/STCHG|Patent Status changed by the national office|Corresponding cc:|Designated or member state=US|(CN112513456)|LEGAL DETAILS FOR CN112513456|Actual or expected expiration date=2024-12-13|Legal state=DEAD|Status=LAPSED|Event publication date=2019-07-15|Event code=CN/APP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Application details|Application country=CN CN201980051698|Application date=2019-07-15|Standardized application number=2019CN-80051698|Event publication date=2021-03-16|Event code=CN/A|Event group=Examination events|Published application|Publication country=CN|Publication number=CN112513456|Publication stage code=A|Publication date=2021-03-16|Standardized publication number=CN112513456|Event publication date=2021-03-16|Event code=CN/PB01|Event group=Examination events|Publication|Event publication date=2021-04-02|Event code=CN/SE01|Event group=Examination events|Entry into substantive examination|Event publication date=2024-12-13|Event code=CN/WD01|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Event indicating Not In Force|Patent application deemed withdrawn after publication|(ES2739898)|LEGAL DETAILS FOR ES2739898|Actual or expected expiration date=2020-08-27|Legal state=DEAD|Status=LAPSED|Event publication date=2018-08-03|Event code=ES/APP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Application details|Application country=ES ES201800182|Application date=2018-08-03|Standardized application number=2018ES-0000182|Event publication date=2020-02-04|Event code=ES/A1|Event group=Examination events|Pat. application published with search report|Publication country=ES|Publication number=ES2739898|Publication stage code=A1|Publication date=2020-02-04|Standardized publication number=ES2739898|Event publication date=2020-02-04|Event code=ES/BA2A|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Patent application published|Publicacion solicitud|Effective date of the event=2020-02-04|Event publication date=2020-09-02|Event code=ES/FA2A|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Event indicating Not In Force|Application withdrawn|Solicitud retirada|Effective date of the event=2020-08-27 | (EP3803112)|Contracting States: DE, NO, RS, BE, FI, PT, BG, DK, LT, LU, HR, LV, FR, HU, SE, MC, SI, SK, SM, GB, IE, MK, EE, CH, MT, IS, AL, GR, IT, ES, AT, CY, CZ, PL, LI, RO, NL, TR|(EP3803112)|Extension States: ME, BA|(WO2020/025300)|ARIPO: GH, RW, GM, LR, TZ, LS, SZ, MW, MZ, SD, UG, NA, ZM, BW, SL, KE, ZW|(WO2020/025300)|EAPO: RU, TJ, BY, AZ, TM, AM, KG, KZ|(WO2020/025300)|EPO: DE, NO, RS, BE, FI, PT, BG, DK, LT, LU, HR, LV, FR, HU, SE, MC, SI, SK, SM, GB, IE, MK, EE, CH, MT, IS, AL, GR, IT, ES, AT, CY, CZ, PL, RO, NL, TR|(WO2020/025300)|OAPI: ST, KM, CF, BF, CG, MR, CI, GN, BJ, CM, GQ, GW, TD, TG, NE, GA, SN, ML|(WO2020/025300)|National States: PT, HN, HR, HU, QA, ID, IL, AE, IN, AG, ZA, IR, IS, AL, AM, AO, AT, ZM, AU, AZ, RO, ZW, BA, BB, RS, RU, BG, JO, RW, BH, JP, BN, SA, BR, SC, SD, SE, SG, BW, BY, BZ, SK, SL, KE, SM, KG, KH, CA, ST, KN, SV, CH, KP, SY, KR, CL, CN, CO, KW, CR, KZ, CU, TH, LA, TJ, CZ, LC, TM, TN, TR, LK, TT, DE, DJ, LR, TZ, DK, LS, DM, LU, DO, UA, LY, UG, MA, DZ, MD, ME, MG, EC, MK, US, EE, MN, EG, UZ, MW, MX, MY, MZ, VC, ES, NA, VN, NG, NI, NO, FI, NZ, GB, GD, GE, OM, GH, GM, GT, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL | https://www.orbit.com/GetPDF?gui=crypt&callingapp=EDOFF&key=xjIJSEQhK06b1wbDzeilVKCa4vFyxJplNoC7YXsv59YGnqhCiah71aMBN8cII1otJsj+r4XrQ7A=&n=1 | https://sobj.orbit.com/sobj/getMosaic?bdi=na&userid=ZIBNDZZF&key=US0000000019687585&ekey=2025&xpn=EP3803112&kind=A1 | https://register.epo.org/application?number=EP19746019 | https://permalink.orbit.com/RenderStaticFirstPage?XPN=8vnxr6zSqpqseLHW8WjXjnfDUqlXTJ5uwQdFuycu4uk%3D%26n%3D1&id=0&base=FAMPAT | ES | (WO2020/025300)|ES|(ES2739898)|ES | (WO2020/025300)|NAME=SIEMENS GAMESA RENEWABLE ENERGY INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGY S.L. Avenida Ciudad de la Innovacion 9-11 31621 Sarriguren Navarra , COUNTRY=ES|(ES2739898)|NAME=SIEMENS GAMESA RENEWABLE ENERGY INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGY SL , COUNTRY=ES | (EP3803112)|DE|(WO2020/025300)|DE| | (EP3803112)|NAME=Aspacher, Karl-Georg;Siemens Wind Power GmbH & Co. KG Postfach 22 16 34 , CITY=80506 München , COUNTRY=DE , REG=101651598|(WO2020/025300)|NAME=ASPACHER, Karl-Georg Postfach 22 16 34 80506 München , POSTCODE=80506 , COUNTRY=DE|(CN112513456)|NAME=ZOU LONGHUI;CHINA PATENT AGENT (H.K.) LTD. , REG=72001NAME=SI KUNMING;CHINA PATENT AGENT (H.K.) LTD. , REG=72001 | (EP3803112)|ES; ES|(US20210190039)|ES; ES|(WO2020/025300)|ES; ES|| | (EP3803112)|NAME=SAN VICENTE LARRECHI, Borja Avda. INNOVACION 2, CITY=31621 Sarriguren Navarra, COUNTRY=ES |NAME=UNANUA HERMOSO DE MENDOZA, Pablo Avda. INNOVACION 2, CITY=31621 Sarriguren Navarra, COUNTRY=ES|(US20210190039)|NAME=San Vicente Larrechi Borja, CITY=Vitoria, ALAVA, COUNTRY=ES |NAME=Unanua Hermoso de Mendoza Pablo, CITY=Olloki - Navarra, COUNTRY=ES|(WO2020/025300)|NAME=SAN VICENTE LARRECHI, Borja Avda. INNOVACION 2 31621 Sarriguren Navarra, POSTCODE=31621, COUNTRY=ES |NAME=UNANUA HERMOSO DE MENDOZA, Pablo Avda. INNOVACION 2 31621 Sarriguren Navarra, POSTCODE=31621, COUNTRY=ES|(CN112513456)|NAME=SAN VICENTE LARRECHI BORJA|NAME=UNANUA HERMOSO DE MENDOZA PABLO|(ES2739898)|NAME=UNANUA HERMOSO DE MENDOZA, Pablo|NAME=SAN VICENTE LARRECHI, Borja | 19 | 6 | (WO2020/025300)|2|(US20210190039)|2||(CN112513456)|2 | (WO2020/025300)|7|(US20210190039)|7||(CN112513456)|7 | (US20210190039)|9|(WO2020/025300)|9|(CN112513456)|9|(ES2739898)|9 | 1 | 12 | 5 | (WO2020/025300)|2|(US20210190039)|2||(CN112513456)|2 | 2 | 5 | (EP3803112)|WO2020/025300|(US20210190039)|WO2020/025300|(CN112513456)|WO2020/025300 | (US20210190039)|Number of Claims: NCL=9|Number of Drawings: NDR=2|Number of Figures: NFG=2|Independent Claim Number: ICL=1,9|Number of Independent Claims: NICL=2|Exemplary Claim Number: ECL=1||(WO2020/025300)|Number of Claims: NCL=9|Extended kind: EXTK=x||(CN112513456)|Number of Claims: NCL=9|Gazette date: GAZDATE=2021-03-16|Gazette number: GAZNUM=37-1201|Substantial examination effective date: 20210402|Number of Pages: NPAGES=8||(ES2739898)|Number of Claims: NCL=9| | (EP3803112)|ENGLISH (ENG) | (US20210190039)|Patent|(EP3803112)|Patent|(CN112513456)|Patent|(WO202025300)|Patent|(ES2739898)|Patent | Titre: (EP3803112)|Wind turbine tower system for second natural frequency modification Résumé: (EP3803112)|Method for second natural frequency wind turbine tower modification. The method comprises the steps of: a) determining the second natural frequency of the wind turbine; b) calculating the anti-node of the second natural frequency to determine the point of the wind turbine tower (1) that suffers the greatest displacement during the second natural vibration mode; c) determining an height (H) of the tower (1) corresponding with the anti-node calculated in b); d) calculating a mass (2) to be placed at said height (H) of the tower to modify the second natural frequency considering that a heavier mass leads to a lower second natural frequency; e) placing the mass (2) calculated in step d) at the height (H) determined in step c). Autre: (US20210190039)|1. A method for second natural frequency wind turbine tower modification wherein it comprises the steps of:| a) determining the second natural frequency of the wind turbine;| b) calculating the anti-node of the second natural frequency to determine the point of the wind turbine tower that suffers the greatest displacement during the second natural vibration mode;| c) determining a height of the tower corresponding with the anti-node calculated in b);| d) calculating a mass to be placed at said height of the tower to modify the second natural frequency considering that a heavier mass leads to a lower second natural frequency; and| e) placing the mass calculated in step d) at the height determined in step c).|2. The method for second natural frequency wind turbine tower modification according to claim 1 wherein the step d) is calculated considering how much is going to be modified the second natural frequency of the wind turbine tower, the rigidity of the tower, the mass of the tower and the top head mass comprising the mass of the rotor and of the nacelle.)|3. The method for second natural frequency wind turbine tower modification according to claim 1 wherein the step b) is calculated analytically or with numerical simulation.|4. The method for second natural frequency wind turbine tower modification according to claim 1 the step d) is calculated with numerical simulation or according to Rayleigh method.|5. The method for second natural frequency wind turbine modification according to claim 1 wherein it further comprises a sub-step of placing a receptacle at the height determined in step c) and a sub-step of filling the receptacle with a mass as calculated in step d).|6. The method for second natural frequency wind turbine modification according to claim 5 wherein the receptacle is a sandbox and the mass which the receptacle is filled is sand.|7. The method for second natural frequency wind turbine modification according to claim 1 wherein step e) is done by welding the mass in the interior of the tower).|8. The method for second natural frequency wing turbine modification according to claim 1 wherein the wind turbine tower is manufactured in sections and step d) is performed placing the mass in the section of the tower corresponding with the specific location of the height of the tower determined in step c).|9. A wind turbine tower wherein it comprises a mass placed at a height of the tower corresponding to the anti-node of the second natural frequency said mass causing a modification of a previous wind turbine second natural frequency. | 10 | Abstract | gpt-4o-mini | no | The article focuses on modifying the natural frequency of wind turbine towers, which is unrelated to solar geoengineering or stratospheric aerosol injection. | ||||||||||||||||||
| 10 | ES201800182U | ES201800182U | ES1209863|ES1209863|ES1209863 | 79455289 | ES1209863 Y 2018-07-04 [ES1209863Y]|ES1209863 U8 2018-04-18 [ES1209863U]|ES1209863 U 2018-04-12 [ES1209863U] | 2018-03-01 | 2018-03-01 | 2018-07-04|2018-04-18|2018-04-12 | (ES1209863Y)|2018-07-04 | (ES1209863)|2028-03-01 | (ES1209863)|Global temperature regulator system using hoses, chimneys or columns of gases or aerosols | (ES1209863)|Global temperature regulating system through the use of hoses, columns or chimneys of gases or aerosols, arranged vertically from the earth's surface and through which water or other liquid elements are injected into the stratosphere or upper tropospheric zone, gases or aerosols cloud layer formers which reflect, adsorb and act as greenhouses, characterized in that it comprises: a) Hoses or conduits arranged vertically from the earth's surface and through which the clouds forming products or layers of clouds or ozone are injected into the stratosphere or tropospheric upper zone; b) Columns or chimneys through which clouds forming products or layers of clouds or ozone are injected into the stratosphere or upper tropospheric zone; c) Cloud forming products or cloud layers; d) Impulse devices for the gases that circulate in the hoses, columns or chimneys, forming the clouds or layers of clouds and the erector flow of the hoses; e) Some devices erectors and levitadores of the hoses; f) Stabilizing devices for the hoses that keep them vertical; g) Heating devices for the hoses; h) Systems of electrical power through the use of alternative energies; i) Columns or chimneys of hot gases, generated by heating boilers; j) A cable or device discharging the static current to ground and k) A few sensors placed in stationary meteorological globes that send to earth, for their control, the composition of the different stratospheric layers involved. | MUNOZ SAIZ MANUEL ([ES]) | (ES1209863)|MUNOZ SAIZ, Manuel|(ES1209863)|MUNOZ SAIZ, Manuel|(ES1209863)|MUNOZ SAIZ, Manuel | MUNOZ SAIZ MANUEL | (ES1209863)|MUNOZ SAIZ, Manuel|(ES1209863)|MUNOZ SAIZ, Manuel|(ES1209863)|MUNOZ SAIZ, Manuel | (ES1209863)|1. System according to claim 1. 1, wherein: the products:.:.: cloud rams or cloud layers are; alcohols in the form of vapor or small frozen and pulverized liquids< paartresses System according to: claim 1, caraeierizadn porque.los products. cloud turners or cloud layers slm.. liquids n.eia4:o. and pully?erected in p., system according to Claim 1, characterized in that the products s thrnadotts of the clouds: are gases or aerosols formed p. c., Eur and p., s. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the gas impellers are pumps, turbines or compressors. i System as claimed in claim 4, wherein the fluid driving devices tc are sucked elements, which suck the gas or fluid from the upper end of the hose raising the stratosiery wind passes through its side. System according to claim 1, characterized in that it is used as erector devices itself. System according to claim 1:. s characterized in that each dissimilar erector unit is provided with injectors that throw part of the gas or flow of the hose: towards hail. System according to claim 1, characterized in that balloons are used in the upper and side: hose barbs, as erector devices, system according to claim 1, C:: a $ rac: termed because each erectott device is used pressurized conduits attached to the system according to claim 1, characterized in that a pressurized conduit surrounding or enveloping the hose is used as erector device. 131. The subject according to claim 1, characterized in that the erector devices s kliriZMI n.) are attached laterally to the hose, which are flexible or i.ncli.naables.arspecio to their upper arm attached to the hose. 2 s 14, System according to claim 1, characterized in that there are no stabilizing devices used gyroscopes that detect the hose tipping and the serial de inclinación.ser applies to stabilizing valves in el.interior of erector injectors. System s n claim 1, wherein as stabilizing devices the erector balloons were mil:. System according to claim 1, caracterizado.porque or no gas heating devices are used in an Egruata that uses the hose and, by c=,salt, circulates hot air. Shema, also claims 1., characterized in that as heating devices the gases are used a boilera.-in thelower zone of the. handle, column; or chimneys. II System according to claim 1 characterized in that electrical resistances are used as sound heating devices inside the mother: fl s.19: Signal system. claim 1, wherein alternative emerges from wind systems, photowrapping or from sea wave systems are used as electrical heating devices.|2. System as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the grid energy is used as electrical power systems. System according to claim 1, characterized in that the lower end of the hose rests on a mountain of high altitude d.22. System according to claim 1, characterized in that the upper end of the hoses is placed between the tropopause and the .25: 000 in. System according to kivind icaelon 1, characterized in that the hoses are made of fabrics or fabrics based on resistant fibres: eomo d lec v lar, carbon, glass, and nylon. System as claimed in claim 2.3, wherein the hoses are made of fabrics or fabrics based on resistant fibres with blends of grelo or graphene oxide. S: system: s egd'in claim', wherein the lower side zone of the hoses is secured to the ground by means of.: utilises: cabl: ES or vierois s. | (ES1209863)|SYSTEM. REGULATOR. DE: EA 'GLOBAL TEMPERATURE~ BEFORE E,:. USE ln HOSES. CHIMNEYS Or CO.rAJMNAS JW GASES OR AEROSOLS|FIELD OF: THE INVENTION-In: environmentallysafetyyen: t ido related to plant and animal life of plan tac Also to elicit rain|STATE OF. TECE.-The problems associated with pollution and especially the problems associated with CO2 emissions, C: H4, CFC and.. N20 due to industrial progress and increasing population growth have caused the rise of the increase. CO2, parison loss: from ozone layer and therefore <global y *atples and destabilil warming before co.nsecueneia r. Current solutions; partial rum and cottai:. nn in attempting to reduce fumes ant ri.orrm ente: res iada,.: the poured in rivers and: at sea,. increase the reflective elements of light and greater control of water consumption. All: what happens.: I'd need to be. it's late and insufficient.; In case of transporting the mediente.avion products or cohets.Adtm s would be more complex "expensive and'contaminant. With the present invention it is possible to regulate 13 1 st: Terrestrial and with odio. one can reduce the. caledtarnier to acula!, DESCRIPTION: OF THE INVENTION|Object of the invention V advantages, lr'rc perttioning ut system Ienollto, de majora di tti nto "economic and practical opa|Contr.lar the earth's temperature, making it possible to retidy the natural terri's $ eti re or even improve them.|Contributing a system is little maintenance, which does not: contaminate,. reduces pollution and can save the crR rtna;: tcelemide: from today's environmental blockade.|. Avoid the use of airplanes v rockets for the exivi • of the products# orkers of real 0 layers of clouds.|It uses. r principally economical products Coino are water the various forms and as means of imis Sn the renewable energies.|Able to ensilate silver iodide to cause the.. 11 uv a. in sparsely rainy areas, Problem to solve.|The constant reduction of the ozone layer, aüment of the COZ. CIFC, ele,. and how much environmental pollution can be achieved. Increased by the inability to apply mathematical models generated by:: computer,. that anticipate behavior of the products. Unsuspected eamhios are currently occurring very flickable,which can ocm ithrow • da: t s or perjnicios.desastrosos and irreversible.|The earth's atmosphere protects us from sun rays, which is otherwise.|excessive and unsupportable temperatures would occur, in which the trophosphorous layer is present.|also add the e layers R $ ratosf ric as that provide you with stability. These fields >. their limit: infer with :la.troi osphere, are variable.: Related to the largest c minor l calf, to the earth's turn, the season of the year, the day, or the. (night,. the activity sol. attraction of the: moon "the elementos.intervi:nientes corno, the ozone layer and Los, go are incorporated by plying as r3 the|oxygen sulfur, chlorine, bromocarbonic anhydride, CFC: etc. many of which|interact with each other or with the: ozone layer or are transforn.ados. por.la.'acc ic n: solar as the|oxygen.. IDichu. stability.: is:; a-la-like that occurs if moving in a variety container. t5 l.iquidos: de li Inks densities No irsekc larse..entre SI. Stir. y.re.stabilize from|egg, The diferencia.en. b. stratosphere that some intervening elements are very:: chemically active y.los changes they produce,. as in the case of ozone, son. uu|important. And although the. stratosphere is quite stable, differing from the troposphere in the|: which • exj s eri many ces.tenomenc s atmospheric, the rnay ° or part by convention and of little'important. in the stratosphere the -changes can be important and • very dangerous,. La|mentioned stratosphere stability that is large also es.muy delicate and any|change can cause great disasters many of them irreversible.; That without thinking about|su.destrucción or desaparición.que would be catastrophic. Similar to that produced: disappearance worse.|29, los:.diucrgou; is;.:.. i;,l zentat; tte rclil; cos we now have in the troposfera.son 2 insicsignificant with what could be triggered. Showing this is the big|temperature increases currently occurring on poles and which do not|they are sufficiently explained. The,'ralos de lanerra. albeit muts,.> lense. lar|exchanged its position several times. The last 780,000 years ago. The North pole moves,50 km to the anco, hopefully et.c.uentre over Siberia in 50 years< The problem such|.vez.no.. be el.cambio of magnetism, but the displacement of, great masses of|magma or plates can cause large temperature changes v to cause some|momentum destructions v disappearances like those of: dinosaurs. 1.: a gr<nn protec: ii: i that.|we have now shown that in. Ja..ionosfera from SO-120 at 500 – 1000 km high are produced up to 1500*C. In this: Layer, ultraviolet radiation, gamma rays, and ravos|X from the Sol, ionizan.de. sodium atoms and rnoleculae a raising their temperature|various tients c; ..grados. Resumo r. eind the atmosphere is poorly enterable, estarod.eada of elements|desr stabilizes and protects by the delicate strcatosf<ra, to be cared for v protection. s The Study of the Program. The United Nations Environmental:(EPS) ensure qu • current emission reduction plans: you will only succeed in potra.ei.arlo 2030: an increase of c:; 3.grades CelSi s in world temperature, which is greater than 2 degrees C'elslus you expected to achieve the 2016 Wt saturation of the Climate Convention.|En '1 • stratospheric temperature endpoints: observations and simulations of ta modelo?.según V.. R.amaswamy., et al': "From approx. mid:: La: 1e360 decade through mid-1990. The general estratosfera.,.ert.., has suffered: considerable slow cooling over the past 3 decades. In the northern latitudes.rnedias •, the lower strata.(-.16-21: km).que cooled down during p. r!d » 1979-1994 is surprisingly consistent among: various ion datasets, regarding iauagnitude.. and La: Signification e r ad stica. The datos.son.. variables in. latitude function of la.zona. Simulations based on known changes in species concentrations indicate that lower estratosIrico ozone depletion is the main faetc.radi iv=o ál have. taking into account the trend of: en. EUR: ripening 1979-1990 9-1990 en. the average i.nferrior stratosphere: annual (-0. '.a 04 eg), with a substantially lower contribution per l gases from. fecto invtnad o... Uncertainty arises due to fetal awareness of the vertical ozone loss profile near the tropopause. In the stratosphere me and high, both greenhouse gas and ozone changes contribute significantly to 1 cooling, but simulations of the models underestimate the. observed trend, Early and mid Early Satellite Measurements. 90 indicate 2nd increases in Glass Water Vapor could contribute 'signifreativan nte to the cooling of. la. stratosphere inner ",'|Losprincipales.g a greenhouse SES are steam of: .agua. que.causa around 36-70% of the e# recto. ira Yccrrador; carbon dioxide:(CO }... causing 9-26%; methane (C144:), causing 4-9%; and ozone (0:) causing 3-7%.|3 n: l. global darkening; pf* solid and liquid particles (aerosols), ptodotted: per tt & l áries s man-made pollutants it is l: a. the main cause of this darkening.. l Reflex sunlight and therefore produce cooling, CO2 and aerosols - sil have partially compensated for in the Latter-times, there being :sido.ntayoor the effect: due to methane.|Clouds remove loa to era-such trup s • frigic within a week, stratospheric stays until the century & Tatthi: the:'t: .r2. l CO2. contributes 17 to 20% To global warming and carbon black.|B. holla cools ca breath if it is in air or deposited.|Two the four existing voIeánicas furnarolas types. Except dried ones (or anhldra ). tu was heated of. steam. The others: a The acidic ones (or elor i=drosulturous)= containing. large amount of water vapour, y.pro hydrochloric deciduous ions and sulphurous anhydride, b) The alkaline ones (or thia oniaacales, mainly consisting of water vapour with hydrosulphuric acid and ammonium chloride, and e) The colds (o: Sulfide co*.constan essentially of water vapour with a small or percentage of carbonic anhydride y. saflfurous. COnio if r is observed in these three ultuphils, the high steam predominates.|The important volcanic rashes :red.ujeron the Earth's temperature of 0.7 a l'e, for about two Oils "from the foregoing, it can be seen that it wasn't precisely por.The vast amount of dernentos.sidfúrados y }2 site for the amount of water that in these cases was 60%... By saying that our company is likely to be primarily for water. Y.rnás exactly per the: ice crystallizes into which it transforms.|Water vapour is the volcanic gas plus cc: atn n normally constituting 60% of emissions. Steam de.agua emanating from volcanoes usually corresponds to water of weather origin, but in some cases magmatic origin can make up more than S0% of the steam emitted from a volcano. Another abundant gas is: dioxide of: s. carbon commonly comprised from 10 A. 40% of Las: emissions. Other volcanic gases include sulfide, halogens, and helium<|As can be seen e1. spherical strata water vapour effect can be Very important in. cooling: global, which because it is non-toxic, the opposite side, as well as favoring the cleaning and refreshing of the atmosphere, can more: easily allow another 3 n gases to be used to monitor and investigate their effects; in situ. Instead of using computer mathematical models, which, by Uta data or by having Many related parameters into account, are difficult to handle and predict. The intimate ice-water particles into which steam transforms, permiten.aula. great reflection of sunlight energy, its scattering, absorption, and the inverrtadero,.eomo.las cloud effect, reducing it's sun warming. The counterpart must be based on the Investment effect they produce. One should also note the reactions that water can have with the other stratosphere elements.|The earth has a middle albedo of a. 3 $%, ratio between the reflected rays to the. it receives:. Clouds with low albedo warm the earthy and high albedo cool it. 101 This is k it about getting artíficiFalinente, No: this is. suf eit>n't explained the albedo at the tops and less the scarce cloud stratost & ricaAs which are harmful to the ozone layer: because they are acidic: ttftrlen.|Si. el: water uptake is el.mayor component in volcanic gases, it can logically be re.sponsablc of cooling (difference between cooling by sun reflection and heating by greenhouse effect).. This c 3anpc?rantent is in part similar to that of: the b on the ra troposf.|Temperature regulator systemma global.mediante. el. neck of maangueraas, columns or gas chimneys .o aerosole s consists of the ütil'ization of co.iumnas or air or fluid chimneys,. or hoses arranged vertically from. auperh: ie terrestrial me and through which you: inject into the stratosphere, water or other liquid elements coitous the alcohols, in vapor form, ptyli: tethered or in tiny ice crystals, acrosols, or gases that are non-polluting, and likewise Brear.nubes that reflect sunrays, absorb them and produce the greenhouse cfeit, this Last is not presently desirable. Try to get a dim or slight cloud or capaa, Gases or aerosols can be applied cold or hot a.s. in todos.los> cases if they have a low density will automatically rise. The lost ozone can also be applied dimatuncently, the casal lies between 15 and 35 o?[) km in height, t .f the columns or chitnenes of hot fluid with water vapor u. aluminum oxide,. i.e. a. from the. tropapaausaa. The ozone would be sufficient applied to the lower layers of the stratosphere and anthomatically distributed throughout the rest of the read ozone layer, among others, through the chr.; rr e net: BROWf R-I C)l SC) 1: Although less effective and durable such products may be used to apply to the high area of the dentifrice.|Elements 0 r ducts: .r efficient san that condenses to tem: bullet zero peraatures, which transform into tiny particles de. spherical shape or swirling filaments'of mirrors and pelleiany absorb: ts laterally refracting the ac rays avoiding incident on the: pitcher o.The trope uses..'Also metallic powders such as aluminum, (. You must produce the Minimum or lowest greenhouse effect, reducing the land temperature, and iticretry if the counter is.|Ions should be applied: pa :.iaimente and checking their behavior and the reactions or consequences at each time or application, among which there will be reflective, absorptive and ultraje.of the sunrays and the greenhouse effect of the clouds • artifeialet created. cf result came to calculate or predict Okindly through mathematical models, by the amount of. pa. sip EUR,s and their usual cc relationship in which n, the solar effect would true by loyal motion, chemical reactions, etc.|The cloud formation product consists of en.aerosoles, filaments or ice powder, steam, metal powder corno aluminum powder and some non-contaminating z-cut gases or liquids that nelated freezes adoptan.feem..as of filaments or powder. By t'o tell the agitator. in the form of: Ice or Steam is the item you're able to go and económico.para :s.envio. In the low stratosphere the steam freezes yaa that the temperatures are between the. -á0 and ku 55PIC., Very important is that pollutants do not return to the earth and that the residence time parked in the different layers of the stratosphere, o: high troposphere, whichever is desired; It's about :el.efecto sic: Los femerole:' of les volcanoes, but on p aitiv,.. utilli atidci.mangueras Daavid Keith profe.sor of 1:.. üriiüersity d Harvard & James A: £ deraoan, who: co 4tmosfc.r c o equally de H arvard intend to do so but sending by means of 20000 Tin-annual airplanes of. cific acide for many miscellaneous and; subsequently and without stopping 1 million do. Annual Tm. In el.caso of: Stop doing so reverses the situation and podría.ser against rod: U ente. Acid to iil.f'<unk> 1 o: and co † isee=uenc as are unpredictable,. The aplacat iáti dir: t of ozone or incl.0 o « Leo (or air) can increase the ozone layer of the stratosphere. 41 layer of ozone:: ompilrnida would occupy: what a sole of shoes, or in others tcys 'rnino5, is equal to one hundred of the thousandth of the thousandth of the summer.In which it is|The system of hoses permite,.redíante includes pumps, turbines or air or gas compressors powered by renewable, wind, solar and sea wave energies, insufflate the product. pressure, from the side, to a height of between about 8000 m and about 20íl0t) m. The hoses are from: £ rea, very light fiber base, you can live up to ice cream., carbon, vine lo, srltn etc., and i.neluso with graphema or full oxide blends,. Hoses: re elevate or hold: reets toward; up except if there are currents of aire:,:) Pressurized with: the gas itself that was ethrelated to the fluid, mix the prod etu: with air, b) With a few beads that aoportriri the upper eetr nium give the hose, e) With a in tor es.gene throw d down air, 4) Coir zeroes injectors that throw a. S independent air flow from an ore chamber between the hose and the duct surrounding it, e) With a pressurized duct attached to the hose, keeping it erect, and Crig fins on the side. dela.manguera, that for the. wind M4111311 and raise sleeves,. and g) With a combination of the above. las.mangueras is $ to place as the terrestrial end point at: the top of a few m r ta and a: be possible in areas from 60 to 70 latitude, where the tropopause is quite low. Thus, the hose can be slowed down to about '000 m. E: n La: upper and middle zone. end some air or gas sectors, which sirnU1táncatrnente are sustaining, le Citators, and prevent or reduce the weight of las.rrrarr: sheep. Some of them or los.strperi.rses stabilizes hoses vertically by controlling the outflow of ates themselves using a valves controlled by on.15. miero or tninigiroscoprrr. This stabilization is alternately achieved with wolves. The elc urge to read electrical devices equally with alternative power, using cable conductors attached to the hoses. Network current can also be used:. The ntatnntrer s can take advantage of the suction created on nozzles for stratosphere air streams, as they pass paralysts alongside them.|'I teach hoses like balloons carry flash Ll D lights to alert sr.} situation, which are fed from the ground via renewed energies with cables attached to the hoses. Ones: large dimension aerostatic globos. filled with hydrogen or belium can support the upper end or middle zones of the hoses. for more safety helium can be used, pear cap the hinogen can be reached :.rnaa >tarerr apil e: $ and is most hazardous rnal ocolusinic >,aut)clr t at low idtures. En.18 Rineri.or by means of the alimer cables, and the static electricity can be discharged from the ground. The Material of Las mangueras:.tanibién. can: be current conductive, Hoses can carry outer jacket and between it and the hose a still chamber is created which wraps and hot air whichever some fluids, steam, etc. 3 r freeze. solidify before ejection ai: the stratosphere. Ambas. cameras may be thermally insulated. The hot air circulates out: by means of side injectors acting simultaneously from carrier a erectors. 0 Hole mimics..'Heat can also be applied by electrical resistors fed from ground< The external chamber can also be pressurized to provide stiffness of the. daisy chain. Hoses, if they are not strong enough, do not support their weight, necessitating pressurizing them or adding injectors or balloons, Columns or chimney: hot de.tluido, not needing hoses, be used in nearby areas of a.los poles and aprovechando.las hills so that by heating the a.muy fluid high temperature with renewable energies, the fluid rises easily. and, traverses the small lawn: USD rest ffrl.ca that remains and stays ja.en: The area went from the stratosphere and even continues to rise. portions of hoses in the lower area can be used. which can be suj: etchs-sideways with cations $ to vien:tos:.iijados other soils. z The products are spread around the whole globe generally with strong winds, horizontally from. East to West or vice versa of swimming station. they are either sent sputtered or sputtered during discharge. When packaged warm automatically solidify by freezing into particulate pecluephiles. l:<n the stratosphere gases or aerosols, eta.. ittate a layer which: according to their composition,. type or shape of the particles and thickness of the. capa.producen.reflexión of the sunrays, its absorption. o.realizan he greenhouse effect gives the radiation received. and emitted by hi terrestrial surface. Given all kinds of solutions, linen sensors placed in. aerostatic or weather balloons estacionarias...etwían to ground < for control, existing component or element data in. related layers 2.0 stratoosffn '.cas.|The hose is grounded with a cable to discharge statnca current. Hoses can be used flzarp EUR to discharge iodide (10 silver and cause rain.|Operation: a portion of the product to be analyzed is launched and the corresponding measures of reflection and absorption of the cloud created as well as the greenhouse effect are performed. After fui. prudential and stabilizing time of the product, such launch is continued or suppressed and shifted to another of different characteristics. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DIMES, Figure 1 shows a view of a graph with: the temperature curve in ftmtian of the height for the tropopause and a portion of stratosphere.|I:* -Figure 2 shows a diagrammatic view and ery tied die a hose traversing: ta: troposphere, trupopausi and a portion of the stratosphere, using its erection the fluid pressure áF sti.xadΩ by it.|Figure 3 shows a schematic elevation view of a hose traversing the USD 1 'face ropo, tropopause and a porcicati de la, stratosphere, using multiple injectors for their erection that insufflate gas or hatchet fluid down.|Figure. 4 shows a tuned, raised sg view of wool hose passing through the troposphere, trorwause, and a portion of the stratosphere, using helium or hydrogen filled balloons at the top end of the hose for caution.|Figure 5.Sample 5. urge schematic elevation view of a hose passing through the nopossphere, troprpause, and a portion of the stratffidera,. using i6n fins, injectors, and $ .l cbo for your eres|Figure 6 shows a schematic elevational view of a hose portion supported on a mounting and traversing the ttffpossphere, trorlccpausy, and a portion of the 1 $ stratosphere, uses for its erection injectors y.globo.|I. a: tlgura 7 shows a schematic, elevational view of a sopotted hose portion copper a mount and traversing the trop, sphere, tropopause, and tandem portion of la. stratosphere, with a system succ.ronador of the o.fluido gas.|Le.figura 8 shows a schematic, partially broken view of a portion of the hose, each hose attached by a lead surrounding it; creating therebetween a heated chamber for maintaining la.temperatura of the central hose la.temperatura.|Figs. 9 shows a schematic, partial cut-away view of a sleeve portion using a casing for su Ofteek611 and between the two box pressurized chamber.|La.figura 10 shows a schematic, elevational view of a hose portion using pressurized erection un.conducto and .adosadΩ a.|The ñgurai 11 shows a schematic, partially broken view of a portion de..manga using pa:: erection: and injector stabilization and a flow regulator valves, Fig. 1.2.: Shows a schematic view of an alternate mediante.ne.r.ias power facility for us $ VAS.|Figures 13 and 14 show schematic views of graphs of the low zone of atmosphere; where the temperature curve (t) is a function of height s Figure 15 shows a schematic view of a graph of the low zone of atmosphere; where the temperature curve (t) is a function of height, using a heated: fluid column.|The i: ura 1: 6 shows a quadrant of earth with the tropopause e. function of latitude and altitude. NO están.hedtos to scale.|.1)IS CRI. PCJON: PLUS: 1)LTAL DE. UMMA: FORM OF REALJZACYO: DE LA. INVENTION|Figure 3 shows a foama...de:realización of the invention, with the hose (1) traversing its La: troposphere rich zone, txo.popaause. (3) And su.zona. above a portion of the stearose,. latilizaandfor his erecOa i attailt plavs: itt: eetures. (4).que blows the gas or Buido 1.5 into and through the driven tapered pump or compressor (2). Add the cable (16) to discharge the static current to ground. se. discharge may be effected on the troposphere.|Figure 1 shows curve (i) I4: temperature zn thne Sn of the height that for the tropopause is linear and decreasing, and the tropopause to 20,000 m perManece constant and from that point on, reverses and starts to rise steadily.|Figure 2 shows the hose (1) passing through its lower zone: the troposphere, tropopause (3), and in its zone s a; pe: rior 0110- portion of the stratosphere, Using pressure from the AEs or fluid propelled by and through the pump or compressor (2) for its rating. H: das or fluid may exit palveriz.adu.|Figure. 4.shows the hose. (1) Traversing su. lrt tropofera, tropopaausaa. (3) And in its upper zone "urges portion of the stratosphere,.. using for its rec the globes.11ths of belief: (5) and entrains the gas or fluid with.-and through the human (2). Adds las.luces>(1 S): which may be strokes and LE13, which report: their presence for aircraft, Ice:: ri, ura 5 will mount 10 hose (1) traversing su. lower zone the tmposf'era, tropopause (3) and. a portion of the stratosphere in its cutting-edge canvas, using for erection the glolxn (5) Helium hoses, injectors (4)-stabilizers that blow the gas down with a compressor (2). Las.aletas (26)and the tilts (26) with respect to their horizontal edge fixed to the hose, during the acciÓn of .1 wind, they tilt. producing upward pushing of the hose, stabilize it with balloons and stabilizing injectors.|Figure 6 shows the: Angle Ire (. 1: 1 eta 6.190 m mountain ma menhaden, located 63 "latitude: north, traversing 1: a: tropost 'em. and the tropopause. (3) To 8,000 in. discharging next to it by means of m'injector that can insulate bielopalveriZado by means of the machine (18) and mixed with air and ice takes it from the top of In Mountain and Jo drives it by means of the pump: tc or compressor (2) by means of the hose. Of this mod. the hose needed would be about 2000 tn. Which stands upright with any of the above cases.|Figure. 7 shows the. hose (1) in la.cima of 6000 m "pcxlria ser the" Denali "Mount (formerly: lclleilley) of 6.190 m, located 63 '.latitud north, traversing the e3rd tropes and the tropouse (3). at 80" n, n, supported by the balloons (5) and discharging joined it by means of nozzle tubs (4 (», which suck the gas or fluid by passing the air or gas together. The system also adds momentum to the gas or fluid through the pump, turbine, or compressor (2). It may also be driven by its low density e.g. por.el..c.leratamiento. Lln. t two cases should avoid ozone reacting elements.|Figure 8 shows d brings in a hose-makeup (La) that conducts the gas or fluid per uai f# cr*duct in its central zone and is surrounded by a duct (. I I) of greater say I enter through honey hot air is sent that keeps the temperature of the internal duct elevated and at t Yismc time is applied to the indigo orces (4) to produce su. erection: One or both walls ('17) of. ducts are heat insulating.|.i.. to figures 9: shows the length of: hose (.1 b) that conveys the gas or fluid through a conduit (10) in its central zone and is surrounded by a conduit (12) of larger diameter and pressurized diameter, which facilitates erection.|Figures 10 shows the span de.manguera tic) driving them or fluid through a conduit (111), attached to another conduit (12 a) which carries pressurized air for erection.|Figure 11 shows a length of hose (1), using the injectors (4) for erection and stabilization the fins (13) actuated by the actuators (14). (14), controlling el.flujo outlet: de: ceda: atheo of the injectors,. stabilizing it vertically, Figure 12 shows the wind turbine (20) la.cuál actuates: the current generator (2: t) that joto is applied with the current obtained by: the photo zarch system (22) to one. 6 transformi unit in which the DC current is trapped:.: is raised in batteries and: is distributed in continuous or alternating current to the pump, turbine, or compressor (2), to the position indicator lights (15> y.l the rest of the circuits in the installation ( 24 ). Wave energy can also be used|Figure. I.3 shows 1 st low zone of the atmosphere, where the temperature curve (t) is a function of the height of the troposphere, tropopause (3) and of a portion of stratosphere, with two possible citrus types hoses (1): sama whose upper end or (L rare): discharges in: the high MISS zone of 21000 m:. and another whose end superier. (L.: min).descarga near the tropopause or minimum height. At anillos.casos, the Las or fluid driven by the pumps or compressors (2) may be sent, such as, water steam.,.: -is ° to such's or particles of: ice, ozone, etc., and, if needed, ben: be covered by the heating conduit. Know they show the layers of gases or nu.heacradas for each of the hoses.|.l.a.hgura f.4 shows the low area of the atrtsc}sl ra, where temperature cure t) is a function of the height of the troposphere, tropopa.ta'a ().y of tina. poni & de: estr<kto'firms, with the hose(1) on a mount (19) whose upper end discharges near the zc tropouse. or height.Minimum in this case it is also possible to send fluid driven by the pump or ccitrtpressure:(2 l p $ t example: water vapor, crystals o'particles de bieli, ozone, etc. if necessary these must be covered by the: heating pipeline.|Figure 15 sample.The low atmospheric zone ra, where the cure of~ petanca a (t) is. function of la. tropofera la.altura., -tropose-pause (3), and one. portion of stratosphere, crib, or n-tail gas or fluid (21), heated by La. boiler (20) and on an aa mountain (19) whose upper end discharges Dining of .The tropopause or minimum height,.11)The tropopause is the Monta Denali de Alaska 6190 m and 63'latitude. the tropopause may be at 8000 with reading what a column of gas would need, or una.manguera of about 2 km.|Fig.1.6 shows:. La: Iro-pc and ausa (3), dashed line, and narrative mount (19) of 6000 m altitude, at latitude 63 N. Where you need only a sleeve.If this were 8000 m and at latitude 30 N,: he is ne, esitarphta healthy linen hose 5 km< | (ES1209863)|SYSTEM. REGULATOR. DE: EA 'GLOBAL TEMPERATURE~ BEFORE E,:. USE ln HOSES. CHIMNEYS Or CO.rAJMNAS JW GASES OR AEROSOLS|FIELD OF: THE INVENTION-In: environmentallysafetyyen: t ido related to plant and animal life of plan tac Also to elicit rain|STATE OF. TECE.-The problems associated with pollution and especially the problems associated with CO2 emissions, C: H4, CFC and.. N20 due to industrial progress and increasing population growth have caused the rise of the increase. CO2, parison loss: from ozone layer and therefore <global y *atples and destabilil warming before co.nsecueneia r. Current solutions; partial rum and cottai:. nn in attempting to reduce fumes ant ri.orrm ente: res iada,.: the poured in rivers and: at sea,. increase the reflective elements of light and greater control of water consumption. All: what happens.: I'd need to be. it's late and insufficient.; In case of transporting the mediente.avion products or cohets.Adtm s would be more complex "expensive and'contaminant. With the present invention it is possible to regulate 13 1 st: Terrestrial and with odio. one can reduce the. caledtarnier to acula!, DESCRIPTION: OF THE INVENTION|Object of the invention V advantages, lr'rc perttioning ut system Ienollto, de majora di tti nto "economic and practical opa|Contr.lar the earth's temperature, making it possible to retidy the natural terri's $ eti re or even improve them.|Contributing a system is little maintenance, which does not: contaminate,. reduces pollution and can save the crR rtna;: tcelemide: from today's environmental blockade.|. Avoid the use of airplanes v rockets for the exivi • of the products# orkers of real 0 layers of clouds.|It uses. r principally economical products Coino are water the various forms and as means of imis Sn the renewable energies.|Able to ensilate silver iodide to cause the.. 11 uv a. in sparsely rainy areas, Problem to solve.|The constant reduction of the ozone layer, aüment of the COZ. CIFC, ele,. and how much environmental pollution can be achieved. Increased by the inability to apply mathematical models generated by:: computer,. that anticipate behavior of the products. Unsuspected eamhios are currently occurring very flickable,which can ocm ithrow • da: t s or perjnicios.desastrosos and irreversible.|The earth's atmosphere protects us from sun rays, which is otherwise.|excessive and unsupportable temperatures would occur, in which the trophosphorous layer is present.|also add the e layers R $ ratosf ric as that provide you with stability. These fields >. their limit: infer with :la.troi osphere, are variable.: Related to the largest c minor l calf, to the earth's turn, the season of the year, the day, or the. (night,. the activity sol. attraction of the: moon "the elementos.intervi:nientes corno, the ozone layer and Los, go are incorporated by plying as r3 the|oxygen sulfur, chlorine, bromocarbonic anhydride, CFC: etc. many of which|interact with each other or with the: ozone layer or are transforn.ados. por.la.'acc ic n: solar as the|oxygen.. IDichu. stability.: is:; a-la-like that occurs if moving in a variety container. t5 l.iquidos: de li Inks densities No irsekc larse..entre SI. Stir. y.re.stabilize from|egg, The diferencia.en. b. stratosphere that some intervening elements are very:: chemically active y.los changes they produce,. as in the case of ozone, son. uu|important. And although the. stratosphere is quite stable, differing from the troposphere in the|: which • exj s eri many ces.tenomenc s atmospheric, the rnay ° or part by convention and of little'important. in the stratosphere the -changes can be important and • very dangerous,. La|mentioned stratosphere stability that is large also es.muy delicate and any|change can cause great disasters many of them irreversible.; That without thinking about|su.destrucción or desaparición.que would be catastrophic. Similar to that produced: disappearance worse.|29, los:.diucrgou; is;.:.. i;,l zentat; tte rclil; cos we now have in the troposfera.son 2 insicsignificant with what could be triggered. Showing this is the big|temperature increases currently occurring on poles and which do not|they are sufficiently explained. The,'ralos de lanerra. albeit muts,.> lense. lar|exchanged its position several times. The last 780,000 years ago. The North pole moves,50 km to the anco, hopefully et.c.uentre over Siberia in 50 years< The problem such|.vez.no.. be el.cambio of magnetism, but the displacement of, great masses of|magma or plates can cause large temperature changes v to cause some|momentum destructions v disappearances like those of: dinosaurs. 1.: a gr<nn protec: ii: i that.|we have now shown that in. Ja..ionosfera from SO-120 at 500 – 1000 km high are produced up to 1500*C. In this: Layer, ultraviolet radiation, gamma rays, and ravos|X from the Sol, ionizan.de. sodium atoms and rnoleculae a raising their temperature|various tients c; ..grados. Resumo r. eind the atmosphere is poorly enterable, estarod.eada of elements|desr stabilizes and protects by the delicate strcatosf<ra, to be cared for v protection. s The Study of the Program. The United Nations Environmental:(EPS) ensure qu • current emission reduction plans: you will only succeed in potra.ei.arlo 2030: an increase of c:; 3.grades CelSi s in world temperature, which is greater than 2 degrees C'elslus you expected to achieve the 2016 Wt saturation of the Climate Convention.|En '1 • stratospheric temperature endpoints: observations and simulations of ta modelo?.según V.. R.amaswamy., et al': "From approx. mid:: La: 1e360 decade through mid-1990. The general estratosfera.,.ert.., has suffered: considerable slow cooling over the past 3 decades. In the northern latitudes.rnedias •, the lower strata.(-.16-21: km).que cooled down during p. r!d » 1979-1994 is surprisingly consistent among: various ion datasets, regarding iauagnitude.. and La: Signification e r ad stica. The datos.son.. variables in. latitude function of la.zona. Simulations based on known changes in species concentrations indicate that lower estratosIrico ozone depletion is the main faetc.radi iv=o ál have. taking into account the trend of: en. EUR: ripening 1979-1990 9-1990 en. the average i.nferrior stratosphere: annual (-0. '.a 04 eg), with a substantially lower contribution per l gases from. fecto invtnad o... Uncertainty arises due to fetal awareness of the vertical ozone loss profile near the tropopause. In the stratosphere me and high, both greenhouse gas and ozone changes contribute significantly to 1 cooling, but simulations of the models underestimate the. observed trend, Early and mid Early Satellite Measurements. 90 indicate 2nd increases in Glass Water Vapor could contribute 'signifreativan nte to the cooling of. la. stratosphere inner ",'|Losprincipales.g a greenhouse SES are steam of: .agua. que.causa around 36-70% of the e# recto. ira Yccrrador; carbon dioxide:(CO }... causing 9-26%; methane (C144:), causing 4-9%; and ozone (0:) causing 3-7%.|3 n: l. global darkening; pf* solid and liquid particles (aerosols), ptodotted: per tt & l áries s man-made pollutants it is l: a. the main cause of this darkening.. l Reflex sunlight and therefore produce cooling, CO2 and aerosols - sil have partially compensated for in the Latter-times, there being :sido.ntayoor the effect: due to methane.|Clouds remove loa to era-such trup s • frigic within a week, stratospheric stays until the century & Tatthi: the:'t: .r2. l CO2. contributes 17 to 20% To global warming and carbon black.|B. holla cools ca breath if it is in air or deposited.|Two the four existing voIeánicas furnarolas types. Except dried ones (or anhldra ). tu was heated of. steam. The others: a The acidic ones (or elor i=drosulturous)= containing. large amount of water vapour, y.pro hydrochloric deciduous ions and sulphurous anhydride, b) The alkaline ones (or thia oniaacales, mainly consisting of water vapour with hydrosulphuric acid and ammonium chloride, and e) The colds (o: Sulfide co*.constan essentially of water vapour with a small or percentage of carbonic anhydride y. saflfurous. COnio if r is observed in these three ultuphils, the high steam predominates.|The important volcanic rashes :red.ujeron the Earth's temperature of 0.7 a l'e, for about two Oils "from the foregoing, it can be seen that it wasn't precisely por.The vast amount of dernentos.sidfúrados y }2 site for the amount of water that in these cases was 60%... By saying that our company is likely to be primarily for water. Y.rnás exactly per the: ice crystallizes into which it transforms.|Water vapour is the volcanic gas plus cc: atn n normally constituting 60% of emissions. Steam de.agua emanating from volcanoes usually corresponds to water of weather origin, but in some cases magmatic origin can make up more than S0% of the steam emitted from a volcano. Another abundant gas is: dioxide of: s. carbon commonly comprised from 10 A. 40% of Las: emissions. Other volcanic gases include sulfide, halogens, and helium<|As can be seen e1. spherical strata water vapour effect can be Very important in. cooling: global, which because it is non-toxic, the opposite side, as well as favoring the cleaning and refreshing of the atmosphere, can more: easily allow another 3 n gases to be used to monitor and investigate their effects; in situ. Instead of using computer mathematical models, which, by Uta data or by having Many related parameters into account, are difficult to handle and predict. The intimate ice-water particles into which steam transforms, permiten.aula. great reflection of sunlight energy, its scattering, absorption, and the inverrtadero,.eomo.las cloud effect, reducing it's sun warming. The counterpart must be based on the Investment effect they produce. One should also note the reactions that water can have with the other stratosphere elements.|The earth has a middle albedo of a. 3 $%, ratio between the reflected rays to the. it receives:. Clouds with low albedo warm the earthy and high albedo cool it. 101 This is k it about getting artíficiFalinente, No: this is. suf eit>n't explained the albedo at the tops and less the scarce cloud stratost & ricaAs which are harmful to the ozone layer: because they are acidic: ttftrlen.|Si. el: water uptake is el.mayor component in volcanic gases, it can logically be re.sponsablc of cooling (difference between cooling by sun reflection and heating by greenhouse effect).. This c 3anpc?rantent is in part similar to that of: the b on the ra troposf.|Temperature regulator systemma global.mediante. el. neck of maangueraas, columns or gas chimneys .o aerosole s consists of the ütil'ization of co.iumnas or air or fluid chimneys,. or hoses arranged vertically from. auperh: ie terrestrial me and through which you: inject into the stratosphere, water or other liquid elements coitous the alcohols, in vapor form, ptyli: tethered or in tiny ice crystals, acrosols, or gases that are non-polluting, and likewise Brear.nubes that reflect sunrays, absorb them and produce the greenhouse cfeit, this Last is not presently desirable. Try to get a dim or slight cloud or capaa, Gases or aerosols can be applied cold or hot a.s. in todos.los> cases if they have a low density will automatically rise. The lost ozone can also be applied dimatuncently, the casal lies between 15 and 35 o?[) km in height, t .f the columns or chitnenes of hot fluid with water vapor u. aluminum oxide,. i.e. a. from the. tropapaausaa. The ozone would be sufficient applied to the lower layers of the stratosphere and anthomatically distributed throughout the rest of the read ozone layer, among others, through the chr.; rr e net: BROWf R-I C)l SC) 1: Although less effective and durable such products may be used to apply to the high area of the dentifrice.|Elements 0 r ducts: .r efficient san that condenses to tem: bullet zero peraatures, which transform into tiny particles de. spherical shape or swirling filaments'of mirrors and pelleiany absorb: ts laterally refracting the ac rays avoiding incident on the: pitcher o.The trope uses..'Also metallic powders such as aluminum, (. You must produce the Minimum or lowest greenhouse effect, reducing the land temperature, and iticretry if the counter is.|Ions should be applied: pa :.iaimente and checking their behavior and the reactions or consequences at each time or application, among which there will be reflective, absorptive and ultraje.of the sunrays and the greenhouse effect of the clouds • artifeialet created. cf result came to calculate or predict Okindly through mathematical models, by the amount of. pa. sip EUR,s and their usual cc relationship in which n, the solar effect would true by loyal motion, chemical reactions, etc.|The cloud formation product consists of en.aerosoles, filaments or ice powder, steam, metal powder corno aluminum powder and some non-contaminating z-cut gases or liquids that nelated freezes adoptan.feem..as of filaments or powder. By t'o tell the agitator. in the form of: Ice or Steam is the item you're able to go and económico.para :s.envio. In the low stratosphere the steam freezes yaa that the temperatures are between the. -á0 and ku 55PIC., Very important is that pollutants do not return to the earth and that the residence time parked in the different layers of the stratosphere, o: high troposphere, whichever is desired; It's about :el.efecto sic: Los femerole:' of les volcanoes, but on p aitiv,.. utilli atidci.mangueras Daavid Keith profe.sor of 1:.. üriiüersity d Harvard & James A: £ deraoan, who: co 4tmosfc.r c o equally de H arvard intend to do so but sending by means of 20000 Tin-annual airplanes of. cific acide for many miscellaneous and; subsequently and without stopping 1 million do. Annual Tm. In el.caso of: Stop doing so reverses the situation and podría.ser against rod: U ente. Acid to iil.f'<unk> 1 o: and co † isee=uenc as are unpredictable,. The aplacat iáti dir: t of ozone or incl.0 o « Leo (or air) can increase the ozone layer of the stratosphere. 41 layer of ozone:: ompilrnida would occupy: what a sole of shoes, or in others tcys 'rnino5, is equal to one hundred of the thousandth of the thousandth of the summer.In which it is|The system of hoses permite,.redíante includes pumps, turbines or air or gas compressors powered by renewable, wind, solar and sea wave energies, insufflate the product. pressure, from the side, to a height of between about 8000 m and about 20íl0t) m. The hoses are from: £ rea, very light fiber base, you can live up to ice cream., carbon, vine lo, srltn etc., and i.neluso with graphema or full oxide blends,. Hoses: re elevate or hold: reets toward; up except if there are currents of aire:,:) Pressurized with: the gas itself that was ethrelated to the fluid, mix the prod etu: with air, b) With a few beads that aoportriri the upper eetr nium give the hose, e) With a in tor es.gene throw d down air, 4) Coir zeroes injectors that throw a. S independent air flow from an ore chamber between the hose and the duct surrounding it, e) With a pressurized duct attached to the hose, keeping it erect, and Crig fins on the side. dela.manguera, that for the. wind M4111311 and raise sleeves,. and g) With a combination of the above. las.mangueras is $ to place as the terrestrial end point at: the top of a few m r ta and a: be possible in areas from 60 to 70 latitude, where the tropopause is quite low. Thus, the hose can be slowed down to about '000 m. E: n La: upper and middle zone. end some air or gas sectors, which sirnU1táncatrnente are sustaining, le Citators, and prevent or reduce the weight of las.rrrarr: sheep. Some of them or los.strperi.rses stabilizes hoses vertically by controlling the outflow of ates themselves using a valves controlled by on.15. miero or tninigiroscoprrr. This stabilization is alternately achieved with wolves. The elc urge to read electrical devices equally with alternative power, using cable conductors attached to the hoses. Network current can also be used:. The ntatnntrer s can take advantage of the suction created on nozzles for stratosphere air streams, as they pass paralysts alongside them.|'I teach hoses like balloons carry flash Ll D lights to alert sr.} situation, which are fed from the ground via renewed energies with cables attached to the hoses. Ones: large dimension aerostatic globos. filled with hydrogen or belium can support the upper end or middle zones of the hoses. for more safety helium can be used, pear cap the hinogen can be reached :.rnaa >tarerr apil e: $ and is most hazardous rnal ocolusinic >,aut)clr t at low idtures. En.18 Rineri.or by means of the alimer cables, and the static electricity can be discharged from the ground. The Material of Las mangueras:.tanibién. can: be current conductive, Hoses can carry outer jacket and between it and the hose a still chamber is created which wraps and hot air whichever some fluids, steam, etc. 3 r freeze. solidify before ejection ai: the stratosphere. Ambas. cameras may be thermally insulated. The hot air circulates out: by means of side injectors acting simultaneously from carrier a erectors. 0 Hole mimics..'Heat can also be applied by electrical resistors fed from ground< The external chamber can also be pressurized to provide stiffness of the. daisy chain. Hoses, if they are not strong enough, do not support their weight, necessitating pressurizing them or adding injectors or balloons, Columns or chimney: hot de.tluido, not needing hoses, be used in nearby areas of a.los poles and aprovechando.las hills so that by heating the a.muy fluid high temperature with renewable energies, the fluid rises easily. and, traverses the small lawn: USD rest ffrl.ca that remains and stays ja.en: The area went from the stratosphere and even continues to rise. portions of hoses in the lower area can be used. which can be suj: etchs-sideways with cations $ to vien:tos:.iijados other soils. z The products are spread around the whole globe generally with strong winds, horizontally from. East to West or vice versa of swimming station. they are either sent sputtered or sputtered during discharge. When packaged warm automatically solidify by freezing into particulate pecluephiles. l:<n the stratosphere gases or aerosols, eta.. ittate a layer which: according to their composition,. type or shape of the particles and thickness of the. capa.producen.reflexión of the sunrays, its absorption. o.realizan he greenhouse effect gives the radiation received. and emitted by hi terrestrial surface. Given all kinds of solutions, linen sensors placed in. aerostatic or weather balloons estacionarias...etwían to ground < for control, existing component or element data in. related layers 2.0 stratoosffn '.cas.|The hose is grounded with a cable to discharge statnca current. Hoses can be used flzarp EUR to discharge iodide (10 silver and cause rain.|Operation: a portion of the product to be analyzed is launched and the corresponding measures of reflection and absorption of the cloud created as well as the greenhouse effect are performed. After fui. prudential and stabilizing time of the product, such launch is continued or suppressed and shifted to another of different characteristics. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DIMES, Figure 1 shows a view of a graph with: the temperature curve in ftmtian of the height for the tropopause and a portion of stratosphere.|I:* -Figure 2 shows a diagrammatic view and ery tied die a hose traversing: ta: troposphere, trupopausi and a portion of the stratosphere, using its erection the fluid pressure áF sti.xadΩ by it.|Figure 3 shows a schematic elevation view of a hose traversing the USD 1 'face ropo, tropopause and a porcicati de la, stratosphere, using multiple injectors for their erection that insufflate gas or hatchet fluid down.|Figure. 4 shows a tuned, raised sg view of wool hose passing through the troposphere, trorwause, and a portion of the stratosphere, using helium or hydrogen filled balloons at the top end of the hose for caution.|Figure 5.Sample 5. urge schematic elevation view of a hose passing through the nopossphere, troprpause, and a portion of the stratffidera,. using i6n fins, injectors, and $ .l cbo for your eres|Figure 6 shows a schematic elevational view of a hose portion supported on a mounting and traversing the ttffpossphere, trorlccpausy, and a portion of the 1 $ stratosphere, uses for its erection injectors y.globo.|I. a: tlgura 7 shows a schematic, elevational view of a sopotted hose portion copper a mount and traversing the trop, sphere, tropopause, and tandem portion of la. stratosphere, with a system succ.ronador of the o.fluido gas.|Le.figura 8 shows a schematic, partially broken view of a portion of the hose, each hose attached by a lead surrounding it; creating therebetween a heated chamber for maintaining la.temperatura of the central hose la.temperatura.|Figs. 9 shows a schematic, partial cut-away view of a sleeve portion using a casing for su Ofteek611 and between the two box pressurized chamber.|La.figura 10 shows a schematic, elevational view of a hose portion using pressurized erection un.conducto and .adosadΩ a.|The ñgurai 11 shows a schematic, partially broken view of a portion de..manga using pa:: erection: and injector stabilization and a flow regulator valves, Fig. 1.2.: Shows a schematic view of an alternate mediante.ne.r.ias power facility for us $ VAS.|Figures 13 and 14 show schematic views of graphs of the low zone of atmosphere; where the temperature curve (t) is a function of height s Figure 15 shows a schematic view of a graph of the low zone of atmosphere; where the temperature curve (t) is a function of height, using a heated: fluid column.|The i: ura 1: 6 shows a quadrant of earth with the tropopause e. function of latitude and altitude. NO están.hedtos to scale.|.1)IS CRI. PCJON: PLUS: 1)LTAL DE. UMMA: FORM OF REALJZACYO: DE LA. INVENTION|Figure 3 shows a foama...de:realización of the invention, with the hose (1) traversing its La: troposphere rich zone, txo.popaause. (3) And su.zona. above a portion of the stearose,. latilizaandfor his erecOa i attailt plavs: itt: eetures. (4).que blows the gas or Buido 1.5 into and through the driven tapered pump or compressor (2). Add the cable (16) to discharge the static current to ground. se. discharge may be effected on the troposphere.|Figure 1 shows curve (i) I4: temperature zn thne Sn of the height that for the tropopause is linear and decreasing, and the tropopause to 20,000 m perManece constant and from that point on, reverses and starts to rise steadily.|Figure 2 shows the hose (1) passing through its lower zone: the troposphere, tropopause (3), and in its zone s a; pe: rior 0110- portion of the stratosphere, Using pressure from the AEs or fluid propelled by and through the pump or compressor (2) for its rating. H: das or fluid may exit palveriz.adu.|Figure. 4.shows the hose. (1) Traversing su. lrt tropofera, tropopaausaa. (3) And in its upper zone "urges portion of the stratosphere,.. using for its rec the globes.11ths of belief: (5) and entrains the gas or fluid with.-and through the human (2). Adds las.luces>(1 S): which may be strokes and LE13, which report: their presence for aircraft, Ice:: ri, ura 5 will mount 10 hose (1) traversing su. lower zone the tmposf'era, tropopause (3) and. a portion of the stratosphere in its cutting-edge canvas, using for erection the glolxn (5) Helium hoses, injectors (4)-stabilizers that blow the gas down with a compressor (2). Las.aletas (26)and the tilts (26) with respect to their horizontal edge fixed to the hose, during the acciÓn of .1 wind, they tilt. producing upward pushing of the hose, stabilize it with balloons and stabilizing injectors.|Figure 6 shows the: Angle Ire (. 1: 1 eta 6.190 m mountain ma menhaden, located 63 "latitude: north, traversing 1: a: tropost 'em. and the tropopause. (3) To 8,000 in. discharging next to it by means of m'injector that can insulate bielopalveriZado by means of the machine (18) and mixed with air and ice takes it from the top of In Mountain and Jo drives it by means of the pump: tc or compressor (2) by means of the hose. Of this mod. the hose needed would be about 2000 tn. Which stands upright with any of the above cases.|Figure. 7 shows the. hose (1) in la.cima of 6000 m "pcxlria ser the" Denali "Mount (formerly: lclleilley) of 6.190 m, located 63 '.latitud north, traversing the e3rd tropes and the tropouse (3). at 80" n, n, supported by the balloons (5) and discharging joined it by means of nozzle tubs (4 (», which suck the gas or fluid by passing the air or gas together. The system also adds momentum to the gas or fluid through the pump, turbine, or compressor (2). It may also be driven by its low density e.g. por.el..c.leratamiento. Lln. t two cases should avoid ozone reacting elements.|Figure 8 shows d brings in a hose-makeup (La) that conducts the gas or fluid per uai f# cr*duct in its central zone and is surrounded by a duct (. I I) of greater say I enter through honey hot air is sent that keeps the temperature of the internal duct elevated and at t Yismc time is applied to the indigo orces (4) to produce su. erection: One or both walls ('17) of. ducts are heat insulating.|.i.. to figures 9: shows the length of: hose (.1 b) that conveys the gas or fluid through a conduit (10) in its central zone and is surrounded by a conduit (12) of larger diameter and pressurized diameter, which facilitates erection.|Figures 10 shows the span de.manguera tic) driving them or fluid through a conduit (111), attached to another conduit (12 a) which carries pressurized air for erection.|Figure 11 shows a length of hose (1), using the injectors (4) for erection and stabilization the fins (13) actuated by the actuators (14). (14), controlling el.flujo outlet: de: ceda: atheo of the injectors,. stabilizing it vertically, Figure 12 shows the wind turbine (20) la.cuál actuates: the current generator (2: t) that joto is applied with the current obtained by: the photo zarch system (22) to one. 6 transformi unit in which the DC current is trapped:.: is raised in batteries and: is distributed in continuous or alternating current to the pump, turbine, or compressor (2), to the position indicator lights (15> y.l the rest of the circuits in the installation ( 24 ). Wave energy can also be used|Figure. I.3 shows 1 st low zone of the atmosphere, where the temperature curve (t) is a function of the height of the troposphere, tropopause (3) and of a portion of stratosphere, with two possible citrus types hoses (1): sama whose upper end or (L rare): discharges in: the high MISS zone of 21000 m:. and another whose end superier. (L.: min).descarga near the tropopause or minimum height. At anillos.casos, the Las or fluid driven by the pumps or compressors (2) may be sent, such as, water steam.,.: -is ° to such's or particles of: ice, ozone, etc., and, if needed, ben: be covered by the heating conduit. Know they show the layers of gases or nu.heacradas for each of the hoses.|.l.a.hgura f.4 shows the low area of the atrtsc}sl ra, where temperature cure t) is a function of the height of the troposphere, tropopa.ta'a ().y of tina. poni & de: estr<kto'firms, with the hose(1) on a mount (19) whose upper end discharges near the zc tropouse. or height.Minimum in this case it is also possible to send fluid driven by the pump or ccitrtpressure:(2 l p $ t example: water vapor, crystals o'particles de bieli, ozone, etc. if necessary these must be covered by the: heating pipeline.|Figure 15 sample.The low atmospheric zone ra, where the cure of~ petanca a (t) is. function of la. tropofera la.altura., -tropose-pause (3), and one. portion of stratosphere, crib, or n-tail gas or fluid (21), heated by La. boiler (20) and on an aa mountain (19) whose upper end discharges Dining of .The tropopause or minimum height,.11)The tropopause is the Monta Denali de Alaska 6190 m and 63'latitude. the tropopause may be at 8000 with reading what a column of gas would need, or una.manguera of about 2 km.|Fig.1.6 shows:. La: Iro-pc and ausa (3), dashed line, and narrative mount (19) of 6000 m altitude, at latitude 63 N. Where you need only a sleeve.If this were 8000 m and at latitude 30 N,: he is ne, esitarphta healthy linen hose 5 km< | AP unique ID|(ES1209863Y Y)|128518515|Family Number|(79455289)|79455289| | Control|Mechanical elements|Other special machines | A01G-015/00|F15B-021/00|G05D-023/00 | A01G-015/00|F15B-021/00|G05D-023/00 | WO202138008|DK202530025 | WO202138008 86458185 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=X CAT=Y CAT=I|DK202530025 116315216 WHO=Examiner SELF=N | GRANTED | (ES1209863)|GRANTED | ALIVE | (ES1209863)|ALIVE | (ES1209863)|LEGAL DETAILS FOR ES1209863|Actual or expected expiration date=2028-03-01|Legal state=ALIVE|Status=GRANTED|Event publication date=2018-03-01|Event code=ES/APP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Application details|Application country=ES ES201800182|Application date=2018-03-01|Standardized application number=2018ES-U000182|Event publication date=2018-04-12|Event code=ES/U|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Published utility model application|Publication country=ES|Publication number=ES1209863|Publication stage code=U|Publication date=2018-04-12|Standardized publication number=ES1209863U|Event publication date=2018-04-18|Event code=ES/U8|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Modified first page utility model|Publication country=ES|Publication number=ES1209863|Publication stage code=U8|Publication date=2018-04-18|Standardized publication number=ES1209863U|Event publication date=2018-07-04|Event code=ES/Y|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Event indicating In Force|Utility model|Publication country=ES|Publication number=ES1209863|Publication stage code=Y|Publication date=2018-07-04|Standardized publication number=ES1209863Y|Event publication date=2018-07-04|Event code=ES/FG1K|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Event indicating In Force|Utility model granted|Modelo de utilidad concedido|Effective date of the event=2018-06-28 | (ES1209863)|ES | https://www.orbit.com/GetPDF?gui=crypt&callingapp=EDOFF&key=KM/ti52IwjsC+Lm4ZQD0R7riw9rIjMzfNoC7YXsv59YGnqhCiah71aMBN8cII1otJsj+r4XrQ7A=&n=1 | https://sobj.orbit.com/sobj/getMosaic?bdi=na&userid=ZIBNDZZF&key=ES0000000000244822&ekey=2154&xpn=ES1209863Y&kind=Y | http://consultas2.oepm.es/ceo/jsp/busqueda/busqInvencionesResultados.xhtml | https://permalink.orbit.com/RenderStaticFirstPage?XPN=6HQx%252F9561Yt8itVbnnIVjTNfFPLuVTJ9KaVWfLIclG0%3D%26n%3D1&id=0&base=FAMPAT | ES | (ES1209863)|NAME=MUNOZ SAIZ, Manuel|(ES1209863)|NAME=MUNOZ SAIZ, Manuel|(ES1209863)|NAME=MUNOZ SAIZ, Manuel | 0 | 2 | (ES1209863)|8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | (ES1209863)|Number of Claims: NCL=8|Number of Pages: NPAGES=24| | (ES1209863)|SPANISH (SPA) | (ES1209863Y)|Utility model|(ES1209863U)|Utility model|(ES1209863U)|Utility model | Titre: (ES1209863)|Global temperature regulator system using hoses, chimneys or columns of gases or aerosols Résumé: (ES1209863)|Global temperature regulating system through the use of hoses, columns or chimneys of gases or aerosols, arranged vertically from the earth's surface and through which water or other liquid elements are injected into the stratosphere or upper tropospheric zone, gases or aerosols cloud layer formers which reflect, adsorb and act as greenhouses, characterized in that it comprises: a) Hoses or conduits arranged vertically from the earth's surface and through which the clouds forming products or layers of clouds or ozone are injected into the stratosphere or tropospheric upper zone; b) Columns or chimneys through which clouds forming products or layers of clouds or ozone are injected into the stratosphere or upper tropospheric zone; c) Cloud forming products or cloud layers; d) Impulse devices for the gases that circulate in the hoses, columns or chimneys, forming the clouds or layers of clouds and the erector flow of the hoses; e) Some devices erectors and levitadores of the hoses; f) Stabilizing devices for the hoses that keep them vertical; g) Heating devices for the hoses; h) Systems of electrical power through the use of alternative energies; i) Columns or chimneys of hot gases, generated by heating boilers; j) A cable or device discharging the static current to ground and k) A few sensors placed in stationary meteorological globes that send to earth, for their control, the composition of the different stratospheric layers involved. Autre: (ES1209863)|1. System according to claim 1. 1, wherein: the products:.:.: cloud rams or cloud layers are; alcohols in the form of vapor or small frozen and pulverized liquids< paartresses System according to: claim 1, caraeierizadn porque.los products. cloud turners or cloud layers slm.. liquids n.eia4:o. and pully?erected in p., system according to Claim 1, characterized in that the products s thrnadotts of the clouds: are gases or aerosols formed p. c., Eur and p., s. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the gas impellers are pumps, turbines or compressors. i System as claimed in claim 4, wherein the fluid driving devices tc are sucked elements, which suck the gas or fluid from the upper end of the hose raising the stratosiery wind passes through its side. System according to claim 1, characterized in that it is used as erector devices itself. System according to claim 1:. s characterized in that each dissimilar erector unit is provided with injectors that throw part of the gas or flow of the hose: towards hail. System according to claim 1, characterized in that balloons are used in the upper and side: hose barbs, as erector devices, system according to claim 1, C:: a $ rac: termed because each erectott device is used pressurized conduits attached to the system according to claim 1, characterized in that a pressurized conduit surrounding or enveloping the hose is used as erector device. 131. The subject according to claim 1, characterized in that the erector devices s kliriZMI n.) are attached laterally to the hose, which are flexible or i.ncli.naables.arspecio to their upper arm attached to the hose. 2 s 14, System according to claim 1, characterized in that there are no stabilizing devices used gyroscopes that detect the hose tipping and the serial de inclinación.ser applies to stabilizing valves in el.interior of erector injectors. System s n claim 1, wherein as stabilizing devices the erector balloons were mil:. System according to claim 1, caracterizado.porque or no gas heating devices are used in an Egruata that uses the hose and, by c=,salt, circulates hot air. Shema, also claims 1., characterized in that as heating devices the gases are used a boilera.-in thelower zone of the. handle, column; or chimneys. II System according to claim 1 characterized in that electrical resistances are used as sound heating devices inside the mother: fl s.19: Signal system. claim 1, wherein alternative emerges from wind systems, photowrapping or from sea wave systems are used as electrical heating devices.|2. System as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the grid energy is used as electrical power systems. System according to claim 1, characterized in that the lower end of the hose rests on a mountain of high altitude d.22. System according to claim 1, characterized in that the upper end of the hoses is placed between the tropopause and the .25: 000 in. System according to kivind icaelon 1, characterized in that the hoses are made of fabrics or fabrics based on resistant fibres: eomo d lec v lar, carbon, glass, and nylon. System as claimed in claim 2.3, wherein the hoses are made of fabrics or fabrics based on resistant fibres with blends of grelo or graphene oxide. S: system: s egd'in claim', wherein the lower side zone of the hoses is secured to the ground by means of.: utilises: cabl: ES or vierois s. | 11 | Abstract | gpt-4o-mini | yes | The patent describes a system for injecting aerosols into the stratosphere to regulate global temperature, which aligns with solar geoengineering objectives. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 11 | ES201000372 | WOES2011/000081|ES201000372 | ES2406630|ES2406630|WO2011/113976|WO2011/113976 | 44626109 | WO2011/113976 A3 2011-11-10 [WO2011113976]|WO2011/113976 A2 2011-09-22 [WO2011113976]|ES2406630 B1 2014-04-24 [ES2406630]|ES2406630 A1 2013-06-07 [ES2406630] | 2010-03-18 | 2011-03-18|2010-03-18 | 2014-04-24|2013-06-07|2011-11-10|2011-09-22 | |(ES2406630)|2014-04-24 | (WO2011/113976)|2013-09-18|(ES2406630)|2030-03-18 | (WO2011/113976)|Method and system for controlling solar radiation on the surface of the earth by means of controlled aerosol dispersion | (WO2011/113976)|The invention relates to a method for controlling solar radiation on the surface of the earth, comprising the controlled dispersion of aerosols of the type used in Flow Burring® and/or Flow Focusing®, characterised in that it includes: (i) a step comprising the controlled dispersion of harmless aerosols into the atmosphere, whereby said aerosols are obtained through the mass nebulisation of an aqueous solution, and (ii) a step consisting in observing and calculating the local and global radiation balance. | UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA | (WO2011/113976)|UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA ([ES])|(WO2011/113976)|UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA ([ES])|(ES2406630)|UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA|(ES2406630)|UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA | GANAN CALVO ALFONSO MIGUEL | (WO2011/113976)|GAÑÁN CALVO, Alfonso Miguel|(WO2011/113976)|GAÑÁN CALVO, Alfonso Miguel | (WO2011/113976)|Finally, it is necessary to emphasize again that this example is intended to a palliative or corrective effect of the weather consequences that can arise from the current peak of emissions due to consumption of petroleum-derived fuels.|It is necessary to emphasize in this example regarding the use of saline aerosols that the calculations thus far have made use of the simplification that the aerosol will dry in its entirety when dispersed into the atmosphere.|Moreover, it is necessary to analyze the energy cost of the proposed invention.|In a particular embodiment of the invention, in order to achieve the desired effects, the proposed aerosols can disperse in lower regions of the stratosphere, where their persistence is larger, but is more limited than in other higher regions.| | (WO2011/113976)|1. -Method for controlling solar irradiation on the terrestrial surface by means of controlled dispersion of aerosols of the type employing Flow Burring ® and/or Flow Focusing ® technologies, characterized in that it comprises (i) a step of controlled dispersion of harmless aerosols in the atmosphere, Wherein said aerosols are achieved by mass misting an aqueous solution; and (i) a step of observing and calculating local and overall radiant balance.| | (WO2011/113976)|The present invention is in the field of environmental technologies and, more specifically, in geo-engineering, aimed at mitigating and, to the extent possible, controlling the consequences of uncontrolled greenhouse gas emission and global warming.|Therefore, for the purposes of this invention, a shelf life time unit of for an aerosol dispersion equal to three months can be defined (we define the shelf life unit as 1 UVU=7.9x106 seconds).|This invention attempts to introduce controlled modifications of Earth radiant balance to compensate for the negative effects of "carbon offsetting" gases.| | (WO2011/113976)|CONTROLLED DISPERSION(100,5)|GROUND SURFACE(100,5)|RADIATION BALANCE(100,4)|SOLAR IRRADIATION(100,4)|AEROSOL CONTROLLED DISPERSION(100,3)|FLOW FOCUSING(100,3)|BURRING(100,1)|FLOW BURRING(100,1)|HARMLESS AEROSOL CONTROLLED DISPERSION(70,1)|EARTH RADIANT BALANCE(68,4)|HARMLESS AEROSOL(67,2)|SHELF LIFETIME(66,1)|LOCAL CALCULATION(54,1)|RADIANT BALANCE COMPUTING(54,1)|STRATOSPHERE REGION(54,1)|WEATHER VARIABLE EVOLUTION(48,1)|PETROLEUM DERIVED FUEL CONSUMPTION(46,1)|RADIATION GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION(44,1)|AEROSOL DISPERSION(43,9)|AQUEOUS SOLUTION(43,3)|SALINE AEROSOL(43,3)|WEATHER VARIABLE OBSERVED EVOLUTION(43,1)|GLOBAL RADIANT BALANCE(42,3)|RADIATION INCIDENT SPECTRAL CONTENT(41,1)|AEROSOL PROPOSITION(40,2)|PALLIATIVE(38,1)|UNCONTROLLED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION(38,1)|SIMPLIFICATION(37,1)|PETROLEUM DERIVED FUEL(35,1)|AEROSOL(34,11)|EVOLUTION OBSERVATION(34,1)|CORRECTIVE(33,1)|DISPERSION HEIGHT(30,1)|ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION VARIABLE(30,1)|GLOBAL WARMING(30,1)|SCATTERING HEIGHT(30,1)|CONTROLLED AEROSOL DISPERSION(28,1)|PERSISTENCE(25,7)|GEO ENGINEERING(25,2)|CONTROL MODIFICATION(24,1)|CARBON OFFSETTING(23,1)|ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY(23,1)|SATELLITE MONITORING(21,1)|ALTITUDE(20,2)|MOBILE POINT(20,2)|GEOGRAPHIC POINT(20,1)|TEMPERATURE OVERALL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION(20,1)|SHELF LIFE(19,2)|GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION(18,1)|TRACKING(18,1)|UVU(17,3)|NEURAL NETWORK(17,1)|ALBEDO GREENHOUSE COMPENSATING(15,1)|ATMOSPHERIC OPTICAL THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION(15,1)|OPTIMUM VALUE(15,1)|SEA LEVEL(14,3)|CLIMATE DYNAMICS(14,2)|BIPHASIC JET DYNAMICS(14,1)|EMISSION INTENSITY VALUE(14,1)|GLOBAL RADIANT BATANEE(14,1)|FIXED POINT(13,2)|HUMAN SPECIES INTELLECTUAL EVOLUTION(12,1)|AFRICAN CONTINENT(11,1)|ARTIFICIAL EARTH RADIANT BALANCE(11,1)|ARTIFICIAL REORIENTATION(11,1)|GLOBAL PREDICTION NUMERIC CODE(11,1)|NUMERIC CODE PREDICTION(11,1)|ORGANIC SALT(11,1)|PHYSICO CHEMICAL KINETICS(11,1)|SULFUR AEROSOL INJECTION(11,1)|TERRESTRIAL HYDROMASS(11,1)|TIME OPTIMAL AEROSOL(11,1)|AEROSOL PERSISTENCE(10,1)|CORRECTIVE INTERVENTION(10,1)|CORRELATION FUNCTION(10,1)|CRUISE BUMP(10,1)|FLIGHT SCHEDULE(10,1)|GROUND COORDINATE(10,1)|HARMLESS AEROSOL MASS(10,1)|ICE MICROCRYSTAL(10,1)|INNERMOST OUTLET ORIFICE(10,1)|PREDICTION CODE NUMBER(10,1)|QUANTIFIABLE DEVIATION(10,1)|SEAWATER SPRUCE(10,1)|TEMPORAL RAINFALL(10,1)|WEATHER GROUNDING NETWORK(10,1)|PARTICLE SIZE(9,3)|EXTRA CONSUMPTION(9,2)|KEROSENE(8,4)|OPTIMIZATION(8,3)|DISPERSAL PROPOSITION(8,2)|GLOBAL ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION(8,2)|HYDROSPHERE(8,2)|TOTAL INSTANTANEOUS CONSUMPTION(8,2)|AEROSOL PROPOSED DISPERSION(8,1)|AEROSOL TON(8,1)|AIRLINE OVERALL CONSUMPTION(8,1)|ANNUAL HUMAN EMISSION(8,1)|CALCULATION CONSISTENCY(8,1)|DISPERSAL COST VIEWPOINT(8,1)|DISPERSED SALT AEROSOL(8,1)|DISPERSING SALT AEROSOL(8,1)|GLOBAL CIRCULATORY PATTERN STABILITY(8,1)|GLOBAL CLIMATIC VARIABLE ANALYSIS(8,1)|GLOBAL DYNAMICS(8,1)|GLOBAL INSTABILITY(8,1)|GLOBAL SUFFERING(8,1)|HISTORICAL WEATHER(8,1)|INCIDENT GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION(8,1)|IPCC REPORT(8,1)|MAXIMIZE SCATTERING(8,1)|NEBULIZER EXIT(8,1)|PNEUMATIC LIQUID NEBULIZATION(8,1)|ENERGY COST(7,5)|EXTRA LOAD(7,3)|FEASIBILITY(7,3)|STRATOSPHERE LEVEL(7,3)|NUCLEATION(7,2)|OBJECTIVE FUNCTION(7,2)|AEROSOL JET(7,1)|ARTIFICIAL ORIGIN(7,1)|DISPERSION AI(7,1)|DRY SALT AEROSOL(7,1)|EXIT ORIFICE(7,1)|EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION(7,1)|GEOSTATIONARY EARTH RADIATION BUDGET(7,1)|GLOBAL CONSUMPTION(7,1)|HUMAN BIOMASS(7,1)|INNOCUOUS AEROSOL CONTROLLED DISPERSION(7,1)|NATURAL AEROSOL(7,1)|NEBULIZER MATRIX(7,1)|NEGLIGIBLE DIFFUSION(7,1)|NUMB YIELD DEMANDING POWER(7,1)|PUMP PARAMETER(7,1)|SATURATION POINT(7,1)|STRATOSPHERE LAYER(7,1)|SUBHARMONIC RESPONSE OCCURRENCE(7,1)|UEU ACCOUNT(7,1)|UNPREDICTABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT(7,1)|VARIABLE CONVERGENCE(7,1)|LAND SURFACE(6,3)|HYGROSCOPICITY(6,2)|ANNUAL HUMAN CONSUMPTION(5,1)|ARTIFICIAL ACTION(5,1)|CONSTANT MONITORING(5,1)|DEEP KNOWLEDGE(5,1)|DISCHARGE VELOCITY(5,1)|DISPERSED AEROSOL CONTROLLED INTERACTION(5,1)|DISPERSED AEROSOL USEFUL MASS(5,1)|DISPERSION SCALE(5,1)|ENERGY INVESTMENT(5,1)|EXPERIMENTALLY PERFORMED MEASUREMENT(5,1)|FLIGHT LIMIT(5,1)|GEOLOGICAL ERA(5,1)|GLACIATION PERIOD(5,1)|GLOBAL RADIANT BALANCE FUNCTION(5,1)|GLOBAL SCALE(5,1)|JET DEVELOPMENT(5,1)|JET DIAMETER DG(5,1)|LABORATORY MEASUREMENT(5,1)|LARGE BIPHASIC PNEUMATIC JET(5,1)|PASSENGER AIRPLANE(5,1)|PERSISTENCE CYCLE(5,1)|REGULAR COMMERCIAL(5,1)|RESPONSE FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETER(5,1)|SALINE DROP(5,1)|SPECIES DEVELOPMENT(5,1)|STANDARD TEMPERATURE(5,1)|STATIONARY SETTLING VELOCITY(5,1)|TEMPORAL PERSISTENCE LEVEL(5,1)|TOTAL ANNUAL EMISSION(5,1)|TROPOSPHERE LEVEL(5,1)|UNCONTROLLED ACTION(5,1)|VAPOR ATMOSPHERE(5,1)|WAVELENGTH BAND(5,1)|UMU(4,3)|AIR EJECTION(4,1)|ANNUAL AIR TRANSPORT CONSUMPTION(4,1)|ATMOSPHERIC WATER(4,1)|BIPHASIC FLOW(4,1)|BLOCKING ELEMENT OPTICAL PROPERTY(4,1)|CIRCUS(4,1)|CONTROLLABILITY(4,1)| | (WO2011/113976)|CLAIMS | 1. -Method for controlling solar irradiation on the terrestrial surface by means of controlled dispersion of aerosols of the type employing Flow Burring ® and/or Flow Focusing ® technologies, characterized in that it comprises (i) a step of controlled dispersion of harmless aerosols in the atmosphere, Wherein said aerosols are achieved by mass misting an aqueous solution; and (i) a step of observing and calculating local and overall radiant balance. |2. -Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the aqueous solution is sea water. |3. -Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the aqueous solution is a solution of mineral or organic salts in concentrations from zero to twice the saturation point at standard temperature and pressure. |4. -Method as claimed in the previous claims, characterized in that the controlled dispersion of aerosols is performed from fixed or mobile points on the land surface situated at a height comprised between 0 and 20,000 meters above sea level. |5. -Method according to the preceding claims characterized in that the overall radiant balance is determined by satellite monitoring systems, By observations of the atmospheric optical thickness distribution of dispersed aerosols and their combination with aerosols existing in the atmosphere and of the overall geographical distribution of temperatures as a function of time. |6. -System for controlling solar irradiation on the terrestrial surface by controlled aerosol dispersion configured to execute the method of claims 1 to 5 and characterized in that it comprises at least (a) A plurality of fixed or mobile points of dispersal of aerosols into the atmosphere on the land surface, situated above sea level at an altitude of between 0 and 20,000 meters; and (b) means for observing and computing the radiant balance of the Earth. |7. -System according to claim 6 characterized in that the means for observing global radiant balance comprises at least one plurality of means for observing, tracking and collecting (i) the weather variables in their geographic distribution and in height, (ii) The intensity and spectral content of radiation incident on the Earth, and (ii) the intensity, spectral content, and geographic distribution of radiation emitted by the Earth to external space. |8. -System according to claims 6 and 7 characterized in that the radiant balance computing means comprises means for predicting the evolution of weather variables and their geographic distribution in height, So as to establish a degree or function of correlation of (a) dispersions of aerosols, their intensity, particle size and height of the dispersion above sea level, With (b) the observed evolution of weather variables and overall radiant balance; and wherein said means estimate at each time optimal aerosol emission intensity values from different geographic points, Particle size and scattering height at sea level; said optimum values are determined by the defined correlation function and an objective function based on economic and environmental conservation variables. |9. A system according to claim 8 wherein the computing means employ neural networks. | (WO2011/113976)|[0001] METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING SOLAR IRRADIATION ON THE TERRESTRIAL SURFACE BY CONTROLLED DISPERSION OF AEROSOLS. | [0002] The present invention is in the field of environmental technologies and, more specifically, in geo-engineering, aimed at mitigating and, to the extent possible, controlling the consequences of uncontrolled greenhouse gas emission and global warming. | [0003] STATE OF THE PRIOR ART | [0004] The air mass resting on the earth's surface is about 5.5x1018 kg. of this mass, currently 0.04% (about 400 ppm) currently corresponds to C0 2. Therefore, there are currently about 2 billion tons (2x1015 kg) of C0 2 in the atmosphere. The annual human emission of C0 2 amounts to 10% of this quantity today, quantified by global annual energy consumption, some 500 exams, of which more than 90% are from the combustion of petroleum, coal, and gas. It is known to produce on average about 0.19 mg of C0 2 per July generated. Therefore, the total annual emission of C0 2 can now amount to about 90,000 million tons (9x1013 kg). | [0005] Currently, the mass of aerosols of various natural and artificial origins is estimated to amount to one billion of the mass of atmospheric air, that is, about 5.5x109 kg, most concentrated at the lower levels of the troposphere. Between one-fifth and one-fourth of said mass of aerosols is known to be non-naturally occurring or caused by human activity. Said mass of human origin produces blocking optical effects that are already quantifiable at surface levels. | [0006] Recent studies on the effect of aerosols on the African continent (Paeth & Feichter 2005, Climate Dynamics 26,35-54) allow estimating that a mass of aerosols dispersed in the atmosphere equivalent to about 20-25 mg would produce an albedo greenhouse compensating effect of 1 kg of C0 2. As for global radiant balance, although it is to be admitted that the degree of uncertainty to this extent is much greater than the degree of uncertainty in the warming effect strictly obtrusive to the C0 2. Even so, taking into account the degree of uncertainty involved, the above calculations allow an estimate that a mass of harmless aerosols around 2 million tons could compensate for human activity annually C0 2 emissions. | [0007] From this result, one can infer a basic data for the calculation of interest to this invention. Indeed, globally, it has been experimentally determined (Paeth & Feichter 2005, Climate Dynamics 26,35 – 54) that mass concentrations of aerosols on the order of one fifth billion by mass in the atmosphere produce measurable effects. This leads to the dispersal into the atmosphere of a mass around one million tons (10,000 kg) of aerosols would produce effects with measurable optical consequences on a global scale as a function of the size, geometry, structure and chemical composition of such aerosols. Interestingly, this 10 9 kg mass coincides with that stated by Nobel Prize Paul J. Crutzen in its trial published in Climatic Change (2006) 77, 21 1-219 in defense of the injection of sulphur aerosols into the atmosphere to modify its albedo effect. | [0008] Aerosols generally do not exhibit a vertical homogenous concentration in the atmosphere, nor do they have the same effect at different levels. In fact, the fraction of aerosols reaching the stratosphere exhibits a persistence in suspension in that area much higher than in the lower areas, where they are precipitated primarily by downward currents, rain, snow, or hail. In addition, dispersion into large areas of high humidity can lead to nucleation of large persistent cloud masses at low or high heights of different nature. On the other hand, the albedo effect caused by aerosols is the more intense the greater its height, within the atmospheric layer. | [0009] No method or procedure which contains the essential characteristics of the invention as described below is unknown to the inventor skilled in the art. | [0010] EXPLANATION OF THE INVENTION | [0011] This invention attempts to introduce controlled modifications of Earth radiant balance to compensate for the negative effects of "carbon offsetting" gases. Thus, new vectors for active control of global radiant batanee are proposed (defined in Kiehl and Trenberth 1997, Bull. Am. Metero. Soc. 78,197-208) and the viability of said vectors is described, describing methods for controlling solar irradiation affecting the terrestrial surface and its albedo effect, by means of the controlled dispersion of innocuous aerosols with determined physicochemical and optical properties. Such dispersion would be done with layers of the atmosphere where such aerosols may remain suspended for sufficiently long times, as well as cover areas of sufficient extent, or where their interaction with atmospheric vapor may generate sufficient nucleation, so that their effects are sufficiently significant and quantifiable. | [0012] In a particular embodiment of the invention, in order to achieve the desired effects, the proposed aerosols can disperse in lower regions of the stratosphere, where their persistence is larger, but is more limited than in other higher regions. And thus may provide a controlled shelf life, i.e., in the event that an undesired or unexpected effect associated with this artificial action is observed, the time window of persistence of the observed effect will be very short. The proposed dispersion of aerosols would occur at different points or terrestrial coordinates from which, due to local mean weather conditions, their vertical distribution and their location in global currents, such dispersion would be maximized or optimized. | [0013] Optimization is formulated in a particular embodiment through an objective global radiant balance function, estimated at a tradeoff around 1 W/m2, through an increase in atmospheric optical thickness in the visible spectrum of incident global solar radiation. Naturally, the analysis of this balance would involve a permanent monitoring and analysis of global climatic variables and their geographic distribution, as well as the stability of global circulatory patterns, including temperature and humidity levels, local, global, medium, and temporal rainfall and wind velocities, as well as their vertical distribution. Such a target function may make use of already existing global prediction numerical codes (for example, AR4, cited in IPCC Report 2007), Having historical weather and weather conditions as input parameters since dates when these conditions are available or deductible, to predict significant deviations that may occur by the use of the proposed methods. | [0014] The proposed invention would also make use of the current means of monitoring and quantifying global radiant balance (for example, the Geo-stationary Earth Radiation Budget -GERB-onboard Meteosat-8), and a grounding network of the weather and environmental effects produced by the proposed dispersions, To monitor the evolution and convergence of the variables towards the objective function (s) and/or the deviation of the trajectory of said variables towards the objectives, making auxiliary use of predictions of the mentioned numerical codes. Tools for active control of climate change and its artificial and controlled reorientation (Geo-engineering) are therefore proposed, so that natural atmospheric cover, and its dynamics fed by the radiant energy of the sun, are integrated into a global system of maintaining the conditions favorable for our development. In this regard, it is interesting to emphasize the obvious fact that the biological and intellectual evolution of the human species bears associated time scales much longer than the characteristic times of its global activity and the overall effects it causes, Whereby the human species becomes its own Victor—in general, it could not adapt quickly enough to the changes caused. These considerations nourish the idea that in order to avoid large levels of global suffering, it would be helpful to be able to have deep knowledge and tools that would allow corrective intervention in global dynamics (such as in a "garden"), since our species development has involved uncontrolled actions in this dynamics. | [0015] In particular, in describing this invention, special emphasis is placed on analyzing its feasibility through currently available technologies. | [0016] Throughout the description and claims, the word "comprise" and its variants are not intended to exclude other technical features, additives, components, or steps. To those skilled in the art, other objects, advantages and features of the invention will be apparent in part from the description and in part from the practice of the invention. The following examples are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention. In addition, the present invention covers all possible combinations of particular and preferred embodiments set forth herein. | [0017] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MODES OF EXECUTION AND EXAMPLES | [0018] As previously indicated, the proposed invention makes use of methods of controlled aerosol production and dispersion, as well as their dynamics and physico-chemical kinetics, designed in accordance with their blocking optical properties of certain wavelength bands. The controlled interaction of dispersed aerosols with the atmosphere and their components, primarily water vapor, would try to maximize the optical blocking effects of certain wavelength ranges. | [0019] Due to the high complexity of the mechanisms involved, the present invention analyzes the feasibility of an artificial Earth radiant balance control instrument using aerosols. As noted, it should be estimated that a mass of aerosols of one million tons situated at lower levels of the stratosphere can produce a quantifiable deviation from the Earth's radiant balance. The vertical structure of the earth's atmosphere thus allows for the creation of layers with optical properties of sufficient concentration and persistence to generate a controllable albedo effect using aerosols. A useful reference index for this invention, or useful unit mass (UMU) of aerosols, may be defined as one million tons of an aerosol with physical-chemical properties such that it produces equivalent optical properties (in terms of its overall radiant effects. Including those resulting from their interaction with atmospheric water vapor) to an optical depth of 0.007 in the visible spectrum, at lower levels of the stratosphere (11,000 meters of altitude). We then define 1 UMU=106 kg. | [0020] On the other hand, it is necessary to introduce a useful temporal reference index that reflects the inertia of the active system employed, in this case dispersed aerosols, and that serves as the fundamental parameter of response of the overall system to ensure its controllability. In this regard, the orbital time around the sun would establish a bound for the maximum persistence time. Furthermore, persistence should never be greater than seasonal time, to avoid the occurrence of sub-harmonic responses induced by persistence cycles, which could render the overall system uncontrollable by phenomena like resonances or parametric pumps (for example, this type of phenomena have materialized in the past in known glaciation periods). Therefore, if the persistence of aerosols is defined seasonally, their shelf life should be around three months. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of dispersal costs, the greater the persistence the lower the costs. Therefore, for the purposes of this invention, a shelf life time unit of for an aerosol dispersion equal to three months can be defined (we define the shelf life unit as 1 UVU=7.9x106 seconds). Finally, the dispersion scale can be determined by the most appropriate temporal persistence level, but given the stationary settling velocity of a particle size around 10 microns with specific gravity like that of water; About 3 millimeters per second, the reference heel can be defined as 1,000 meters (taking into account the existence of regions of high turbulence), i.e., the starting heel of the lower layer of the stratosphere. It is very interesting to emphasize here, for the purposes of this invention, that that is the usual flight limit for commercial airplanes. | [0021] Example 1. Use of saline aerosols. | [0022] For example, and without it being possible to be considered restrictive for the purposes of this invention, it is proposed that the dispersed aerosols be sea water spruce, well thrown vertically from the marine surface, or from aerial vehicles. For this purpose, the use of nebulizer assemblies or arrays based on highly efficient pneumatic liquid nebulization technologies, such as Flow Focusing ® or Flow Blurring ®, is proposed. | [0023] The fundamental advantages of dispersing salt aerosols (which can result in micro or nano-crystals of sea salt in the atmosphere), or of the micro-crystals of ice to which they can result, come from their properties: | [0024] - High reflection rate (maximum for sizes in excess of the wavelengths desired to block), especially when giving rise to micro-ice crystals (e.g., in circuses). | [0025] - High hygroscopicity. | [0026] Naturally occurring. | [0027] Presence in the atmosphere from remote geological era (reduced risk of unpredictable environmental impact). | [0028] - They come from an inexhaustible source because they allow complete recycling. | [0029] Terrestrial hydromass amounts to about 1.4x10 21 kg, which harbors a mass of sodium chloride and other mineral salts around 5x10 19 kg. therefore, even assuming total evaporation of the dispersed salt water droplets, UMU means a mass fraction of salt corresponding to less than 20 parts per billion (ө; 20x10 12) of the total salt contained in the hydrosphere. Thus, the overall alterations caused by sequestration and delocalized precipitation of the raw material proposed for the present invention (in mass comparable to a UMU) should not be quantifiable other than at the level of precision spectroscopic analysis. To have such an amount, consider that the salt concentrations in biomass, and in particular in human biomass, are millions of times higher than the fraction mentioned. | [0030] Moreover, it is necessary to analyze the energy cost of the proposed invention. Laboratory measurements and real applications of Flow Blurring ® technologies indicate that the energy cost for the dispersion of 1 kg of water in the form of microdroplets less than 20 micrometers (specifically, 99% Of the mass contained in drops of less than 20 micrometers) lies in the range of 1 to 100 kilojoules, the lowest costs being for the most accurate and small geometric configurations (Flow Focusing ® nebulizers with outlet orifices of less than 50 micrometers) and under very controlled operating conditions. The highest energy costs correspond to the Flow Blurring ® configurations, which produce a wide drop concentration up to the nanometer and even molecular ranges, and are much more flexible in operating conditions. Thus, a useful unit of energy (UEU) equivalent to that required by a Flow Blurring ® nebulizer to disperse as a dry salt aerosol an amount equivalent to a UMU can be defined, knowing that the mean saline concentration of the hydrosphere is about 3.5 grams per kg of water. That is, we can define 1 UEU=2.86x10 15 Joules. | [0031] The above estimates and data indicate that, taking into account the overall annual energy consumption of the human species around 500 exaults (5x10 20 Joules), the energy cost of the process proposed in this invention, comparable to a EU, would require less than one hundred thousand of the overall annual human consumption. Considering that air transport energy consumption equates to around 3% of the global consumption per year (producing around 3% of world C0 2 emissions), around 1.5x10 19 Joules, An EU accounts for 0.02% of the overall annual air transport consumption (however, since a UVU is 4 times less than a year, this percentage would increase to about 0.1%). | [0032] Moreover, if a UMU had to be dispersed globally, the average power required (or the quotient of 1 UEU/1 UVU, i.e. 362.76 MW, definable as demanding power unit, UPD), may supply it, For example and without this being limiting for the purposes of this invention, a network of less than 1000 wind turbines of power around 1 MW, strategically situated along the entire marine surface. | [0033] Logically, in order to provide the network with responsiveness and control, and to be able to decouple it from purely seasonal effects, it could be sized so that a UPD could supply 10 to 20 times. Such wind turbines would be specifically designed to extract and filter seawater, and disperse it in the form of large bi-phasic pneumatic jets (air and saline drops) directed vertically. To do so, turbines would have a large nebulizer which could accommodate, for example, around 1 million individual cells or holes. | [0034] The dynamics of the bi-phasic jets produced can be considered to analyze the feasibility of vertical dispersion of aerosols from the sea. The vertical penetration factor of the bi-phasic pneumatic jet is primarily a function of the Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers, as well as other parameters that quantify the relative effects of evaporation of drops and their kinetics, relative humidity, etc. in experimentally performed measurements, The lateral dispersion of the pneumatic jet produced by sets of individual cells at a high number has been shown to be less than the effect of internal diffusion of movement amount between the individual jets and intervening phases (air stream and liquid droplets) in the early stages of jet development. Thus, upon demand for conservation of the mass, at a certain distance from the exit orifices, the aerosol jet becomes smaller in diameter than at the exit of the nebulizer die itself, and its velocity is such that it has been homogenized for the two intervening phases (carrier and dispersed). The larger the nebulizer matrix, the smaller the lateral diffusion effect versus the internal diffusion effect, and the innermost outlet orifices are insulated or "shielded" from the outside. | [0035] Thus, the diameter and average velocity of the jet can be estimated by a mass balance and mechanical energy of the resulting bi-phasic flow, with negligible diffusion relative to the outside. From said balance, it is obtained that the jet diameter Dg is about, in the absence of lateral dispersion, Where D, Λ/, m ́ and m ́ g are the diameter of the individual holes, the number of individual holes, the liquid mass flow rate and the air mass flow rate, respectively. The average velocity u of both phases would be approximately: | [0036] - 1/2 | [0037] m. | [0038] + 1 U | [0039] M, where U would be the discharge velocity of the gas through the orifice. For usual flow rates (e.g., of the order of 0.1), m | [0040] The resulting rate upon internal diffusion would exclusively be comparable to that of discharging the orifices. Since such discharge speed is comparable to that of sound, very high speeds are obtained at large distances from the discharge point, compared to the diameter of the array of orifices. Moreover, it has been observed that the presence of a dispersed phase favors the persistence of the internal structure of the flow, giving it a sort of "rigidity" Kinematics (quantifiable through an increase in the two-phase mean effective kinematic viscosity) making it more penetrating and less susceptible to developing global instabilities, which would lead it to rapid and effective turbulent diffusion, as occurs in most jets at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers. In addition, given the dimensions of such jets and the rapid decrease in vertical air density, an energy investment in producing a small temperature increase of the ejected air would produce a buoyant force and persistence effect up to stratospheric order heights. Such simple estimates and experimental observations support the feasibility of the proposed example for carrying out the invention. | [0041] Another example of aerosols dispersion mode is the use of regular commercial or similar lines airplanes, which would discharge saline aerosols, in the course of their commercial trips, by Flow Focusing ® or Flow Blurring ® nebulizers, when such airplanes reached the cruise bump. If such dispersion ai regularly makes commercial passenger airplanes, in order to have an idea of the cost demanded from airline companies, consider that, as pointed out above, a UEU accounts for 0.02% of the global annual energy consumption of the commercial airline. In effect, the average number of commercial airplanes overflying each instant the land surface at lower stratosphere levels is around 10 4, now. Dividing a UPD by said number yields demanding power per airplane in flight around 36.27 kW (48.65 CV), equivalent to burning 2 grams of kerosene per second with efficiency around 50-60%. To verify the consistency of the calculations, consider consuming on average around 1 kg of kerosene per second on cruise flight, whereby fifty percent efficiency requires instantaneous consumption is around 0.2% of total instantaneous consumption. Keep in mind that four EU's (one UVU is 1 ⁄ 4 year) required 0.1% of the airline's overall consumption, and considering an efficiency of 50 – 60%, leads to 0.2% of the total instantaneous consumption we had calculated before. Therefore, this extra consumption involves an extra load of less than 15 kg of kerosene for a 2 hour flight at cruise speed. The extra load for saline or brine (pre-concentrated to saturation) on each scheduled flight should be able to deliver a flow of about 200-300 grams of brine per second throughout the flight. For a 2-hour flight, the extra load would be about 1.5 Tm, which in turn would demand extra consumption of about 6.5 kg of kerosene to raise the load to 11,000 m. | [0042] It is necessary to emphasize in this example regarding the use of saline aerosols that the calculations thus far have made use of the simplification that the aerosol will dry in its entirety when dispersed into the atmosphere. Naturally, the hygroscopicity of sea salt makes this hypothesis generally unmet, and the useful mass of dispersed aerosols is for practical purposes much greater than that of dry residue. As attempts to maximize the scattering blocking optical effects, both the optical characteristics of salt aerosols themselves and their ability to nucleate water vapour and cloud formation, which also cause a significant albedo effect can be used. Therefore, the size of dispersion, its geographical location, and the size distribution of dispersed salt aerosols are critical variables for optimizing performance of the proposed invention. Such optimization can ultimately cause the energy cost of generating the proposed aerosols to be substantially reduced. Finally, it is necessary to emphasize again that this example is intended to a palliative or corrective effect of the weather consequences that can arise from the current peak of emissions due to consumption of petroleum-derived fuels. | (WO2011/113976)|[0001] METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING SOLAR IRRADIATION ON THE TERRESTRIAL SURFACE BY CONTROLLED DISPERSION OF AEROSOLS. | [0002] The present invention is in the field of environmental technologies and, more specifically, in geo-engineering, aimed at mitigating and, to the extent possible, controlling the consequences of uncontrolled greenhouse gas emission and global warming. | [0003] STATE OF THE PRIOR ART | [0004] The air mass resting on the earth's surface is about 5.5x1018 kg. of this mass, currently 0.04% (about 400 ppm) currently corresponds to C0 2. Therefore, there are currently about 2 billion tons (2x1015 kg) of C0 2 in the atmosphere. The annual human emission of C0 2 amounts to 10% of this quantity today, quantified by global annual energy consumption, some 500 exams, of which more than 90% are from the combustion of petroleum, coal, and gas. It is known to produce on average about 0.19 mg of C0 2 per July generated. Therefore, the total annual emission of C0 2 can now amount to about 90,000 million tons (9x1013 kg). | [0005] Currently, the mass of aerosols of various natural and artificial origins is estimated to amount to one billion of the mass of atmospheric air, that is, about 5.5x109 kg, most concentrated at the lower levels of the troposphere. Between one-fifth and one-fourth of said mass of aerosols is known to be non-naturally occurring or caused by human activity. Said mass of human origin produces blocking optical effects that are already quantifiable at surface levels. | [0006] Recent studies on the effect of aerosols on the African continent (Paeth & Feichter 2005, Climate Dynamics 26,35-54) allow estimating that a mass of aerosols dispersed in the atmosphere equivalent to about 20-25 mg would produce an albedo greenhouse compensating effect of 1 kg of C0 2. As for global radiant balance, although it is to be admitted that the degree of uncertainty to this extent is much greater than the degree of uncertainty in the warming effect strictly obtrusive to the C0 2. Even so, taking into account the degree of uncertainty involved, the above calculations allow an estimate that a mass of harmless aerosols around 2 million tons could compensate for human activity annually C0 2 emissions. | [0007] From this result, one can infer a basic data for the calculation of interest to this invention. Indeed, globally, it has been experimentally determined (Paeth & Feichter 2005, Climate Dynamics 26,35 – 54) that mass concentrations of aerosols on the order of one fifth billion by mass in the atmosphere produce measurable effects. This leads to the dispersal into the atmosphere of a mass around one million tons (10,000 kg) of aerosols would produce effects with measurable optical consequences on a global scale as a function of the size, geometry, structure and chemical composition of such aerosols. Interestingly, this 10 9 kg mass coincides with that stated by Nobel Prize Paul J. Crutzen in its trial published in Climatic Change (2006) 77, 21 1-219 in defense of the injection of sulphur aerosols into the atmosphere to modify its albedo effect. | [0008] Aerosols generally do not exhibit a vertical homogenous concentration in the atmosphere, nor do they have the same effect at different levels. In fact, the fraction of aerosols reaching the stratosphere exhibits a persistence in suspension in that area much higher than in the lower areas, where they are precipitated primarily by downward currents, rain, snow, or hail. In addition, dispersion into large areas of high humidity can lead to nucleation of large persistent cloud masses at low or high heights of different nature. On the other hand, the albedo effect caused by aerosols is the more intense the greater its height, within the atmospheric layer. | [0009] No method or procedure which contains the essential characteristics of the invention as described below is unknown to the inventor skilled in the art. | [0010] EXPLANATION OF THE INVENTION | [0011] This invention attempts to introduce controlled modifications of Earth radiant balance to compensate for the negative effects of "carbon offsetting" gases. Thus, new vectors for active control of global radiant batanee are proposed (defined in Kiehl and Trenberth 1997, Bull. Am. Metero. Soc. 78,197-208) and the viability of said vectors is described, describing methods for controlling solar irradiation affecting the terrestrial surface and its albedo effect, by means of the controlled dispersion of innocuous aerosols with determined physicochemical and optical properties. Such dispersion would be done with layers of the atmosphere where such aerosols may remain suspended for sufficiently long times, as well as cover areas of sufficient extent, or where their interaction with atmospheric vapor may generate sufficient nucleation, so that their effects are sufficiently significant and quantifiable. | [0012] In a particular embodiment of the invention, in order to achieve the desired effects, the proposed aerosols can disperse in lower regions of the stratosphere, where their persistence is larger, but is more limited than in other higher regions. And thus may provide a controlled shelf life, i.e., in the event that an undesired or unexpected effect associated with this artificial action is observed, the time window of persistence of the observed effect will be very short. The proposed dispersion of aerosols would occur at different points or terrestrial coordinates from which, due to local mean weather conditions, their vertical distribution and their location in global currents, such dispersion would be maximized or optimized. | [0013] Optimization is formulated in a particular embodiment through an objective global radiant balance function, estimated at a tradeoff around 1 W/m2, through an increase in atmospheric optical thickness in the visible spectrum of incident global solar radiation. Naturally, the analysis of this balance would involve a permanent monitoring and analysis of global climatic variables and their geographic distribution, as well as the stability of global circulatory patterns, including temperature and humidity levels, local, global, medium, and temporal rainfall and wind velocities, as well as their vertical distribution. Such a target function may make use of already existing global prediction numerical codes (for example, AR4, cited in IPCC Report 2007), Having historical weather and weather conditions as input parameters since dates when these conditions are available or deductible, to predict significant deviations that may occur by the use of the proposed methods. | [0014] The proposed invention would also make use of the current means of monitoring and quantifying global radiant balance (for example, the Geo-stationary Earth Radiation Budget -GERB-onboard Meteosat-8), and a grounding network of the weather and environmental effects produced by the proposed dispersions, To monitor the evolution and convergence of the variables towards the objective function (s) and/or the deviation of the trajectory of said variables towards the objectives, making auxiliary use of predictions of the mentioned numerical codes. Tools for active control of climate change and its artificial and controlled reorientation (Geo-engineering) are therefore proposed, so that natural atmospheric cover, and its dynamics fed by the radiant energy of the sun, are integrated into a global system of maintaining the conditions favorable for our development. In this regard, it is interesting to emphasize the obvious fact that the biological and intellectual evolution of the human species bears associated time scales much longer than the characteristic times of its global activity and the overall effects it causes, Whereby the human species becomes its own Victor—in general, it could not adapt quickly enough to the changes caused. These considerations nourish the idea that in order to avoid large levels of global suffering, it would be helpful to be able to have deep knowledge and tools that would allow corrective intervention in global dynamics (such as in a "garden"), since our species development has involved uncontrolled actions in this dynamics. | [0015] In particular, in describing this invention, special emphasis is placed on analyzing its feasibility through currently available technologies. | [0016] Throughout the description and claims, the word "comprise" and its variants are not intended to exclude other technical features, additives, components, or steps. To those skilled in the art, other objects, advantages and features of the invention will be apparent in part from the description and in part from the practice of the invention. The following examples are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention. In addition, the present invention covers all possible combinations of particular and preferred embodiments set forth herein. | [0017] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MODES OF EXECUTION AND EXAMPLES | [0018] As previously indicated, the proposed invention makes use of methods of controlled aerosol production and dispersion, as well as their dynamics and physico-chemical kinetics, designed in accordance with their blocking optical properties of certain wavelength bands. The controlled interaction of dispersed aerosols with the atmosphere and their components, primarily water vapor, would try to maximize the optical blocking effects of certain wavelength ranges. | [0019] Due to the high complexity of the mechanisms involved, the present invention analyzes the feasibility of an artificial Earth radiant balance control instrument using aerosols. As noted, it should be estimated that a mass of aerosols of one million tons situated at lower levels of the stratosphere can produce a quantifiable deviation from the Earth's radiant balance. The vertical structure of the earth's atmosphere thus allows for the creation of layers with optical properties of sufficient concentration and persistence to generate a controllable albedo effect using aerosols. A useful reference index for this invention, or useful unit mass (UMU) of aerosols, may be defined as one million tons of an aerosol with physical-chemical properties such that it produces equivalent optical properties (in terms of its overall radiant effects. Including those resulting from their interaction with atmospheric water vapor) to an optical depth of 0.007 in the visible spectrum, at lower levels of the stratosphere (11,000 meters of altitude). We then define 1 UMU=106 kg. | [0020] On the other hand, it is necessary to introduce a useful temporal reference index that reflects the inertia of the active system employed, in this case dispersed aerosols, and that serves as the fundamental parameter of response of the overall system to ensure its controllability. In this regard, the orbital time around the sun would establish a bound for the maximum persistence time. Furthermore, persistence should never be greater than seasonal time, to avoid the occurrence of sub-harmonic responses induced by persistence cycles, which could render the overall system uncontrollable by phenomena like resonances or parametric pumps (for example, this type of phenomena have materialized in the past in known glaciation periods). Therefore, if the persistence of aerosols is defined seasonally, their shelf life should be around three months. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of dispersal costs, the greater the persistence the lower the costs. Therefore, for the purposes of this invention, a shelf life time unit of for an aerosol dispersion equal to three months can be defined (we define the shelf life unit as 1 UVU=7.9x106 seconds). Finally, the dispersion scale can be determined by the most appropriate temporal persistence level, but given the stationary settling velocity of a particle size around 10 microns with specific gravity like that of water; About 3 millimeters per second, the reference heel can be defined as 1,000 meters (taking into account the existence of regions of high turbulence), i.e., the starting heel of the lower layer of the stratosphere. It is very interesting to emphasize here, for the purposes of this invention, that that is the usual flight limit for commercial airplanes. | [0021] Example 1. Use of saline aerosols. | [0022] For example, and without it being possible to be considered restrictive for the purposes of this invention, it is proposed that the dispersed aerosols be sea water spruce, well thrown vertically from the marine surface, or from aerial vehicles. For this purpose, the use of nebulizer assemblies or arrays based on highly efficient pneumatic liquid nebulization technologies, such as Flow Focusing ® or Flow Blurring ®, is proposed. | [0023] The fundamental advantages of dispersing salt aerosols (which can result in micro or nano-crystals of sea salt in the atmosphere), or of the micro-crystals of ice to which they can result, come from their properties: | [0024] - High reflection rate (maximum for sizes in excess of the wavelengths desired to block), especially when giving rise to micro-ice crystals (e.g., in circuses). | [0025] - High hygroscopicity. | [0026] Naturally occurring. | [0027] Presence in the atmosphere from remote geological era (reduced risk of unpredictable environmental impact). | [0028] - They come from an inexhaustible source because they allow complete recycling. | [0029] Terrestrial hydromass amounts to about 1.4x10 21 kg, which harbors a mass of sodium chloride and other mineral salts around 5x10 19 kg. therefore, even assuming total evaporation of the dispersed salt water droplets, UMU means a mass fraction of salt corresponding to less than 20 parts per billion (ө; 20x10 12) of the total salt contained in the hydrosphere. Thus, the overall alterations caused by sequestration and delocalized precipitation of the raw material proposed for the present invention (in mass comparable to a UMU) should not be quantifiable other than at the level of precision spectroscopic analysis. To have such an amount, consider that the salt concentrations in biomass, and in particular in human biomass, are millions of times higher than the fraction mentioned. | [0030] Moreover, it is necessary to analyze the energy cost of the proposed invention. Laboratory measurements and real applications of Flow Blurring ® technologies indicate that the energy cost for the dispersion of 1 kg of water in the form of microdroplets less than 20 micrometers (specifically, 99% Of the mass contained in drops of less than 20 micrometers) lies in the range of 1 to 100 kilojoules, the lowest costs being for the most accurate and small geometric configurations (Flow Focusing ® nebulizers with outlet orifices of less than 50 micrometers) and under very controlled operating conditions. The highest energy costs correspond to the Flow Blurring ® configurations, which produce a wide drop concentration up to the nanometer and even molecular ranges, and are much more flexible in operating conditions. Thus, a useful unit of energy (UEU) equivalent to that required by a Flow Blurring ® nebulizer to disperse as a dry salt aerosol an amount equivalent to a UMU can be defined, knowing that the mean saline concentration of the hydrosphere is about 3.5 grams per kg of water. That is, we can define 1 UEU=2.86x10 15 Joules. | [0031] The above estimates and data indicate that, taking into account the overall annual energy consumption of the human species around 500 exaults (5x10 20 Joules), the energy cost of the process proposed in this invention, comparable to a EU, would require less than one hundred thousand of the overall annual human consumption. Considering that air transport energy consumption equates to around 3% of the global consumption per year (producing around 3% of world C0 2 emissions), around 1.5x10 19 Joules, An EU accounts for 0.02% of the overall annual air transport consumption (however, since a UVU is 4 times less than a year, this percentage would increase to about 0.1%). | [0032] Moreover, if a UMU had to be dispersed globally, the average power required (or the quotient of 1 UEU/1 UVU, i.e. 362.76 MW, definable as demanding power unit, UPD), may supply it, For example and without this being limiting for the purposes of this invention, a network of less than 1000 wind turbines of power around 1 MW, strategically situated along the entire marine surface. | [0033] Logically, in order to provide the network with responsiveness and control, and to be able to decouple it from purely seasonal effects, it could be sized so that a UPD could supply 10 to 20 times. Such wind turbines would be specifically designed to extract and filter seawater, and disperse it in the form of large bi-phasic pneumatic jets (air and saline drops) directed vertically. To do so, turbines would have a large nebulizer which could accommodate, for example, around 1 million individual cells or holes. | [0034] The dynamics of the bi-phasic jets produced can be considered to analyze the feasibility of vertical dispersion of aerosols from the sea. The vertical penetration factor of the bi-phasic pneumatic jet is primarily a function of the Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers, as well as other parameters that quantify the relative effects of evaporation of drops and their kinetics, relative humidity, etc. in experimentally performed measurements, The lateral dispersion of the pneumatic jet produced by sets of individual cells at a high number has been shown to be less than the effect of internal diffusion of movement amount between the individual jets and intervening phases (air stream and liquid droplets) in the early stages of jet development. Thus, upon demand for conservation of the mass, at a certain distance from the exit orifices, the aerosol jet becomes smaller in diameter than at the exit of the nebulizer die itself, and its velocity is such that it has been homogenized for the two intervening phases (carrier and dispersed). The larger the nebulizer matrix, the smaller the lateral diffusion effect versus the internal diffusion effect, and the innermost outlet orifices are insulated or "shielded" from the outside. | [0035] Thus, the diameter and average velocity of the jet can be estimated by a mass balance and mechanical energy of the resulting bi-phasic flow, with negligible diffusion relative to the outside. From said balance, it is obtained that the jet diameter Dg is about, in the absence of lateral dispersion, Where D, Λ/, m ́ and m ́ g are the diameter of the individual holes, the number of individual holes, the liquid mass flow rate and the air mass flow rate, respectively. The average velocity u of both phases would be approximately: | [0036] - 1/2 | [0037] m. | [0038] + 1 U | [0039] M, where U would be the discharge velocity of the gas through the orifice. For usual flow rates (e.g., of the order of 0.1), m | [0040] The resulting rate upon internal diffusion would exclusively be comparable to that of discharging the orifices. Since such discharge speed is comparable to that of sound, very high speeds are obtained at large distances from the discharge point, compared to the diameter of the array of orifices. Moreover, it has been observed that the presence of a dispersed phase favors the persistence of the internal structure of the flow, giving it a sort of "rigidity" Kinematics (quantifiable through an increase in the two-phase mean effective kinematic viscosity) making it more penetrating and less susceptible to developing global instabilities, which would lead it to rapid and effective turbulent diffusion, as occurs in most jets at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers. In addition, given the dimensions of such jets and the rapid decrease in vertical air density, an energy investment in producing a small temperature increase of the ejected air would produce a buoyant force and persistence effect up to stratospheric order heights. Such simple estimates and experimental observations support the feasibility of the proposed example for carrying out the invention. | [0041] Another example of aerosols dispersion mode is the use of regular commercial or similar lines airplanes, which would discharge saline aerosols, in the course of their commercial trips, by Flow Focusing ® or Flow Blurring ® nebulizers, when such airplanes reached the cruise bump. If such dispersion ai regularly makes commercial passenger airplanes, in order to have an idea of the cost demanded from airline companies, consider that, as pointed out above, a UEU accounts for 0.02% of the global annual energy consumption of the commercial airline. In effect, the average number of commercial airplanes overflying each instant the land surface at lower stratosphere levels is around 10 4, now. Dividing a UPD by said number yields demanding power per airplane in flight around 36.27 kW (48.65 CV), equivalent to burning 2 grams of kerosene per second with efficiency around 50-60%. To verify the consistency of the calculations, consider consuming on average around 1 kg of kerosene per second on cruise flight, whereby fifty percent efficiency requires instantaneous consumption is around 0.2% of total instantaneous consumption. Keep in mind that four EU's (one UVU is 1 ⁄ 4 year) required 0.1% of the airline's overall consumption, and considering an efficiency of 50 – 60%, leads to 0.2% of the total instantaneous consumption we had calculated before. Therefore, this extra consumption involves an extra load of less than 15 kg of kerosene for a 2 hour flight at cruise speed. The extra load for saline or brine (pre-concentrated to saturation) on each scheduled flight should be able to deliver a flow of about 200-300 grams of brine per second throughout the flight. For a 2-hour flight, the extra load would be about 1.5 Tm, which in turn would demand extra consumption of about 6.5 kg of kerosene to raise the load to 11,000 m. | [0042] It is necessary to emphasize in this example regarding the use of saline aerosols that the calculations thus far have made use of the simplification that the aerosol will dry in its entirety when dispersed into the atmosphere. Naturally, the hygroscopicity of sea salt makes this hypothesis generally unmet, and the useful mass of dispersed aerosols is for practical purposes much greater than that of dry residue. As attempts to maximize the scattering blocking optical effects, both the optical characteristics of salt aerosols themselves and their ability to nucleate water vapour and cloud formation, which also cause a significant albedo effect can be used. Therefore, the size of dispersion, its geographical location, and the size distribution of dispersed salt aerosols are critical variables for optimizing performance of the proposed invention. Such optimization can ultimately cause the energy cost of generating the proposed aerosols to be substantially reduced. Finally, it is necessary to emphasize again that this example is intended to a palliative or corrective effect of the weather consequences that can arise from the current peak of emissions due to consumption of petroleum-derived fuels. | AP unique ID|(WO2011113976 A3)|66992752|(ES2406630 B1)|68604266|Family Number|(44626109)|44626109| | Other special machines | A01G-015/00|B01J-013/00/95 | A01G-015/00|B01J-013/00/95 | A01G-015/00 | A01G-015/00 | RU2802230 | RU2802230 106323297 WHO=Examiner SELF=N | US6174469 | US6174469 4013433 WHO=Examiner SELF=Y CAT=Y | US6174469| | (WO2011/113976)|International Search Report [Examiner]|-BOWER, K. ET AL.: 'Computational assessment of a proposed technique for global warming mitigation via albedo-enhancement of marine stratocumulus clouds.' ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH, [Online] vol. 82, no. 1-2, November 2006, pages 328 - 336 Retrieved from the Internet: <URL:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S0169809506000445> <DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.11.013> [retrieved on 2011-05-09]|-HARRIES, J.E. ET AL.: 'The geostationary earth radiation budget project.' BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY., [Online] vol. 86, no. 7, July 2005, pages 945 - 960 Retrieved from the Internet: <URL:http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10 .1175/BAMS-86-7- 945> <DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-86-7-945> [retrieved on 2011-09-07]|-SENKAL, O ET AL.: 'Estimation of solar radiation over Turkey using artificial neural network and satellite data.' APPLIED ENERGY, [Online] vol. 86, no. 7-8, July 2009, pages 1222 - 1228 Retrieved from the Internet: <URL:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S0306261908001578> <DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.06.003> [retrieved on 2011-09-05]|-BOWER, K. ET AL.: "Computational assessment of a proposed technique for global warming mitigation via albedo-enhancement of marine stratocumulus clouds.", ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH, vol. 82, no. 1-2, November 2006 (2006-11-01), pages 328 - 336, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809506000445><DOI:10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.11.013> [retrieved on 20110509]|-HARRIES, J.E. ET AL.: "The geostationary earth radiation budget project.", BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY., vol. 86, no. 7, July 2005 (2005-07-01), pages 945 - 960, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/BAMS-86-7-945><DOI:10.1175/BAMS-86-7-945> [retrieved on 20110907]|-SENKAL, O ET AL.: "Estimation of solar radiation over Turkey using artificial neural network and satellite data.", APPLIED ENERGY, vol. 86, no. 7-8, July 2009 (2009-07-01), pages 1222 - 1228, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261908001578><DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.06.003> [retrieved on 20110905]|| | GRANTED | (WO2011/113976)|LAPSED|(ES2406630)|GRANTED | ALIVE | (WO2011/113976)|DEAD|(ES2406630)|ALIVE | (WO2011/113976)|LEGAL DETAILS FOR WO2011/113976|Actual or expected expiration date=2013-09-18|Legal state=DEAD|Status=LAPSED|Event publication date=2011-03-18|Event code=WO/APP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination 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date=2010-03-18|Standardized application number=2010ES-0000372|Event publication date=2013-06-07|Event code=ES/A1|Event group=Examination events|Pat. application published with search report|Publication country=ES|Publication number=ES2406630|Publication stage code=A1|Publication date=2013-06-07|Standardized publication number=ES2406630|Event publication date=2014-04-24|Event code=ES/B1|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Event indicating In Force|Patent published with search report|Publication country=ES|Publication number=ES2406630|Publication stage code=B1|Publication date=2014-04-24|Standardized publication number=ES2406630|Event publication date=2014-04-24|Event code=ES/FG2A|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Event indicating In Force|Definitive protection|Proteccion definitiva|Effective date of the event=2014-04-24 | (WO2011/113976)|ARIPO: GH, GM, LR, TZ, LS, SZ, MW, MZ, SD, UG, NA, ZM, BW, SL, KE, ZW|(WO2011/113976)|EAPO: RU, TJ, BY, MD, AZ, TM, AM, KG, KZ|(WO2011/113976)|EPO: DE, NO, RS, BE, FI, PT, BG, DK, LT, LU, HR, LV, FR, HU, SE, MC, SI, SK, SM, GB, IE, MK, EE, CH, MT, IS, AL, GR, IT, ES, AT, CY, CZ, PL, RO, NL, TR|(WO2011/113976)|OAPI: CF, BF, CG, MR, CI, GN, BJ, CM, GQ, GW, TD, TG, NE, GA, SN, ML|(WO2011/113976)|National States: PT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, AE, IN, AG, ZA, IS, AL, AM, AO, AT, ZM, AU, AZ, RO, ZW, BA, BB, RS, RU, BG, BH, JP, BR, SC, SD, SE, SG, BW, BY, BZ, SK, SL, KE, SM, KG, CA, ST, KM, KN, SV, CH, KP, SY, KR, CL, CN, CO, CR, KZ, CU, TH, LA, TJ, CZ, LC, TM, TN, TR, LK, TT, DE, LR, TZ, DK, LS, LT, DM, LU, DO, UA, LY, UG, MA, DZ, MD, ME, MG, EC, MK, US, EE, MN, EG, UZ, MW, MX, MY, MZ, VC, ES, NA, VN, NG, NI, NO, FI, NZ, GB, GD, GE, OM, GH, GM, GT, PE, PG, PH, PL | (ES2406630)|ES | https://www.orbit.com/GetPDF?gui=crypt&callingapp=EDOFF&key=icjTorqguCAe66bi51AlXgNwwKC8dCjRkaV0SMUACwOCCKReMmHu7M9Ry4MrhQjLALkMBz8hwaI=&n=1 | https://sobj.orbit.com/sobj/getMosaic?bdi=na&userid=ZIBNDZZF&key=WO2011113976&ekey=1056&xpn=WO2011113976&kind=A3 | http://www.wipo.int/patentscope/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2011113976&redirectedID=true | https://permalink.orbit.com/RenderStaticFirstPage?XPN=Ia3J36OYRbikwk6hfFOYZrmsLuw%252FR4oY%252BQgpgFzVRnM%3D%26n%3D1&id=0&base=FAMPAT | ES | (WO2011/113976)|ES|(WO2011/113976)|ES | (WO2011/113976)|NAME=UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA OTRI-Universidad de Sevilla Pabellón de Brasil Paseo de las Delicias s/n E-41013 Sevilla , COUNTRY=ES|(WO2011/113976)|NAME=UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA OTRI-Universidad de Sevilla Pabellón de Brasil Paseo de las Delicias s/n E-41013 Sevilla , COUNTRY=ES | (WO2011/113976)|ES|(WO2011/113976)|ES|| | (WO2011/113976)|NAME=GAÑÁN CALVO, Alfonso Miguel Dpto. Ingeniewr Dpto. Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos E.T.S. de Ingeniería C. de los Descubrimientos, s/n. Pabellón Pza. de América E-41092 Sevilla, COUNTRY=ES|(WO2011/113976)|NAME=GAÑÁN CALVO, Alfonso Miguel Dpto. Ingeniewr Dpto. Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos E.T.S. de Ingeniería C. de los Descubrimientos, s/n. Pabellón Pza. de América E-41092 Sevilla, COUNTRY=ES|(ES2406630)|NAME=GANAN CALVO, ALFONSO MIGUEL|(ES2406630)|NAME=GANAN CALVO, ALFONSO MIGUEL | 1 | 1 | (WO2011/113976)|1 | (WO2011/113976)|8 | (WO2011/113976)|9|(ES2406630)|4 | 1 | 12 | 2 | 1 | 2 | (WO2011/113976)|Number of Claims: NCL=9|Extended kind: EXTK=z||(ES2406630)|Number of Claims: NCL=4|Number of Pages: NPAGES=15| | (WO2011/113976)|SPANISH (SPA) | (ES2406630)|Patent|(ES2406630)|Patent|(WO2011113976)|Patent|(WO2011113976)|Patent | Titre: (WO2011/113976)|Method and system for controlling solar radiation on the surface of the earth by means of controlled aerosol dispersion Résumé: (WO2011/113976)|The invention relates to a method for controlling solar radiation on the surface of the earth, comprising the controlled dispersion of aerosols of the type used in Flow Burring® and/or Flow Focusing®, characterised in that it includes: (i) a step comprising the controlled dispersion of harmless aerosols into the atmosphere, whereby said aerosols are obtained through the mass nebulisation of an aqueous solution, and (ii) a step consisting in observing and calculating the local and global radiation balance. Autre: (WO2011/113976)|CLAIMS | 1. -Method for controlling solar irradiation on the terrestrial surface by means of controlled dispersion of aerosols of the type employing Flow Burring ® and/or Flow Focusing ® technologies, characterized in that it comprises (i) a step of controlled dispersion of harmless aerosols in the atmosphere, Wherein said aerosols are achieved by mass misting an aqueous solution; and (i) a step of observing and calculating local and overall radiant balance. |2. -Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the aqueous solution is sea water. |3. -Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the aqueous solution is a solution of mineral or organic salts in concentrations from zero to twice the saturation point at standard temperature and pressure. |4. -Method as claimed in the previous claims, characterized in that the controlled dispersion of aerosols is performed from fixed or mobile points on the land surface situated at a height comprised between 0 and 20,000 meters above sea level. |5. -Method according to the preceding claims characterized in that the overall radiant balance is determined by satellite monitoring systems, By observations of the atmospheric optical thickness distribution of dispersed aerosols and their combination with aerosols existing in the atmosphere and of the overall geographical distribution of temperatures as a function of time. |6. -System for controlling solar irradiation on the terrestrial surface by controlled aerosol dispersion configured to execute the method of claims 1 to 5 and characterized in that it comprises at least (a) A plurality of fixed or mobile points of dispersal of aerosols into the atmosphere on the land surface, situated above sea level at an altitude of between 0 and 20,000 meters; and (b) means for observing and computing the radiant balance of the Earth. |7. -System according to claim 6 characterized in that the means for observing global radiant balance comprises at least one plurality of means for observing, tracking and collecting (i) the weather variables in their geographic distribution and in height, (ii) The intensity and spectral content of radiation incident on the Earth, and (ii) the intensity, spectral content, and geographic distribution of radiation emitted by the Earth to external space. |8. -System according to claims 6 and 7 characterized in that the radiant balance computing means comprises means for predicting the evolution of weather variables and their geographic distribution in height, So as to establish a degree or function of correlation of (a) dispersions of aerosols, their intensity, particle size and height of the dispersion above sea level, With (b) the observed evolution of weather variables and overall radiant balance; and wherein said means estimate at each time optimal aerosol emission intensity values from different geographic points, Particle size and scattering height at sea level; said optimum values are determined by the defined correlation function and an objective function based on economic and environmental conservation variables. |9. A system according to claim 8 wherein the computing means employ neural networks. | 9 | Abstract | gpt-4o-mini | yes | The article describes a method for controlling solar radiation through the controlled dispersion of aerosols, which aligns with the definition of solar geoengineering. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 12 | US63/271,741P|US63/271,741|WOIL2022/051127 | WOIL2022/051127|EP22886313|US18/645,973|CN202280086294|KR10-2024-7017435 | EP4423429|EP4423429|US20240272328|CN118451431|KR10-2024-0115819|WO2023/073698 | 104795107 | WO2023/073698 A1 2023-05-04 [WO202373698]|EP4423429 A4 2025-02-26 [EP4423429]|EP4423429 A1 2024-09-04 [EP4423429]|US20240272328 A1 2024-08-15 [US20240272328]|CN118451431 A 2024-08-06 [CN118451431]|KR10-2024-0115819 A 2024-07-26 [KR20240115819] | 2021-10-26|2022-10-26 | 2022-10-26|2022-10-26|2022-10-26|2022-10-26|2022-10-26 | 2025-02-26|2024-09-04|2024-08-15|2024-08-06|2024-07-26|2023-05-04 | (EP4423429)|2025-08-12|(US20240272328)|2025-09-05|(WO2023/073698)|2025-04-26|(CN118451431)|2042-10-26|(KR10-2024-0115819)|2042-10-26 | (EP4423429)|Monitoring the spraying of particles into the stratosphere to address global warming using smartphones | (EP4423429)|A method and a system for monitoring the spraying of sunlight reflecting particles into the stratosphere to address global warming using smartphones are provided herein. The method may include the following steps: spraying, using a plurality of airplanes flying through a plurality of different geographical locations, sunlight reflecting particles, in accordance with a spraying scheme; sampling using sensors of a plurality of smartphones located in a plurality of different geographical locations, a plurality of atmospheric measurements; training, using a computer processor, and based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements, a model configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles; and repeatedly updating the spraying scheme based on the model. | MOBILE PHONE PHYSICS|MOBILE PHYSICS | (EP4423429)|Mobile Physics Ltd.|(EP4423429)|Mobile Physics Ltd. ([IL])|(US20240272328)|Mobile Physics Ltd. ([IL])|(WO2023/073698)|MOBILE PHYSICS LTD. ([IL])|(CN118451431)|Mobile phone physics Co.,Ltd. ([IL])|(KR10-2024-0115819)|Mobile Physics LTD ([IL]) | WEINROTH EREZ | (EP4423429)|WEINROTH, Erez|(EP4423429)|WEINROTH, Erez | (EP4423429)|Pearl Cohen Zedek Latzer Baratz UK LLP;The Gridiron Building ([GB])|Reg. Nb: 101344752|(WO2023/073698)|WEILER, Assaf et al. ([IL])|(CN118451431)|QI JIAWEN;EAST INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY|Reg. Nb: 11262|YANG MINGZHAO;EAST INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY|Reg. Nb: 11262|(KR10-2024-0115819)|HANA IP LAW FIRM | (US20240272328)|It is appreciated that other types of processor arrangements could be implemented to provide the capabilities disclosed herein.|It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale.|The principles and uses of the teachings of the present invention may be better understood with reference to the accompanying description, figures and examples.|The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or portion diagram portion or portions.|The various appearances of "one embodiment", "an embodiment", or "some embodiments" do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiments.| | (US20240272328)|1. A method comprising: spraying, using a plurality of airplanes flying through a plurality of different geographical locations, sunlight reflecting particles, in accordance with a spraying scheme; sampling using sensors of a plurality of smartphones located in a plurality of different geographical locations, a plurality of atmospheric measurements; training, using a computer processor, and based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements, a model configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles; and repeatedly updating the spraying scheme based on the model.|6. A system comprising: a plurality of airplanes flying through a plurality of different geographical locations, configured to spray sunlight reflecting particles, in accordance with a spraying scheme; a plurality of smartphones located in a plurality of different geographical locations and configured to sample using sensors thereof, a plurality of atmospheric measurements; and a computer processor configured to: train, based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements, a model configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles; and repeatedly update the spraying scheme based on the model.|11. A non-transitory computer readable medium for monitoring a spraying of particles by airplanes into the stratosphere based on a spraying scheme, the computer readable medium comprising a set of instructions that, when executed, cause at least one computer processor to: obtain a plurality of atmospheric measurements from sensors located on a plurality of smartphones located in a plurality of different geographical locations; train, based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements, a model configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles; and repeatedly update the spraying scheme based on the model.| | (US20240272328)|Some embodiments of the present invention provide a method and a system for monitoring the spraying of sunlight reflecting particles into the stratosphere to address global warming using smartphones.|The present invention relates generally to the field of geoengineering, and more particularly to monitoring, using smartphones, the effect achieved by spraying of sun-reflecting particles into the stratosphere, to address global warming.|The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification.| | (US20240272328)|SMARTPHONE(100,40)|SUNLIGHT REFLECTING PARTICLE(100,20)|AIRPLANE(100,8)|STRATOSPHERE(100,7)|ADDRESS GLOBAL WARMING(100,5)|GLOBAL WARMING(100,5)|SPRAY(100,5)|MONITORING SPRAYING(100,3)|PARTICLE(100,3)|PARTICLE SPRAYING(100,1)|SUNLIGHT REFLECTING PARTICLE SPRAYING(89,12)|MEASURING ATMOSPHERE(61,14)|AIRPLANE FLYING(37,4)|SPRAYING(31,17)|TREND(27,11)|UPDATED MODEL(22,4)|COMPUTER PROCESSOR(20,24)|GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION(20,14)|HUMIDITY(18,8)|MICROPHONE(16,5)|SUN REFLECTING PARTICLE(16,2)|TRAIN(15,3)|LIDAR(14,4)|TRAINING(14,4)|SPEAKER(13,5)|LIGHT DETECTION(12,4)|O LASER(12,4)|PROCESSOR SYSTEM(12,1)|PARTICLE DENSITY(11,8)|COMPUTER PROGRAM INSTRUCTION(9,4)|GEOENGINEERING FIELD(9,1)|AIRPLANE HUGE FLEET(7,1)|TOUCHSCREEN CONTROLLER(6,3)|MOBILE COMMUNICATION(5,18)|FLOWCHART ILLUSTRATION(5,5)|PROGRAMMABLE DATA PROCESSING(5,4)|PERIPHERAL INTERFACE(4,6)|EXECUTABLE INSTRUCTION(4,1)|GRAMMATICAL VARIANT(4,1)|DATA PROCESSING(3,4)|MEMORY INTERFACE(3,4)|USER COMPUTER(3,4)|AUDIO CONTROLLER(3,2)|MEDICAL TESTING(3,2)|ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETER(3,1)|BIOMETRIC SENSOR(3,1)|BLUETOOTH NETWORK(3,1)|CAPTURE(3,1)|COMPLICATED LOGISTICS(3,1)|FLYING SCHEDULE(3,1)|GPRS NETWORK(3,1)|GPS NAVIGATION INSTRUCTION(3,1)|NETWORK VERSION(3,1)|NONEXHAUSTIVE LIST(3,1)|SOFTWARE INSTRUCTION(3,1)|SPRAYED PARTICLE(3,1)|SPRAYING SUN REFLECTING PARTICLE(3,1)|TANGIBLE ITEM(3,1)|UNIX KERNEL(3,1)|VOICE REPLICATION(3,1)|WEB BROWSING INSTRUCTION(3,1)|STORAGE MEDIUM(2,5)|GPS RECEIVER(2,3)|INPUT CONTROLLER(2,2)|NONVOLATILE MEMORY(2,2)|SUBSYSTEM(2,2)|TRANSMITTER(2,2)|COMMUNICATION INSTRUCTION(2,1)|COMPUTER INSTRUCTION(2,1)|DASHED ARROW(2,1)|GSM NETWORK(2,1)|LATTER SCENARIO(2,1)|LEGAL EQUIVALENT(2,1)|PORTABLE COMPUTER DISKETTE(2,1)|SUNLIGHT(2,1)|TANGIBLE MEDIUM(2,1)|USB PORT(2,1)|WIFI NETWORK(2,1)|WIRELESS COMMUNICATION(2,1)|NETWORK INTERFACE(1,9)|ACCOMPLISHING GIVEN TASK(1,1)|DISPLAY SCREEN(1,1)|GUIDING USER(1,1)|HARDWARE DEPENDENT TASK(1,1)|IMAGE INSUFFICIENCY(1,1)|INSTRUCTION EXECUTION(1,1)||(WO2023/073698)|SMARTPHONE(100,41)|SUNLIGHT REFLECTING PARTICLE SPRAYING(100,14)|AIRPLANE(100,8)|STRATOSPHERE(100,8)|ADDRESS GLOBAL WARMING(100,6)|GLOBAL WARMING(100,6)|SPRAY(100,5)|PARTICLE SPRAYING(100,3)|SUNLIGHT REFLECTING PARTICLE(96,20)|MEASURING ATMOSPHERE(59,14)|AIRPLANE FLYING(36,4)|SPRAYING(29,17)|TREND(26,11)|UPDATED MODEL(21,4)|COMPUTER PROCESSOR(20,24)|GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION(20,14)|HUMIDITY(20,8)|LIDAR(16,4)|MICROPHONE(15,5)|SUN REFLECTING PARTICLE(15,2)|LIGHT DETECTION(14,4)|O LASER(14,4)|TRAIN(14,3)|TRAINING(13,4)|PARTICLE DENSITY(12,8)|SPEAKER(12,5)|PROCESSOR SYSTEM(11,1)|COMPUTER PROGRAM INSTRUCTION(9,4)|GEOENGINEERING FIELD(9,1)|TOUCHSCREEN CONTROLLER(6,3)|AIRPLANE HUGE FLEET(6,1)|MOBILE COMMUNICATION(5,18)|FLOWCHART ILLUSTRATION(5,5)|PERIPHERAL INTERFACE(4,6)|PROGRAMMABLE DATA PROCESSING(4,4)|EXECUTABLE INSTRUCTION(4,1)|GRAMMATICAL VARIANT(4,1)|DATA PROCESSING(3,4)|MEMORY INTERFACE(3,4)|USER COMPUTER(3,4)|AUDIO CONTROLLER(3,2)|MEDICAL TESTING(3,2)|ALERT BOX(3,1)|ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETER(3,1)|BIOMETRIC SENSOR(3,1)|BLUETOOTH NETWORK(3,1)|CAPTURE(3,1)|COMPLICATED LOGISTICS(3,1)|FLYING SCHEDULE(3,1)|GPRS NETWORK(3,1)|GPS NAVIGATION INSTRUCTION(3,1)|NETWORK VERSION(3,1)|NONEXHAUSTIVE LIST(3,1)|SOFTWARE INSTRUCTION(3,1)|SPRAYED PARTICLE(3,1)|SPRAYING SUN REFLECTING PARTICLE(3,1)|TANGIBLE ITEM(3,1)|UNIX KERNEL(3,1)|VOICE REPLICATION(3,1)|WEB BROWSING INSTRUCTION(3,1)|STORAGE MEDIUM(2,5)|GPS RECEIVER(2,3)|INPUT CONTROLLER(2,2)|NONVOLATILE MEMORY(2,2)|SUBSYSTEM(2,2)|TRANSMITTER(2,2)|COMMUNICATION INSTRUCTION(2,1)|COMPUTER INSTRUCTION(2,1)|DASHED ARROW(2,1)|GSM NETWORK(2,1)|LATTER SCENARIO(2,1)|LEGAL EQUIVALENT(2,1)|PORTABLE COMPUTER DISKETTE(2,1)|SUNLIGHT(2,1)|TANGIBLE MEDIUM(2,1)|USB PORT(2,1)|WIFI NETWORK(2,1)|WIRELESS COMMUNICATION(2,1)|NETWORK INTERFACE(1,9)|DISPLAY SCREEN(1,1)|ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNAL(1,1)|GUIDING USER(1,1)|HARDWARE DEPENDENT TASK(1,1)|IMAGE INSUFFICIENCY(1,1)|INSTRUCTION EXECUTION(1,1)|MASSAGE(1,1)||(CN118451431)|SMART PHONE(100,13)|SOLAR REFLECTIVE PARTICLE(100,12)|STRATOSPHERE(100,7)|ADDRESS GLOBAL WARMING(100,4)|PARTICLE(100,2)|SUNLIGHT REFLECTING PARTICLE(82,10)|MEASURING ATMOSPHERE(77,14)|SMARTPHONE(56,29)|AIRCRAFT(42,11)|SOLAR REFLECTIVE PARTICLE SPRAYING(42,2)|MONITORING SPRAYING PARTICLE(42,1)|TREND(35,12)|ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETER(30,1)|UPDATED MODEL(28,4)|COMPUTER PROCESSOR(26,25)|HUMIDITY(26,8)|SMART PHONE SENSOR(25,2)|SOLVING GLOBAL WARMING(25,1)|GLOBAL WARMING(24,4)|LIDAR(21,4)|MICROPHONE(20,5)|LASER RADAR(18,4)|FLIGHT(18,3)|CLIMATE ENGINEERING(18,1)|SPRAY(17,15)|GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION(17,6)|GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION(17,5)|SPEAKER(17,5)|PARTICLE DENSITY(16,8)|COMPUTER PROGRAM INSTRUCTION(12,4)|CLIMATE ENGINEERING FIELD(9,1)|TOUCHSCREEN CONTROLLER(8,3)|CHANGING TEMPERATURE(8,1)|FLOWCHART ILLUSTRATION(7,6)|GEOGRAPHIC POSITION(7,3)|MOBILE COMMUNICATION(6,18)|PROGRAMMABLE DATA PROCESSING(6,4)|EXECUTABLE INSTRUCTION(5,1)|GRAMMATICAL VARIANT(5,1)|DATA PROCESSING(4,4)|MEMORY INTERFACE(4,4)|USER COMPUTER(4,3)|AUDIO CONTROLLER(4,2)|WIRELESS COMMUNICATION(4,2)|CAPTURE(4,1)|COMPLEX ORGANIZATIONAL WORK(4,1)|DEDICATED INSTRUCTION(4,1)|FLYING AIRCRAFT(4,1)|GPRS NETWORK(4,1)|GPS NAVIGATION INSTRUCTION(4,1)|NONEXHAUSTIVE LIST(4,1)|SOFTWARE INSTRUCTION(4,1)|SPECIALIZED INSTRUCTION(4,1)|TANGIBLE ARTICLE(4,1)|UNIX KERNEL(4,1)|VOICE REPLICATION(4,1)|WEB BROWSING INSTRUCTION(4,1)|ELECTRONIC MESSAGING(3,3)|GPS RECEIVER(3,3)|INPUT CONTROLLER(3,2)|NONVOLATILE MEMORY(3,2)|PARTICULATE(3,2)|SUBSYSTEM(3,2)|COMMUNICATION INSTRUCTION(3,1)|COMPUTER INSTRUCTION(3,1)|DASHED ARROW(3,1)|GSM NETWORK(3,1)|LATTER SCENARIO(3,1)|LEGAL EQUIVALENT(3,1)|MEDICAL DETECTION(3,1)|MEDICAL TESTING(3,1)|PORTABLE COMPUTER DISKETTE(3,1)|SUNLIGHT(3,1)|TANGIBLE MEDIUM(3,1)|USB PORT(3,1)|WIFI NETWORK(3,1)|NETWORK INTERFACE(2,9)|STORAGE MEDIUM(2,3)|CLOUD(2,2)|AIRCRAFT LARGE FLEET(2,1)|BIOSENSOR(2,1)|BLUETOOTH CONNECTION(2,1)|DIRECTING USER(2,1)|DISPLAY SCREEN(2,1)|ILLUMINATION(2,1)|INSTRUCTION EXECUTION(2,1)|MICROCHIP(2,1)||(KR10-2024-0115819)|SMARTPHONE(100,32)|SOLAR REFLECTIVE PARTICLE(100,21)|STRATOSPHERE(100,7)|AIRPLANE(100,6)|GLOBAL WARMING(100,5)|PARTICLE(100,3)|SPRAYING(100,2)|GLOBAL WARMING COUNTERMEASURE(100,1)|PERFORMANCE MONITORING(100,1)|SPRAYING PARTICLE(100,1)|SPRAYING PARTICLE PERFORMANCE(100,1)|SOLAR REFLECTIVE PARTICLE JETTING(68,5)|MEASURING ATMOSPHERE(62,14)|JETTING REGIME(59,6)|SOLAR REFLECTIVE PARTICLE SPRAYING(52,3)|SMARTPHONE SENSOR(49,7)|SPRAYING SOLAR REFLECTIVE PARTICLE(41,1)|ADDRESS GLOBAL WARMING(31,4)|FLOWCHART ILLUSTRATION(27,6)|SOLAR REFLECTIVE PARTICLE INJECTION(25,1)|ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETER(24,1)|UPDATED MODEL(22,4)|COMPUTER PROCESSOR(21,24)|GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION(21,13)|HUMIDITY(21,8)|MONITORING SPRAYING(19,1)|LIDAR(17,4)|MICROPHONE(16,5)|COMPUTER PROGRAM INSTRUCTION(15,5)|LIGHT DETECTION(15,4)|O LASER(15,4)|PARTICLE DENSITY(13,8)|SPEAKER(13,5)|TEMPERATURE CHANGE TREND(12,6)|TRAINING(12,2)|TREND(11,4)|CHANGING TEMPERATURE(11,2)|GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION(11,1)|GEOENGINEERING FIELD(9,1)|SMART PHONE(9,1)|TOUCHSCREEN CONTROLLER(6,3)|MOBILE COMMUNICATION(5,16)|AIRPLANE FLYING(5,1)|PROGRAMMABLE DATA PROCESSING(4,4)|NONVOLATILE MEMORY(4,3)|EXECUTABLE INSTRUCTION(4,1)|FLIGHT JETTING(4,1)|PERIPHERAL INTERFACE(3,6)|STORAGE MEDIUM(3,6)|MEMORY INTERFACE(3,4)|USER COMPUTER(3,4)|AUDIO CONTROLLER(3,2)|BIOMETRIC SENSOR(3,1)|BLUETOOTH NETWORK(3,1)|GPRS NETWORK(3,1)|GPS NAVIGATION INSTRUCTION(3,1)|INCOMPLETE LISTING(3,1)|PARTICLE JET(3,1)|SOFTWARE INSTRUCTION(3,1)|TANGIBLE ITEM(3,1)|UNIX KERNEL(3,1)|VOICE REPLICATION(3,1)|WEB BROWSING INSTRUCTION(3,1)|DATA PROCESSING(2,4)|GPS RECEIVER(2,3)|CLOUD(2,2)|INPUT CONTROLLER(2,2)|SUBSYSTEM(2,2)|COMMUNICATION INSTRUCTION(2,1)|COMPUTER INSTRUCTION(2,1)|DASHED ARROW(2,1)|GSM NETWORK(2,1)|LATTER SCENARIO(2,1)|LEGAL EQUIVALENT(2,1)|MEDICAL TESTING PHASE(2,1)|PORTABLE COMPUTER DISKETTE(2,1)|SUNLIGHT(2,1)|USB PORT(2,1)|WIFI NETWORK(2,1)|WIRELESS COMMUNICATION(2,1)|NETWORK INTERFACE(1,9)|CARTRIDGE(1,1)|DISPLAY SCREEN(1,1)|HARDWARE DEPENDENT TASK(1,1)|IMAGE INSUFFICIENCY(1,1)|INSTRUCTION EXECUTION(1,1)|MANIPULATION(1,1)|MICROCHIP(1,1)|MICROCODE(1,1)|MICROCONTROLLER(1,1)|PASSING SIGNAL(1,1)| | (US20240272328)|1. A method comprising:| spraying, using a plurality of airplanes flying through a plurality of different geographical locations, sunlight reflecting particles, in accordance with a spraying scheme;| sampling using sensors of a plurality of smartphones located in a plurality of different geographical locations, a plurality of atmospheric measurements;| training, using a computer processor, and based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements, a model configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles; and| repeatedly updating the spraying scheme based on the model.|2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising monitoring the flying airplanes and ensuring the spraying is carried out based on the updated model.|3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising visually presenting the trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles on at least some of the smartphones.|4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sensors of the smartphone include at least one microphone and speaker configured to determine, using the computer processor of the smartphone: temperature, humidity, and particle density in proximity of the smartphone.|5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sensors of the smartphone include a Light Detection and Ranging o Laser (LIDAR) configured to determine, using the computer processor of the smartphone: temperature, humidity, and particle density in proximity of the smartphone.|6. A system comprising:| a plurality of airplanes flying through a plurality of different geographical locations, configured to spray sunlight reflecting particles, in accordance with a spraying scheme;| a plurality of smartphones located in a plurality of different geographical locations and configured to sample using sensors thereof, a plurality of atmospheric measurements; and| a computer processor configured to: train, based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements, a model configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles; and repeatedly update the spraying scheme based on the model.|7. The system according to claim 6, wherein the computer processor is further configured to monitor the flying airplanes and to ensure the spraying is carried out based on the updated model.|8. The system according to claim 6, wherein the computer processor is further configured to visually present over a display of at least some of the smartphones, the trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles.|9. The system according to claim 6, wherein the sensors of the smartphone include at least one microphone and speaker configured to determine, using the computer processor of the smartphone: temperature, humidity, and particle density in proximity of the smartphone.|10. The system according to claim 6, wherein the sensors of the smartphone include a Light Detection and Ranging o Laser (LIDAR) configured to determine, using the computer processor of the smartphone: temperature, humidity, and particle density in proximity of the smartphone.|11. A non-transitory computer readable medium for monitoring a spraying of particles by airplanes into the stratosphere based on a spraying scheme, the computer readable medium comprising a set of instructions that, when executed, cause at least one computer processor to:| obtain a plurality of atmospheric measurements from sensors located on a plurality of smartphones located in a plurality of different geographical locations;| train, based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements, a model configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles; and| repeatedly update the spraying scheme based on the model.|12. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 11, further comprising a set of instructions that, when executed, cause the at least one computer processor to monitor the flying airplanes and to ensure the spraying is carried out based on the updated model.|13. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 11, further comprising a set of instructions that, when executed, cause the at least one computer processor to visually present over a display of at least some of the smartphones, the trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles.|14. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 11, further comprising a set of instructions that, when executed, cause the at least one computer processor to collect signals from at least one microphone and at least one speaker of the smartphones and calculate temperature, humidity, and particle density in proximity of the smartphones.|15. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 11, further comprising a set of instructions that, when executed, cause the at least one computer processor to collect signals from a Light Detection and Ranging o Laser (LIDAR) installed on the smartphones, and calculate at least one of: temperature, humidity, and particle density in proximity of the smartphones. | (US20240272328)|CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION|[0001] This application is a Continuation application of PCT Application No. PCT/IL2022/051127 filed Oct. 26, 2022, claiming priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/271,741 filed Oct. 26, 2021, both are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.|(US20240272328)|FIELD OF THE INVENTION|[0002] The present invention relates generally to the field of geoengineering, and more particularly to monitoring, using smartphones, the effect achieved by spraying of sun-reflecting particles into the stratosphere, to address global warming.|BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION|[0003] The idea of cooling down the planet by spraying sun-reflecting particles into the stratosphere is known in the art. These particles serve as radiation filters which block some of the sunlight and effectively reduce the average temperature of the atmosphere.|[0004] Implementing this idea is very challenging and far from trivial. Apart from the complicated logistics involved in orchestrating a huge fleet of airplanes that can spray these particles, it is desirable to monitor the effect of the process of the sprayed particles on the temperature in many locations simultaneously to avoid over-cooling.|[0005] There is a need therefore for monitoring the temperature and other atmospheric parameters in millions of geographical locations and deducing trends of temperature change.|SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION|[0006] Some embodiments of the present invention provide a method and a system for monitoring the spraying of sunlight reflecting particles into the stratosphere to address global warming using smartphones. The method may include the following steps: spraying, using a plurality of airplanes flying through a plurality of different geographical locations, sunlight reflecting particles, in accordance with a spraying scheme; sampling using sensors of a plurality of smartphones located in a plurality of different geographical locations, a plurality of atmospheric measurements; training, using a computer processor, and based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements, a model configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles; and repeatedly updating the spraying scheme based on the model.|[0007] The system may implement the method using a plurality of smartphones connected to a computer processor over a cloud, using a dedicated application that controls the various sensors which are built in the smartphones or are implemented using a dedicated software thereon.|(US20240272328)|BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS|[0008] The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. The invention, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with objects, features, and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following detailed description when read with the accompanying drawings in which:|[0009] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an environment of a system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;|[0010] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an architecture of a system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; and|[0011] FIG. 3 is a high-level flowchart illustrating a method in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.|(US20240272328)|DETAILED DESCRIPTION|[0012] It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements.|DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION|[0013] In the following description, various aspects of the present invention will be described. For purposes of explanation, specific configurations and details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will also be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without the specific details presented herein. Furthermore, well known features may be omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the present invention.|[0014] Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent from the following discussions, it is appreciated that throughout the specification discussions utilizing terms such as “processing”, “computing”, “calculating”, “determining”, or the like, refer to the action and/or processes of a computer or computing system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and/or transforms data represented as physical, such as electronic, quantities within the computing system's registers and/or memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computing system's memories, registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.|[0015] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an environment of a system in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention; System 100 may include a plurality of airplanes 10A-10C flying through a plurality of different geographical locations, configured to spray sunlight reflecting particles, in accordance with a spraying scheme 40. System 100 may further include a plurality of smartphones 20A-20C associated with users 1A-1C located in a plurality of different geographical locations and configured to sample using sensors thereof, a plurality of atmospheric measurements 143.|[0016] According to some embodiments of the present invention, system 100 may further include a computer processor 202 possibly within a server implemented on a cloud 30 and configured to: train, based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements 143, a model 147 configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles; and repeatedly update the spraying scheme 40 based on the model 147 so it can be used to orchestrate the flying schedule and spraying of plurality of airplanes 10A-10C.|[0017] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the computer processor is further configured to monitor the flying airplanes and to ensure the spraying is carried out based on the updated model.|[0018] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the computer processor is further configured to visually presenting over a display of at least some of the smartphones, the trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles.|[0019] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the sensors of the smartphone include at least one microphone and speaker configured to determine, using the computer processor of the smartphone: temperature, humidity, and particle density in proximity of the smartphone.|[0020] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the sensors of the smartphone include a Light Detection and Ranging o Laser (LIDAR) configured to determine, using the computer processor of the smartphone: temperature, humidity, and particle density in proximity of the smartphone.|[0021] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an architecture of a system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 2 is an exemplary block diagram of configurations of server 145 and mobile communications device 115. In one embodiment, server 145 and mobile communications device 115 directly or indirectly accesses a bus 200 (or other communication mechanism) that interconnects subsystems and components for transferring information within server 145 and/or mobile communications device 115. For example, bus 200 may interconnect a processing device 202, a memory interface 204, a network interface 206, a peripherals interface 208 connected to I/O system 210, and power source 209.|[0022] Processing device 202, shown in FIG. 2, may include at least one processor configured to execute computer programs, applications, methods, processes, or other software to perform embodiments described in the present disclosure. For example, the processing device may include one or more integrated circuits, microchips, microcontrollers, microprocessors, all or part of a central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), digital signal processor (DSP), field programmable gate array (FPGA), or other circuits suitable for executing instructions or performing logic operations. The processing device may include at least one processor configured to perform functions of the disclosed methods such as a microprocessor manufactured by Intel™. The processing device may include a single core or multiple core processors executing parallel processes simultaneously. In one example, the processing device may be a single core processor configured with virtual processing technologies. The processing device may implement virtual machine technologies or other technologies to provide the ability to execute, control, run, manipulate, store, etc., multiple software processes, applications, programs, etc. In another example, the processing device may include a multiple-core processor arrangement (e.g., dual, quad core, etc.) configured to provide parallel processing functionalities to allow a device associated with the processing device to execute multiple processes simultaneously. It is appreciated that other types of processor arrangements could be implemented to provide the capabilities disclosed herein.|[0023] In some embodiments, processing device 202 may use memory interface 204 to access data and a software product stored on a memory device or a non-transitory computer-readable medium. For example, server 145 may use memory interface 204 to access data structure 146. As used herein, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium refers to any type of physical memory on which information or data readable by at least one processor can be stored. Examples include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), volatile memory, nonvolatile memory, hard drives, CD ROMs, DVDs, flash drives, disks, any other optical data storage medium, any physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM or any other flash memory, NVRAM, a cache, a register, any other memory chip or cartridge, and networked versions of the same. The terms “memory” and “computer-readable storage medium” may refer to multiple structures, such as a plurality of memories or computer-readable storage mediums located within mobile communications device 115, server 145, or at a remote location. Additionally, one or more computer-readable storage mediums can be utilized in implementing a computer-implemented method. The term “computer-readable storage medium” should be understood to include tangible items and exclude carrier waves and transient signals.|[0024] Both mobile communications device 115 and server 145 may include network interface 206 coupled to bus 200. Network interface 206 may provide two-way data communications to a network, such as network 150. In FIG. 2, the wireless communication between mobile communications device 115 and server 145 is represented by a dashed arrow. In one embodiment, network interface 206 may include an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card, cellular modem, satellite modem, or a modem to provide a data communication connection over the Internet. As another example, network interface 206 may include a wireless local area network (WLAN) card. In another embodiment, network interface 206 may include an Ethernet port connected to radio frequency receivers and transmitters and/or optical (e.g., infrared) receivers and transmitters. The specific design and implementation of network interface 206 may depend on the communications network(s) over which mobile communications device 115 and server 145 are intended to operate. For example, in some embodiments, mobile communications device 115 may include network interface 206 designed to operate over a GSM network, a GPRS network, 3G, LTE, 5G, an EDGE network, a Wi-Fi network, and a Bluetooth® network. In any such implementation, network interface 206 may be configured to send and receive electrical, electromagnetic, or optical signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information.|[0025] Both mobile communications device 115 and server 145 may also include peripherals interface 208 coupled to bus 200. Peripherals interface 208 may be connected to sensors, devices, and subsystems to facilitate multiple functionalities. In one embodiment, peripherals interface 208 may be connected to I/O system 210 configured to receive signals or input from devices and to provide signals or output to one or more devices that allow data to be received and/or transmitted by mobile communications device 115 and server 145. In one example, I/O system 210 may include a touch screen controller 212, audio controller 214, and/or other input controller(s) 216. Touch screen controller 212 may be coupled to a touch screen 218. Touch screen 218 and touch screen controller 212 may, for example, detect contact, movement or break thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensitivity technologies, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with the touch screen 218. Touch screen 218 may also, for example, be used to implement virtual or soft buttons and/or a keyboard. While touch screen 218 is shown in FIG. 2, I/O system 210 may include a display screen (e.g., CRT or LCD) in place of touch screen 218. Audio controller 214 may be coupled to a microphone 220 and a speaker 222 to facilitate voice-enabled functions, such as voice recognition, voice replication, digital recording, and telephony functions. The other input controller(s) 216 may be coupled to other input/control devices 224, such as one or more buttons, rocker switches, thumbwheel, infrared port, USB port, and/or a pointer device such as a stylus.|[0026] With regard to mobile communications device 115, peripherals interface 208 may also be connected to an image sensor 226, a motion sensor 228, a light sensor 230, and/or a proximity sensor 232 to facilitate image capturing, orientation, lighting, and proximity functions. Other sensors (not shown) may also be connected to the peripherals interface 208, such as a temperature sensor, a biometric sensor, or other sensing devices to facilitate related functionalities. In addition, a GPS receiver may also be integrated with, or connected to, mobile communications device 115, such as GPS receivers typically integrated into mobile communications devices. Alternatively, GPS software may permit a mobile communications device to access AN external GPS receiver (e.g., connecting via a serial port or Bluetooth).|[0027] Consistent with the present disclosure, mobile communications device 115 may use memory interface 204 to access memory device 234. Memory device 234 may include high-speed random-access memory and/or non-volatile memory such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, one or more optical storage devices, and/or flash memory (e.g., NAND, NOR). Memory device 234 may store an operating system 236, such as DARWIN, RTXC, LINUX, iOS, UNIX, OSX, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks. Operating system 236 may include instructions for handling basic system services and for performing hardware-dependent tasks. In some implementations, the operating system 236 may be a kernel (e.g., UNIX kernel).|[0028] Memory device 234 may also store communication instructions 238 to facilitate communicating with one or more additional devices, one or more computers and/or one or more servers. Memory device 234 may include: graphical user interface instructions 240 to facilitate graphic user interface processing; sensor processing instructions 242 to facilitate sensor-related processing and functions; phone instructions 244 to facilitate phone-related processes and functions; electronic messaging instructions 246 to facilitate electronic-messaging related processes and functions; web browsing instructions 248 to facilitate web browsing-related processes and functions; media processing instructions 250 to facilitate media processing-related processes and functions; GPS/navigation instructions 252 to facilitate GPS and navigation-related processes and instructions; capturing instructions 254 to facilitate processes and functions related to image sensor 226; and/or other software instructions 258 to facilitate other processes and functions. Memory device 234 may also include application specific instructions 260 to facilitate a process for guiding user 110 on the steps of the medical testing. For example, application specific instructions 260 may cause display of a massage indicative of image insufficiency for medical testing.|[0029] Each of the above identified instructions and applications may correspond to a set of instructions for performing one or more functions described above. These instructions need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules. Memory device 234 may include additional instructions or fewer instructions. Furthermore, various functions of mobile communications device 115 may be implemented in hardware and/or in software, including in one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits. For example, mobile communications device 115 may execute an image processing algorithm to identify objects in a received image. In addition, the components and arrangements shown in FIG. 2 are not intended to limit the disclosed embodiments. As will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure, numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the depicted configuration of server 145. For example, not all components may be essential for the operation of server 145 in all cases. Any component may be located in any appropriate part of server 145, and the components may be rearranged into a variety of configurations while providing the functionality of the disclosed embodiments. For example, some servers may not include all the elements in I/O system 210.|[0030] FIG. 3 is a high-level flowchart illustrating a method in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Method 300 for monitoring the spraying of sunlight reflecting particles into the stratosphere to address global warming using smartphones is illustrated herein. Method 300 may include the following steps: spraying, using a plurality of airplanes flying through a plurality of different geographical locations, sunlight reflecting particles, in accordance with a spraying scheme 310; sampling using sensors of a plurality of smartphones located in a plurality of different geographical locations, a plurality of atmospheric measurements 320; training, using a computer processor, and based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements, a model configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles 330; and repeatedly updating the spraying scheme based on the model 340.|[0031] It should be noted that method 300 according to embodiments of the present invention may be stored as instructions in a computer readable medium to cause processors, such as central processing units (CPU) to perform the method. Additionally, the method described in the present disclosure can be stored as instructions in a non-transitory computer readable medium, such as storage devices which may include hard disk drives, solid state drives, flash memories, and the like. Additionally, non-transitory computer readable medium can be memory units.|[0032] In order to implement the method according to embodiments of the present invention, a computer processor may receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random-access memory or both. At least one of aforementioned steps is performed by at least one processor associated with a computer. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memories for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to communicate with, one or more mass storage devices for storing data files. Storage modules suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices and also magneto-optic storage devices.|[0033] As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit”, “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.|[0034] Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.|[0035] Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.|[0036] Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object-oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).|[0037] Aspects of the present invention are described above with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or portion diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each portion of the flowchart illustrations and/or portion diagrams, and combinations of portions in the flowchart illustrations and/or portion diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or portion diagram portion or portions.|[0038] These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or portion diagram portion or portions.|[0039] The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or portion diagram portion or portions.|[0040] The aforementioned flowchart and diagrams illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each portion in the flowchart or portion diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the portion may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two portions shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the portions may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each portion of the portion diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of portions in the portion diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.|[0041] In the above description, an embodiment is an example or implementation of the inventions. The various appearances of “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, or “some embodiments” do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiments.|[0042] Although various features of the invention may be described in the context of a single embodiment, the features may also be provided separately or in any suitable combination. Conversely, although the invention may be described herein in the context of separate embodiments for clarity, the invention may also be implemented in a single embodiment.|[0043] Reference in the specification to “some embodiments”, “an embodiment”, “one embodiment” or “other embodiments” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments is included in at least some embodiments, but not necessarily all embodiments, of the inventions.|[0044] It is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is not to be construed as limiting and are for descriptive purpose only.|[0045] The principles and uses of the teachings of the present invention may be better understood with reference to the accompanying description, figures and examples.|[0046] It is to be understood that the details set forth herein do not construe a limitation to an application of the invention.|[0047] Furthermore, it is to be understood that the invention can be carried out or practiced in various ways and that the invention can be implemented in embodiments other than the ones outlined in the description above.|[0048] It is to be understood that the terms “including”, “comprising”, “consisting” and grammatical variants thereof do not preclude the addition of one or more components, features, steps, or integers or groups thereof and that the terms are to be construed as specifying components, features, steps, or integers.|[0049] If the specification or claims refer to “an additional” element, that does not preclude there being more than one of the additional elements.|[0050] It is to be understood that where the claims or specification refer to “a” or “an” element, such reference is not construed that there is only one of that elements.|[0051] It is to be understood that where the specification states that a component, feature, structure, or characteristic “may”, “might”, “can” or “could” be included, that particular component, feature, structure, or characteristic is not required to be included.|[0052] Where applicable, although state diagrams, flow diagrams or both may be used to describe embodiments, the invention is not limited to those diagrams or to the corresponding descriptions. For example, flow need not move through each illustrated box or state, or in exactly the same order as illustrated and described.|[0053] Methods of the present invention may be implemented by performing or completing manually, automatically, or a combination thereof, selected steps or tasks.|[0054] The term “method” may refer to manners, means, techniques and procedures for accomplishing a given task including, but not limited to, those manners, means, techniques and procedures either known to, or readily developed from known manners, means, techniques and procedures by practitioners of the art to which the invention belongs.|[0055] The descriptions, examples, methods and materials presented in the claims and the specification are not to be construed as limiting but rather as illustrative only.|[0056] Meanings of technical and scientific terms used herein are to be commonly understood as by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs, unless otherwise defined.|[0057] The present invention may be implemented in the testing or practice with methods and materials equivalent or similar to those described herein.|[0058] Any publications, including patents, patent applications and articles, referenced or mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in the description of some embodiments of the invention shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention.|[0059] While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as exemplifications of some of the preferred embodiments. Other possible variations, modifications, and applications are also within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should not be limited by what has thus far been described, but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents. | (US20240272328)|CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION|[0001] This application is a Continuation application of PCT Application No. PCT/IL2022/051127 filed Oct. 26, 2022, claiming priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/271,741 filed Oct. 26, 2021, both are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.|(US20240272328)|FIELD OF THE INVENTION|[0002] The present invention relates generally to the field of geoengineering, and more particularly to monitoring, using smartphones, the effect achieved by spraying of sun-reflecting particles into the stratosphere, to address global warming.|BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION|[0003] The idea of cooling down the planet by spraying sun-reflecting particles into the stratosphere is known in the art. These particles serve as radiation filters which block some of the sunlight and effectively reduce the average temperature of the atmosphere.|[0004] Implementing this idea is very challenging and far from trivial. Apart from the complicated logistics involved in orchestrating a huge fleet of airplanes that can spray these particles, it is desirable to monitor the effect of the process of the sprayed particles on the temperature in many locations simultaneously to avoid over-cooling.|[0005] There is a need therefore for monitoring the temperature and other atmospheric parameters in millions of geographical locations and deducing trends of temperature change.|SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION|[0006] Some embodiments of the present invention provide a method and a system for monitoring the spraying of sunlight reflecting particles into the stratosphere to address global warming using smartphones. The method may include the following steps: spraying, using a plurality of airplanes flying through a plurality of different geographical locations, sunlight reflecting particles, in accordance with a spraying scheme; sampling using sensors of a plurality of smartphones located in a plurality of different geographical locations, a plurality of atmospheric measurements; training, using a computer processor, and based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements, a model configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles; and repeatedly updating the spraying scheme based on the model.|[0007] The system may implement the method using a plurality of smartphones connected to a computer processor over a cloud, using a dedicated application that controls the various sensors which are built in the smartphones or are implemented using a dedicated software thereon.|(US20240272328)|BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS|[0008] The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. The invention, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with objects, features, and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following detailed description when read with the accompanying drawings in which:|[0009] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an environment of a system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;|[0010] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an architecture of a system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; and|[0011] FIG. 3 is a high-level flowchart illustrating a method in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.|(US20240272328)|DETAILED DESCRIPTION|[0012] It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements.|DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION|[0013] In the following description, various aspects of the present invention will be described. For purposes of explanation, specific configurations and details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will also be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without the specific details presented herein. Furthermore, well known features may be omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the present invention.|[0014] Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent from the following discussions, it is appreciated that throughout the specification discussions utilizing terms such as “processing”, “computing”, “calculating”, “determining”, or the like, refer to the action and/or processes of a computer or computing system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and/or transforms data represented as physical, such as electronic, quantities within the computing system's registers and/or memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computing system's memories, registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.|[0015] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an environment of a system in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention; System 100 may include a plurality of airplanes 10A-10C flying through a plurality of different geographical locations, configured to spray sunlight reflecting particles, in accordance with a spraying scheme 40. System 100 may further include a plurality of smartphones 20A-20C associated with users 1A-1C located in a plurality of different geographical locations and configured to sample using sensors thereof, a plurality of atmospheric measurements 143.|[0016] According to some embodiments of the present invention, system 100 may further include a computer processor 202 possibly within a server implemented on a cloud 30 and configured to: train, based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements 143, a model 147 configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles; and repeatedly update the spraying scheme 40 based on the model 147 so it can be used to orchestrate the flying schedule and spraying of plurality of airplanes 10A-10C.|[0017] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the computer processor is further configured to monitor the flying airplanes and to ensure the spraying is carried out based on the updated model.|[0018] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the computer processor is further configured to visually presenting over a display of at least some of the smartphones, the trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles.|[0019] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the sensors of the smartphone include at least one microphone and speaker configured to determine, using the computer processor of the smartphone: temperature, humidity, and particle density in proximity of the smartphone.|[0020] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the sensors of the smartphone include a Light Detection and Ranging o Laser (LIDAR) configured to determine, using the computer processor of the smartphone: temperature, humidity, and particle density in proximity of the smartphone.|[0021] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an architecture of a system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 2 is an exemplary block diagram of configurations of server 145 and mobile communications device 115. In one embodiment, server 145 and mobile communications device 115 directly or indirectly accesses a bus 200 (or other communication mechanism) that interconnects subsystems and components for transferring information within server 145 and/or mobile communications device 115. For example, bus 200 may interconnect a processing device 202, a memory interface 204, a network interface 206, a peripherals interface 208 connected to I/O system 210, and power source 209.|[0022] Processing device 202, shown in FIG. 2, may include at least one processor configured to execute computer programs, applications, methods, processes, or other software to perform embodiments described in the present disclosure. For example, the processing device may include one or more integrated circuits, microchips, microcontrollers, microprocessors, all or part of a central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), digital signal processor (DSP), field programmable gate array (FPGA), or other circuits suitable for executing instructions or performing logic operations. The processing device may include at least one processor configured to perform functions of the disclosed methods such as a microprocessor manufactured by Intel™. The processing device may include a single core or multiple core processors executing parallel processes simultaneously. In one example, the processing device may be a single core processor configured with virtual processing technologies. The processing device may implement virtual machine technologies or other technologies to provide the ability to execute, control, run, manipulate, store, etc., multiple software processes, applications, programs, etc. In another example, the processing device may include a multiple-core processor arrangement (e.g., dual, quad core, etc.) configured to provide parallel processing functionalities to allow a device associated with the processing device to execute multiple processes simultaneously. It is appreciated that other types of processor arrangements could be implemented to provide the capabilities disclosed herein.|[0023] In some embodiments, processing device 202 may use memory interface 204 to access data and a software product stored on a memory device or a non-transitory computer-readable medium. For example, server 145 may use memory interface 204 to access data structure 146. As used herein, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium refers to any type of physical memory on which information or data readable by at least one processor can be stored. Examples include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), volatile memory, nonvolatile memory, hard drives, CD ROMs, DVDs, flash drives, disks, any other optical data storage medium, any physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM or any other flash memory, NVRAM, a cache, a register, any other memory chip or cartridge, and networked versions of the same. The terms “memory” and “computer-readable storage medium” may refer to multiple structures, such as a plurality of memories or computer-readable storage mediums located within mobile communications device 115, server 145, or at a remote location. Additionally, one or more computer-readable storage mediums can be utilized in implementing a computer-implemented method. The term “computer-readable storage medium” should be understood to include tangible items and exclude carrier waves and transient signals.|[0024] Both mobile communications device 115 and server 145 may include network interface 206 coupled to bus 200. Network interface 206 may provide two-way data communications to a network, such as network 150. In FIG. 2, the wireless communication between mobile communications device 115 and server 145 is represented by a dashed arrow. In one embodiment, network interface 206 may include an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card, cellular modem, satellite modem, or a modem to provide a data communication connection over the Internet. As another example, network interface 206 may include a wireless local area network (WLAN) card. In another embodiment, network interface 206 may include an Ethernet port connected to radio frequency receivers and transmitters and/or optical (e.g., infrared) receivers and transmitters. The specific design and implementation of network interface 206 may depend on the communications network(s) over which mobile communications device 115 and server 145 are intended to operate. For example, in some embodiments, mobile communications device 115 may include network interface 206 designed to operate over a GSM network, a GPRS network, 3G, LTE, 5G, an EDGE network, a Wi-Fi network, and a Bluetooth® network. In any such implementation, network interface 206 may be configured to send and receive electrical, electromagnetic, or optical signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information.|[0025] Both mobile communications device 115 and server 145 may also include peripherals interface 208 coupled to bus 200. Peripherals interface 208 may be connected to sensors, devices, and subsystems to facilitate multiple functionalities. In one embodiment, peripherals interface 208 may be connected to I/O system 210 configured to receive signals or input from devices and to provide signals or output to one or more devices that allow data to be received and/or transmitted by mobile communications device 115 and server 145. In one example, I/O system 210 may include a touch screen controller 212, audio controller 214, and/or other input controller(s) 216. Touch screen controller 212 may be coupled to a touch screen 218. Touch screen 218 and touch screen controller 212 may, for example, detect contact, movement or break thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensitivity technologies, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with the touch screen 218. Touch screen 218 may also, for example, be used to implement virtual or soft buttons and/or a keyboard. While touch screen 218 is shown in FIG. 2, I/O system 210 may include a display screen (e.g., CRT or LCD) in place of touch screen 218. Audio controller 214 may be coupled to a microphone 220 and a speaker 222 to facilitate voice-enabled functions, such as voice recognition, voice replication, digital recording, and telephony functions. The other input controller(s) 216 may be coupled to other input/control devices 224, such as one or more buttons, rocker switches, thumbwheel, infrared port, USB port, and/or a pointer device such as a stylus.|[0026] With regard to mobile communications device 115, peripherals interface 208 may also be connected to an image sensor 226, a motion sensor 228, a light sensor 230, and/or a proximity sensor 232 to facilitate image capturing, orientation, lighting, and proximity functions. Other sensors (not shown) may also be connected to the peripherals interface 208, such as a temperature sensor, a biometric sensor, or other sensing devices to facilitate related functionalities. In addition, a GPS receiver may also be integrated with, or connected to, mobile communications device 115, such as GPS receivers typically integrated into mobile communications devices. Alternatively, GPS software may permit a mobile communications device to access AN external GPS receiver (e.g., connecting via a serial port or Bluetooth).|[0027] Consistent with the present disclosure, mobile communications device 115 may use memory interface 204 to access memory device 234. Memory device 234 may include high-speed random-access memory and/or non-volatile memory such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, one or more optical storage devices, and/or flash memory (e.g., NAND, NOR). Memory device 234 may store an operating system 236, such as DARWIN, RTXC, LINUX, iOS, UNIX, OSX, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks. Operating system 236 may include instructions for handling basic system services and for performing hardware-dependent tasks. In some implementations, the operating system 236 may be a kernel (e.g., UNIX kernel).|[0028] Memory device 234 may also store communication instructions 238 to facilitate communicating with one or more additional devices, one or more computers and/or one or more servers. Memory device 234 may include: graphical user interface instructions 240 to facilitate graphic user interface processing; sensor processing instructions 242 to facilitate sensor-related processing and functions; phone instructions 244 to facilitate phone-related processes and functions; electronic messaging instructions 246 to facilitate electronic-messaging related processes and functions; web browsing instructions 248 to facilitate web browsing-related processes and functions; media processing instructions 250 to facilitate media processing-related processes and functions; GPS/navigation instructions 252 to facilitate GPS and navigation-related processes and instructions; capturing instructions 254 to facilitate processes and functions related to image sensor 226; and/or other software instructions 258 to facilitate other processes and functions. Memory device 234 may also include application specific instructions 260 to facilitate a process for guiding user 110 on the steps of the medical testing. For example, application specific instructions 260 may cause display of a massage indicative of image insufficiency for medical testing.|[0029] Each of the above identified instructions and applications may correspond to a set of instructions for performing one or more functions described above. These instructions need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules. Memory device 234 may include additional instructions or fewer instructions. Furthermore, various functions of mobile communications device 115 may be implemented in hardware and/or in software, including in one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits. For example, mobile communications device 115 may execute an image processing algorithm to identify objects in a received image. In addition, the components and arrangements shown in FIG. 2 are not intended to limit the disclosed embodiments. As will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure, numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the depicted configuration of server 145. For example, not all components may be essential for the operation of server 145 in all cases. Any component may be located in any appropriate part of server 145, and the components may be rearranged into a variety of configurations while providing the functionality of the disclosed embodiments. For example, some servers may not include all the elements in I/O system 210.|[0030] FIG. 3 is a high-level flowchart illustrating a method in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Method 300 for monitoring the spraying of sunlight reflecting particles into the stratosphere to address global warming using smartphones is illustrated herein. Method 300 may include the following steps: spraying, using a plurality of airplanes flying through a plurality of different geographical locations, sunlight reflecting particles, in accordance with a spraying scheme 310; sampling using sensors of a plurality of smartphones located in a plurality of different geographical locations, a plurality of atmospheric measurements 320; training, using a computer processor, and based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements, a model configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles 330; and repeatedly updating the spraying scheme based on the model 340.|[0031] It should be noted that method 300 according to embodiments of the present invention may be stored as instructions in a computer readable medium to cause processors, such as central processing units (CPU) to perform the method. Additionally, the method described in the present disclosure can be stored as instructions in a non-transitory computer readable medium, such as storage devices which may include hard disk drives, solid state drives, flash memories, and the like. Additionally, non-transitory computer readable medium can be memory units.|[0032] In order to implement the method according to embodiments of the present invention, a computer processor may receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random-access memory or both. At least one of aforementioned steps is performed by at least one processor associated with a computer. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memories for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to communicate with, one or more mass storage devices for storing data files. Storage modules suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices and also magneto-optic storage devices.|[0033] As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit”, “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.|[0034] Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.|[0035] Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.|[0036] Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object-oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).|[0037] Aspects of the present invention are described above with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or portion diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each portion of the flowchart illustrations and/or portion diagrams, and combinations of portions in the flowchart illustrations and/or portion diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or portion diagram portion or portions.|[0038] These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or portion diagram portion or portions.|[0039] The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or portion diagram portion or portions.|[0040] The aforementioned flowchart and diagrams illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each portion in the flowchart or portion diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the portion may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two portions shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the portions may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each portion of the portion diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of portions in the portion diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.|[0041] In the above description, an embodiment is an example or implementation of the inventions. The various appearances of “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, or “some embodiments” do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiments.|[0042] Although various features of the invention may be described in the context of a single embodiment, the features may also be provided separately or in any suitable combination. Conversely, although the invention may be described herein in the context of separate embodiments for clarity, the invention may also be implemented in a single embodiment.|[0043] Reference in the specification to “some embodiments”, “an embodiment”, “one embodiment” or “other embodiments” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments is included in at least some embodiments, but not necessarily all embodiments, of the inventions.|[0044] It is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is not to be construed as limiting and are for descriptive purpose only.|[0045] The principles and uses of the teachings of the present invention may be better understood with reference to the accompanying description, figures and examples.|[0046] It is to be understood that the details set forth herein do not construe a limitation to an application of the invention.|[0047] Furthermore, it is to be understood that the invention can be carried out or practiced in various ways and that the invention can be implemented in embodiments other than the ones outlined in the description above.|[0048] It is to be understood that the terms “including”, “comprising”, “consisting” and grammatical variants thereof do not preclude the addition of one or more components, features, steps, or integers or groups thereof and that the terms are to be construed as specifying components, features, steps, or integers.|[0049] If the specification or claims refer to “an additional” element, that does not preclude there being more than one of the additional elements.|[0050] It is to be understood that where the claims or specification refer to “a” or “an” element, such reference is not construed that there is only one of that elements.|[0051] It is to be understood that where the specification states that a component, feature, structure, or characteristic “may”, “might”, “can” or “could” be included, that particular component, feature, structure, or characteristic is not required to be included.|[0052] Where applicable, although state diagrams, flow diagrams or both may be used to describe embodiments, the invention is not limited to those diagrams or to the corresponding descriptions. For example, flow need not move through each illustrated box or state, or in exactly the same order as illustrated and described.|[0053] Methods of the present invention may be implemented by performing or completing manually, automatically, or a combination thereof, selected steps or tasks.|[0054] The term “method” may refer to manners, means, techniques and procedures for accomplishing a given task including, but not limited to, those manners, means, techniques and procedures either known to, or readily developed from known manners, means, techniques and procedures by practitioners of the art to which the invention belongs.|[0055] The descriptions, examples, methods and materials presented in the claims and the specification are not to be construed as limiting but rather as illustrative only.|[0056] Meanings of technical and scientific terms used herein are to be commonly understood as by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs, unless otherwise defined.|[0057] The present invention may be implemented in the testing or practice with methods and materials equivalent or similar to those described herein.|[0058] Any publications, including patents, patent applications and articles, referenced or mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in the description of some embodiments of the invention shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention.|[0059] While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as exemplifications of some of the preferred embodiments. Other possible variations, modifications, and applications are also within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should not be limited by what has thus far been described, but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents. | AP unique ID|(WO202373698 A1)|163596204|(KR20240115819 A)|171433236|(CN118451431 A)|171627194|(EP4423429 A4)|172121250|(US20240272328 A1)|171753608|Family Number|(104795107)|104795107| | Chemical engineering|Computer technology|Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy|Measurement|Other special machines|Transport | A01G-015/00|B05B-012/12|B05B-013/00/5|B64D-001/18|G01D-021/02|G01W-001/08|G01W-001/10|G01W-2201/00|G06N-020/00|H04M-2250/12 | A01G-015/00|B05B-012/12|B05B-013/00/5|B64D-001/18|G01D-021/02|G01W-001/08|G01W-001/10|G01W-2201/00|G06N-020/00|H04M-2250/12 | A01G-015/00|B05B-012/12|B05B-013/00|B64D-001/18|F21V-009/00|F21V-009/04|G01D-021/02|G01W-001/08|G01W-001/10|G06N-020/00 | A01G-015/00|B05B-012/12|B05B-013/00|B64D-001/18|F21V-009/00|F21V-009/04|G01D-021/02|G01W-001/08|G01W-001/10|G06N-020/00 | CN113008742|US20100127224|US20200364456|US20200364456|US20100127224|CN113008742 | CN113008742 94851460 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=Y|US20100127224 44274298 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=A CAT=Y|US20200364456 91535067 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=A|US20200364456 91535067 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=A|US20100127224 44274298 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=A|CN113008742 94851460 WHO=Examiner SELF=N CAT=103 | US20100127224; US20200364456|US20100127224; US20200364456; CN113008742|CN113008742|| | (EP4423429)|Search Report references [Examiner]|-See also references of WO 2023073698A1||(US20240272328)|Examiner references|-Smartphone LiDAR Technologies for Surveying and Reality Modelling in Urban Scenarios: Evaluation Methods, Performance and Challenges .Ap pl. Syst. I n nov. 29 J u ne 2022, 5, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5040063|-Smartph one LiDAR Tech n ologies for Surveying and Reality Modelling in Urban Scenarios: Evaluation Methods, Performance and Challenges. Ap pl. Syst.ln n ov. 29 June 2022, 5, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5040063|-Stratospheric aerosol injection tactics and costs in the first 15 years of deployment, 23 November 2018, En viron. Res. Lett. 13 124001D01 10.1088/1748-9326/aae98d.||(WO2023/073698)|International Search Report [Examiner]|-See also references of EP 4423429A4||| | PENDING | (EP4423429)|LAPSED|(US20240272328)|LAPSED|(WO2023/073698)|LAPSED|(CN118451431)|PENDING|(KR10-2024-0115819)|PENDING | ALIVE | (EP4423429)|DEAD|(US20240272328)|DEAD|(WO2023/073698)|DEAD|(CN118451431)|ALIVE|(KR10-2024-0115819)|ALIVE | (EP4423429)|LEGAL DETAILS FOR EP4423429|Actual or expected expiration date=2025-08-12|Legal state=DEAD|Status=LAPSED|Event publication date=2022-10-26|Event code=EP/APP|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Application details|Application country=EP EP22886313|Application date=2022-10-26|Standardized application number=2022EP-0886313|Event publication date=2023-05-05|Event code=EP/STAAPCT|Event group=Examination events Entry into national phase|The international publication has been made|Original code: STAA|Event publication date=2024-08-02|Event code=EP/PUAI|Event group=Administrative 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contracting states=AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC ME MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR|Event publication date=2025-02-05|Event code=EP/DAV|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Designated states|Request for validation of the European patent (deleted)|Request for validation of the european patent (in any country) deleted|Event publication date=2025-02-05|Event code=EP/DAX|Event group=Designated states|REQUEST FOR EXTENSION OF THE EUROPEAN PATENT (DELETED)|Request for extension of the european patent (to any country) deleted|Event publication date=2025-02-26|Event code=EP/A4|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Supplementary search report|Ergaenzender recherchenbericht|Publication country=EP|Publication number=EP4423429|Publication stage code=A4|Publication date=2025-02-26|Standardized publication number=EP4423429|Event publication date=2025-02-26|Event code=EP/A4|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Administrative notifications|Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched|Effective date of the event=2025-01-24|Event publication date=2025-02-26|Event code=EP/RIC1|Event group=Classification modifications Corrections|Information provided on IPC code assigned before grant|Event publication date=2025-02-26|Event code=EP/RIC1|Event group=Classification modifications Corrections|Information provided on IPC code assigned before grant|Event publication date=2025-02-26|Event code=EP/RIC1|Event group=Classification modifications Corrections|Information provided on IPC code assigned before grant|Event publication date=2025-02-26|Event code=EP/RIC1|Event group=Classification modifications Corrections|Information provided on IPC code assigned before grant|Event publication date=2025-02-26|Event code=EP/RIC1|Event group=Classification modifications Corrections|Information provided on IPC code assigned before grant|Event publication date=2025-02-26|Event code=EP/RIC1|Event group=Classification 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49443|Event publication date=2024-04-25|Event code=US/SMALL|Event group=Administrative notifications|Appl Has Filed a Verified Statement of Micro to Small Entity Status|Business Entity Status: Small|Event publication date=2024-04-25|Event code=US/AIA|Event group=Administrative notifications|First Inventor File Indicated:|AIA=Yes|Event publication date=2024-04-25|Event code=US/IDS|Event group=Examination events OAI|Information Disclosure Statement Filed|Event publication date=2024-04-25|Event code=US/PET|Event group=APL|Petition Entered|Event publication date=2024-04-25|Event code=US/ENT|Event group=Administrative notifications|Entity Status Set to Undiscounted|Event publication date=2024-05-08|Event code=US/PTARDY|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Patent Term Adjustment - Ready for Examination|Event publication date=2024-05-08|Event code=US/SMALL|Event group=Administrative notifications|Appl Has Filed a Verified Statement of Micro to Small Entity Status|Event publication date=2024-05-09|Event code=US/APPFILEREC|Event group=Administrative notifications OAO|Filing Receipt|Event publication date=2024-05-13|Event code=US/PDPH|Event group=ACL Examination events|Petition Decision PPH Decision|Event publication date=2024-05-16|Event code=US/PETDGMS|Event group=ACL|Record Petition Decision of Granted to Make Special|Event publication date=2024-05-31|Event code=US/DOCK|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Case Docketed to Examiner|Event publication date=2024-06-13|Event code=US/RESTREQ|Event group=Examination events Corrections OAO|Restriction/Election Requirement|Event publication date=2024-08-15|Event code=US/A1|Event group=Examination events|Application published|Publication country=US|Publication number=US20240272328|Publication stage code=A1|Publication date=2024-08-15|Standardized publication number=US20240272328|Event publication date=2024-08-15|Event code=US/PGPUBN|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events OAO|PG-Pub Issue Notification|Event publication date=2024-09-26|Event code=US/ELC|Event group=Examination events OAI|Response to Election / Restriction Filed|Event publication date=2024-09-26|Event code=US/136G|Event group=OAO|Request for Extension of Time - Granted|Event publication date=2024-10-03|Event code=US/DOCK|Event indicator=Pos|Event group=Examination events|Case Docketed to Examiner|Event publication date=2024-10-16|Event code=US/CTNF|Event group=Examination events OA OAO|Non-Final Rejection|Event publication date=2024-10-21|Event code=US/112NF|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Non-final rejection reason 112 - subject matter in claims not properly defined|RJD=2024-10-21|R4R=112b|RJST=non-final|Rejected claims 14|Event publication date=2024-10-21|Event code=US/101ALCNF|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Non-final rejection reason 101 - subject matter not patentable under Alice (abstract ideas)|RJD=2024-10-21|R4R=101ALC|RJST=non-final|Rejected claims 11-15|Event publication date=2024-10-21|Event code=US/103NF|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Non-final rejection reason 103 - obvious subject matter in claims|NPL Reference: Stratospheric aerosol injection tactics and costs in the first 15 years of deployment, 23 November 2018, En viron. Res. Lett. 13 124001D0110.1088/1748-9326/aae98d.|NPL Reference: Smartphone LiDAR Technologies for Surveying and Reality Modelling in Urban Scenarios: Evaluation Methods, Performance and Challenges .Ap pl. Syst. I n nov. 29 J u ne 2022, 5, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5040063|RJD=2024-10-21|R4R=103|RJST=non-final|Rejected claims 11-13; 15|RJCT=CN113008742|Event publication date=2024-12-23|Event code=US/CTNFR|Event group=Examination events OAI|Response after Non-Final Action|Event publication date=2025-01-30|Event code=US/CTFR|Event group=Examination events OA OAO|Final Rejection|Event publication date=2025-02-04|Event code=US/101ALCFR|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Final rejection reason 101 - subject matter not patentable under Alice (abstract ideas)|RJD=2025-02-04|R4R=101ALC|RJST=final|Rejected claims 11-13|Event publication date=2025-02-04|Event code=US/103FR|Event indicator=Neg|Event group=Examination events|Final rejection reason 103 - obvious subject matter in claims|NPL Reference: Smartph one LiDAR Tech n ologies for Surveying and Reality Modelling in Urban Scenarios: Evaluation Methods, Performance and Challenges. Ap pl. Syst.ln n ov. 29 June 2022, 5, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5040063|NPL Reference: Stratospheric aerosol injection tactics and costs in the first 15 years of deployment, 23 November 2018, En viron. Res. 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https://register.epo.org/application?number=EP22886313 | https://permalink.orbit.com/RenderStaticFirstPage?XPN=8jcDqAZ11Qg1zTc2PWcWRHfDUqlXTJ5uwQdFuycu4uk%3D%26n%3D1&id=0&base=FAMPAT | US | (WO2023/073698)|IL | (WO2023/073698)|NAME=MOBILE PHYSICS LTD. 9 Wilensky Moshe Street 4464610 Kfar Saba , COUNTRY=IL | (EP4423429)|GB|(WO2023/073698)|IL|| | (EP4423429)|NAME=Pearl Cohen Zedek Latzer Baratz UK LLP;The Gridiron Building One Pancras Square , CITY=London N1C 4AG , COUNTRY=GB , REG=101344752|(WO2023/073698)|NAME=WEILER, Assaf et al. PEARL COHEN ZEDEK LATZER BARATZ P.O. Box 7198 6107121 Tel Aviv , POSTCODE=6107121 , COUNTRY=IL|(CN118451431)|NAME=QI JIAWEN;EAST INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY , REG=11262NAME=YANG MINGZHAO;EAST INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY , REG=11262|(KR10-2024-0115819)|NAME=HANA IP LAW FIRM | |(EP4423429)|IL|(US20240272328)|IL|(WO2023/073698)|IL|| | (EP4423429)|NAME=WEINROTH, Erez|(EP4423429)|NAME=WEINROTH, Erez, CITY=4464610 Kfar Saba, COUNTRY=IL|(US20240272328)|NAME=WEINROTH Erez, CITY=Kfar Saba, COUNTRY=IL|(WO2023/073698)|NAME=WEINROTH, Erez 9 Wilensky Moshe Street 4464610 Kfar Saba, POSTCODE=4464610, COUNTRY=IL|(CN118451431)|NAME=WENROTH EREZ|(KR10-2024-0115819)|NAME=WEINROTH EREZ | 3 | 0 | (WO2023/073698)|4|(US20240272328)|3|(CN118451431)|4|(KR10-2024-0115819)|4 | (WO2023/073698)|11|(US20240272328)|12|(CN118451431)|11|(KR10-2024-0115819)|11 | (EP4423429)|1|(US20240272328)|15|(WO2023/073698)|15|(CN118451431)|15|(KR10-2024-0115819)|15 | 1 | 0 | 5 | (WO2023/073698)|3|(US20240272328)|3|(CN118451431)|3|(KR10-2024-0115819)|3 | 2 | 5 | (EP4423429)|WO2023/073698|(US20240272328)|WO2023/073698|(CN118451431)|WO2023/073698|(KR10-2024-0115819)|WO2023/073698 | (EP4423429)|Number of Claims: NCL=1||(US20240272328)|Number of Claims: NCL=15|Number of Drawings: NDR=3|Number of Figures: NFG=3|Independent Claim Number: ICL=1,6,11|Number of Independent Claims: NICL=3|Exemplary Claim Number: ECL=1||(WO2023/073698)|Number of Claims: NCL=15|Extended kind: EXTK=x||(CN118451431)|Number of Claims: NCL=15|Gazette date: GAZDATE=2024-08-06|Gazette number: GAZNUM=40-3201|Substantial examination effective date: 20241029|Number of Pages: NPAGES=13||(KR10-2024-0115819)|Number of Claims: NCL=15| | (US20240272328)|Continuation of: WOIL2022/051127 FDD=2022-10-26 [2022WO-IL51127] PENDING|Provisional Appl: US63/271,741 FDD=2021-10-26 [2021US-63271741] | (EP4423429)|ENGLISH (ENG) | (EP4423429)|Patent|(EP4423429)|Patent|(US20240272328)|Patent|(CN118451431)|Patent|(KR20240115819)|Patent|(WO202373698)|Patent | Titre: (EP4423429)|Monitoring the spraying of particles into the stratosphere to address global warming using smartphones Résumé: (EP4423429)|A method and a system for monitoring the spraying of sunlight reflecting particles into the stratosphere to address global warming using smartphones are provided herein. The method may include the following steps: spraying, using a plurality of airplanes flying through a plurality of different geographical locations, sunlight reflecting particles, in accordance with a spraying scheme; sampling using sensors of a plurality of smartphones located in a plurality of different geographical locations, a plurality of atmospheric measurements; training, using a computer processor, and based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements, a model configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles; and repeatedly updating the spraying scheme based on the model. Autre: (US20240272328)|1. A method comprising:| spraying, using a plurality of airplanes flying through a plurality of different geographical locations, sunlight reflecting particles, in accordance with a spraying scheme;| sampling using sensors of a plurality of smartphones located in a plurality of different geographical locations, a plurality of atmospheric measurements;| training, using a computer processor, and based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements, a model configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles; and| repeatedly updating the spraying scheme based on the model.|2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising monitoring the flying airplanes and ensuring the spraying is carried out based on the updated model.|3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising visually presenting the trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles on at least some of the smartphones.|4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sensors of the smartphone include at least one microphone and speaker configured to determine, using the computer processor of the smartphone: temperature, humidity, and particle density in proximity of the smartphone.|5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sensors of the smartphone include a Light Detection and Ranging o Laser (LIDAR) configured to determine, using the computer processor of the smartphone: temperature, humidity, and particle density in proximity of the smartphone.|6. A system comprising:| a plurality of airplanes flying through a plurality of different geographical locations, configured to spray sunlight reflecting particles, in accordance with a spraying scheme;| a plurality of smartphones located in a plurality of different geographical locations and configured to sample using sensors thereof, a plurality of atmospheric measurements; and| a computer processor configured to: train, based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements, a model configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles; and repeatedly update the spraying scheme based on the model.|7. The system according to claim 6, wherein the computer processor is further configured to monitor the flying airplanes and to ensure the spraying is carried out based on the updated model.|8. The system according to claim 6, wherein the computer processor is further configured to visually present over a display of at least some of the smartphones, the trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles.|9. The system according to claim 6, wherein the sensors of the smartphone include at least one microphone and speaker configured to determine, using the computer processor of the smartphone: temperature, humidity, and particle density in proximity of the smartphone.|10. The system according to claim 6, wherein the sensors of the smartphone include a Light Detection and Ranging o Laser (LIDAR) configured to determine, using the computer processor of the smartphone: temperature, humidity, and particle density in proximity of the smartphone.|11. A non-transitory computer readable medium for monitoring a spraying of particles by airplanes into the stratosphere based on a spraying scheme, the computer readable medium comprising a set of instructions that, when executed, cause at least one computer processor to:| obtain a plurality of atmospheric measurements from sensors located on a plurality of smartphones located in a plurality of different geographical locations;| train, based on the plurality of atmospheric measurements, a model configured to predict a trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles; and| repeatedly update the spraying scheme based on the model.|12. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 11, further comprising a set of instructions that, when executed, cause the at least one computer processor to monitor the flying airplanes and to ensure the spraying is carried out based on the updated model.|13. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 11, further comprising a set of instructions that, when executed, cause the at least one computer processor to visually present over a display of at least some of the smartphones, the trend in a change of temperature in consequence of the spraying of the sunlight reflecting particles.|14. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 11, further comprising a set of instructions that, when executed, cause the at least one computer processor to collect signals from at least one microphone and at least one speaker of the smartphones and calculate temperature, humidity, and particle density in proximity of the smartphones.|15. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 11, further comprising a set of instructions that, when executed, cause the at least one computer processor to collect signals from a Light Detection and Ranging o Laser (LIDAR) installed on the smartphones, and calculate at least one of: temperature, humidity, and particle density in proximity of the smartphones. | 8 | Abstract | gpt-4o-mini | yes | The article describes a method for monitoring the spraying of sunlight reflecting particles in the stratosphere to address global warming, which directly relates to solar geoengineering and the injection of aerosols. |
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